Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 79 - 89, 25.01.2021

Salim Çeriğ

https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.798520
Cited By: 2

Öz

Chitosan oligosaccharides (ChOSs) are the reduced products of chitosan prepared by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. The greater solubility and low viscosity of ChOSs are of interest. The present study was the first to evaluate the toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (ChOSlac) in human blood. For this purpose, possible oxidative effects of ChOSlac in human whole blood (hWB) and cell viability and membrane integrity effects on lymphocytes (LYMs) were evaluated in the dose range of 10-400 μg/ml and for 24 and 48 hours treatments. Firstly, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were used to measure oxidative damage on hWB serum. Secondly, the cytological effects were evaluated using 2.3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt (XTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays on LYMs. Exposure of cells to 10-200 μg/ml range doses of ChOSlac caused an increase in antioxidant activity and a decrease in oxidative stress but did not affect cytotoxicity. Conversely, the dose of 400 µg/ml caused a relative increase in oxidative stress and LDH leakage and decreased cell viability. In summary, ChOSlac has been evaluated positively at the specific dose range and exposure times in terms of human health as a contribution to its use in many areas such as being a biocompatible, biodegradable, and drug carrier molecule.


Anahtar Kelimeler

Antioxidant, Chitosan oligosaccharide lactate, Cytotoxic, Human lymphocyte, Lactate dehydrogenase,

Kaynakça

  • Pillai CKS, Paul W, Sharma CP. Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Progress in Polymer Science 2009; 34(7), 641-678.
  • Suh JKF, Matthew HW. Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 2000; 21(24), 2589-2598.
  • Aam BB, Heggset EB, Norberg AL, Sorlie M, Varum KM et al. Production of chitooligosaccharides and their potential applications in medicine. Marine Drugs 2010; 8:1482-1517.
  • Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V. Chitosan oligosaccharide: biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2017; 170, 80-97.
  • Gudmundsdottir S, Lieder R, Sigurjonsson OE, Petersen PH. Chitosan leads to downregulation of YKL‐40 and inflammasome activation in human macrophages. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 2015; 103(8), 2778-2785.
  • Heller J, Tudzynski P. Reactive oxygen species in phytopathogenic fungi: signaling, development, and disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2011; 49, 369-390.
  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SEN, Altun M. Total antioxidant capacity assay of human serum using copper (II)-neocuproine as chromogenic oxidant: the cuprac method. Free Radical Research 2005; 39(9), 949-961.
  • Geyikoglu F, Cerig S, Ozdal M, Koc K, Algur OF et al. Toxicological evaluation of submerged liquid culture from Phanerochaete chrysosporium mycelium on human blood cells: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative damage. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 2017; 4(3, Special Issue 2), 319-329.
  • Neyal M, Yimenicioglu F, Aydeniz A, Taskin A, Saglam S et al. Plasma nitrite levels, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index in patients with tension-type headache and fibromyalgia. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2013; 115(6), 736-740.
  • Cerig S, Geyikoglu F, Akpulat P, Colak S, Turkez H et al. Carvacrol attenuates lung injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences 2016; 10(5), 301-308.
  • Packirisamy RM, Bobby Z, Panneerselvam S, Koshy SM, Jacob SE. Metabolomic analysis and antioxidant effect of Amla (Emblica officinalis) extract in preventing oxidative stress-induced red cell damage and plasma protein alterations: An in vitro study. Journal of Medicinal Food 2018; 21(1), 81-89.
  • Kizhedath A, Wilkinson S, Glassey J. Assessment of hepatotoxicity and dermal toxicity of butyl paraben and methyl paraben using HepG2 and HDFn in vitro models. Toxicology In Vitro 2019; 55, 108-115.
  • Kim SI, Kim HJ, Lee HJ, Lee K, Hong D et al. Application of a non-hazardous vital dye for cell counting with automated cell counters. Analytical Biochemistry 2016; 492, 8-12.
  • Duforestel M, Nadaradjane A, Bougras-Cartron G, Oliver C, FrenelL JS et al. Glyphosate primes mammary cells for tumorigenesis by reprogramming the epigenome in a TET3-dependent manner. Frontiers in Genetics 2019; 10, 885.
  • Wei J, Fujita M, Nakai M, Waragai M, Sekigawa A, et al. Protective role of endogenous gangliosides for lysosomal pathology in a cellular model of synucleinopathies. The American Journal of Pathology 2009; 174(5), 1891-1909.
  • Agnihotri SA, Mallikarjuna NN, Aminabhavi TM. Recent advances on chitosan-based micro-and nanoparticles in drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release 2004; 100(1), 5-28.
  • Liu Z, Jiao Y, Wang Y, Zhou C, Zhang Z. Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008; 60(15), 1650-1662.
  • Erel O.A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemistry 2005; 38(12), 1103-1111.
  • Jana S, Sen KK, Basu SK. Chitosan derivatives and their application in pharmaceutical fields. Int. J. Pharm. 2011; Res 3(1).
  • Liaqat F, Eltem R. Chitooligosaccharides and their biological activities: a comprehensive review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2018; 184, 243-259.
  • Fernandes JC, Sereno J, Garrido P, Parada B, Cunha MF et al. Inhibition of bladder tumor growth by chitooligosaccharides in an experimental carcinogenesis model. Marine Drugs 2012; 10(12), 2661-2675.
  • Fang IM, Yang CH, Yang CM, Chen MS. Chitosan oligosaccharides attenuates oxidative-stress related retinal degeneration in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8(10), e77323.
  • Zou P, Yang X, Wang J, Li Y, Yu H et al. Advances in characterisation and biological activities of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides. Food Chemistry 2016; 190, 1174-1181.
  • Chae SY, Son S, Lee M, Jang MK, Nah JW. Deoxycholic acid-conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide nanoparticles for efficient gene carrier. Journal of Controlled Release 2005; 109(1-3), 330-344.
  • Manivasagan P, Oh J. Marine polysaccharide-based nanomaterials as a novel source of nanobiotechnological applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2016; 82, 315-327.
  • Muxika A, Etxabide A, Uranga J, Guerrero P, De La Caba K. Chitosan as a bioactive polymer: Processing, properties and applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017; 105, 1358-1368.
  • Morin-Crini N, Lichtfouse E, Torri G, Crini G. Applications of chitosan in food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, textiles, pulp and paper, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry. Environmental Chemistry Letters 2019; 1-26.
  • Seven A, Güzel S, Aslan M, Hamuryudan V. Lipid, protein, DNA oxidation and antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Biochemistry 2008; 41(7-8), 538-543.
  • Ngo DH, Qian ZJ, Ngo DN, Vo TS, Wijesekara I et al. Gallyl chitooligosaccharides inhibit intracellular free radical-mediated oxidation. Food Chemistry 2011; 128(4), 974-981.
  • Lu X, Guo H, Zhang Y. Protective effects of sulfated chitooligosaccharides against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in MIN6 cells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2012; 50(1), 50-58.
  • Liu HT, Li WM, Xu G, Li XY, Bai XF et al. Chitosan oligosaccharides attenuate hydrogen peroxide-induced stress injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Pharmacological Research 2009; 59(3), 167-175.
  • Maeda Y, Kimura Y. Antitumor effects of various low-molecular-weight chitosans are due to increased natural killer activity of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in sarcoma 180–bearing mice. The Journal of Nutrition 2004; 134(4), 945-950.
  • Kim SK, Park, PJ, Yang, HP, Han SS. Subacute toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide in Sprague-Dawley rats. Arzneimittelforschung 2001; 51(09), 769-774.
  • Mei YX, Chen HX, Zhang J, Zhang XD, Liang YX. Protective effect of chitooligosaccharides against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2013; 62, 330-335.
  • Yeh MY, Shih YL, Chung HY, Chou J, Lu HF et al. Chitosan promotes immune responses, ameliorating total mature white blood cell numbers, but increases glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and ameliorates lactate dehydrogenase levels in leukemia mice in vivo. Molecular Medicine Reports 2017; 16(3), 2483-2490.
  • Khodagholi F, Eftekharzadeh B, Maghsoudi N, Rezaei PF. Chitosan prevents oxidative stress-induced amyloid β formation and cytotoxicity in NT2 neurons: Involvement of transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2010; 337(1-2), 39-51.

IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 79 - 89, 25.01.2021

Salim Çeriğ

https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.798520
Cited By: 2

Öz

Chitosan oligosaccharides (ChOSs) are the reduced products of chitosan prepared by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. The greater solubility and low viscosity of ChOSs are of interest. The present study was the first to evaluate the toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (ChOSlac) in human blood. For this purpose, possible oxidative effects of ChOSlac in human whole blood (hWB) and cell viability and membrane integrity effects on lymphocytes (LYMs) were evaluated in the dose range of 10-400 μg/ml and for 24 and 48 hours treatments. Firstly, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were used to measure oxidative damage on hWB serum. Secondly, the cytological effects were evaluated using 2.3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt (XTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays on LYMs. Exposure of cells to 10-200 μg/ml range doses of ChOSlac caused an increase in antioxidant activity and a decrease in oxidative stress but did not affect cytotoxicity. Conversely, the dose of 400 µg/ml caused a relative increase in oxidative stress and LDH leakage and decreased cell viability. In summary, ChOSlac has been evaluated positively at the specific dose range and exposure times in terms of human health as a contribution to its use in many areas such as being a biocompatible, biodegradable, and drug carrier molecule.


Anahtar Kelimeler

Antioxidant chitosan oligosaccharide lactate cytotoxic human lymphocyte lactate dehydrogenase

Kaynakça

  • Pillai CKS, Paul W, Sharma CP. Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Progress in Polymer Science 2009; 34(7), 641-678.
  • Suh JKF, Matthew HW. Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 2000; 21(24), 2589-2598.
  • Aam BB, Heggset EB, Norberg AL, Sorlie M, Varum KM et al. Production of chitooligosaccharides and their potential applications in medicine. Marine Drugs 2010; 8:1482-1517.
  • Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V. Chitosan oligosaccharide: biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2017; 170, 80-97.
  • Gudmundsdottir S, Lieder R, Sigurjonsson OE, Petersen PH. Chitosan leads to downregulation of YKL‐40 and inflammasome activation in human macrophages. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 2015; 103(8), 2778-2785.
  • Heller J, Tudzynski P. Reactive oxygen species in phytopathogenic fungi: signaling, development, and disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2011; 49, 369-390.
  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SEN, Altun M. Total antioxidant capacity assay of human serum using copper (II)-neocuproine as chromogenic oxidant: the cuprac method. Free Radical Research 2005; 39(9), 949-961.
  • Geyikoglu F, Cerig S, Ozdal M, Koc K, Algur OF et al. Toxicological evaluation of submerged liquid culture from Phanerochaete chrysosporium mycelium on human blood cells: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative damage. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 2017; 4(3, Special Issue 2), 319-329.
  • Neyal M, Yimenicioglu F, Aydeniz A, Taskin A, Saglam S et al. Plasma nitrite levels, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index in patients with tension-type headache and fibromyalgia. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2013; 115(6), 736-740.
  • Cerig S, Geyikoglu F, Akpulat P, Colak S, Turkez H et al. Carvacrol attenuates lung injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences 2016; 10(5), 301-308.
  • Packirisamy RM, Bobby Z, Panneerselvam S, Koshy SM, Jacob SE. Metabolomic analysis and antioxidant effect of Amla (Emblica officinalis) extract in preventing oxidative stress-induced red cell damage and plasma protein alterations: An in vitro study. Journal of Medicinal Food 2018; 21(1), 81-89.
  • Kizhedath A, Wilkinson S, Glassey J. Assessment of hepatotoxicity and dermal toxicity of butyl paraben and methyl paraben using HepG2 and HDFn in vitro models. Toxicology In Vitro 2019; 55, 108-115.
  • Kim SI, Kim HJ, Lee HJ, Lee K, Hong D et al. Application of a non-hazardous vital dye for cell counting with automated cell counters. Analytical Biochemistry 2016; 492, 8-12.
  • Duforestel M, Nadaradjane A, Bougras-Cartron G, Oliver C, FrenelL JS et al. Glyphosate primes mammary cells for tumorigenesis by reprogramming the epigenome in a TET3-dependent manner. Frontiers in Genetics 2019; 10, 885.
  • Wei J, Fujita M, Nakai M, Waragai M, Sekigawa A, et al. Protective role of endogenous gangliosides for lysosomal pathology in a cellular model of synucleinopathies. The American Journal of Pathology 2009; 174(5), 1891-1909.
  • Agnihotri SA, Mallikarjuna NN, Aminabhavi TM. Recent advances on chitosan-based micro-and nanoparticles in drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release 2004; 100(1), 5-28.
  • Liu Z, Jiao Y, Wang Y, Zhou C, Zhang Z. Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008; 60(15), 1650-1662.
  • Erel O.A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemistry 2005; 38(12), 1103-1111.
  • Jana S, Sen KK, Basu SK. Chitosan derivatives and their application in pharmaceutical fields. Int. J. Pharm. 2011; Res 3(1).
  • Liaqat F, Eltem R. Chitooligosaccharides and their biological activities: a comprehensive review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2018; 184, 243-259.
  • Fernandes JC, Sereno J, Garrido P, Parada B, Cunha MF et al. Inhibition of bladder tumor growth by chitooligosaccharides in an experimental carcinogenesis model. Marine Drugs 2012; 10(12), 2661-2675.
  • Fang IM, Yang CH, Yang CM, Chen MS. Chitosan oligosaccharides attenuates oxidative-stress related retinal degeneration in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8(10), e77323.
  • Zou P, Yang X, Wang J, Li Y, Yu H et al. Advances in characterisation and biological activities of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides. Food Chemistry 2016; 190, 1174-1181.
  • Chae SY, Son S, Lee M, Jang MK, Nah JW. Deoxycholic acid-conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide nanoparticles for efficient gene carrier. Journal of Controlled Release 2005; 109(1-3), 330-344.
  • Manivasagan P, Oh J. Marine polysaccharide-based nanomaterials as a novel source of nanobiotechnological applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2016; 82, 315-327.
  • Muxika A, Etxabide A, Uranga J, Guerrero P, De La Caba K. Chitosan as a bioactive polymer: Processing, properties and applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017; 105, 1358-1368.
  • Morin-Crini N, Lichtfouse E, Torri G, Crini G. Applications of chitosan in food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, textiles, pulp and paper, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry. Environmental Chemistry Letters 2019; 1-26.
  • Seven A, Güzel S, Aslan M, Hamuryudan V. Lipid, protein, DNA oxidation and antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Biochemistry 2008; 41(7-8), 538-543.
  • Ngo DH, Qian ZJ, Ngo DN, Vo TS, Wijesekara I et al. Gallyl chitooligosaccharides inhibit intracellular free radical-mediated oxidation. Food Chemistry 2011; 128(4), 974-981.
  • Lu X, Guo H, Zhang Y. Protective effects of sulfated chitooligosaccharides against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in MIN6 cells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2012; 50(1), 50-58.
  • Liu HT, Li WM, Xu G, Li XY, Bai XF et al. Chitosan oligosaccharides attenuate hydrogen peroxide-induced stress injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Pharmacological Research 2009; 59(3), 167-175.
  • Maeda Y, Kimura Y. Antitumor effects of various low-molecular-weight chitosans are due to increased natural killer activity of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in sarcoma 180–bearing mice. The Journal of Nutrition 2004; 134(4), 945-950.
  • Kim SK, Park, PJ, Yang, HP, Han SS. Subacute toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide in Sprague-Dawley rats. Arzneimittelforschung 2001; 51(09), 769-774.
  • Mei YX, Chen HX, Zhang J, Zhang XD, Liang YX. Protective effect of chitooligosaccharides against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2013; 62, 330-335.
  • Yeh MY, Shih YL, Chung HY, Chou J, Lu HF et al. Chitosan promotes immune responses, ameliorating total mature white blood cell numbers, but increases glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and ameliorates lactate dehydrogenase levels in leukemia mice in vivo. Molecular Medicine Reports 2017; 16(3), 2483-2490.
  • Khodagholi F, Eftekharzadeh B, Maghsoudi N, Rezaei PF. Chitosan prevents oxidative stress-induced amyloid β formation and cytotoxicity in NT2 neurons: Involvement of transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2010; 337(1-2), 39-51.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Salim Çeriğ 0000-0002-5168-3951

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çeriğ, S. (2021). IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, 10(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.798520
AMA Çeriğ S. IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji. Ocak 2021;10(1):79-89. doi:10.18036/estubtdc.798520
Chicago Çeriğ, Salim. “IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 10, sy. 1 (Ocak 2021): 79-89. https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.798520.
EndNote Çeriğ S (01 Ocak 2021) IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 10 1 79–89.
IEEE S. Çeriğ, “IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS”, Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, c. 10, sy. 1, ss. 79–89, 2021, doi: 10.18036/estubtdc.798520.
ISNAD Çeriğ, Salim. “IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 10/1 (Ocak 2021), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.798520.
JAMA Çeriğ S. IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji. 2021;10:79–89.
MLA Çeriğ, Salim. “IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, c. 10, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 79-89, doi:10.18036/estubtdc.798520.
Vancouver Çeriğ S. IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji. 2021;10(1):79-8.

Cited By

Oxidative stress and cyto-genotoxicity induced by poly-d-glucosamine in human blood cells in vitro
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C
Salim Cerig
https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2021-0080
A safety assessment of hot aqueous mycelium extracts from Trametes versicolor and Lepista nuda as a food supplement
Biologia
Salim Cerig
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00761-6