Öz
In this study, bee pollen; used for its biological benefits particularly in child, elderly and patient nutrition, was investigated in view of whether or not it carried any microbiological hazard. A total of 12 different origin bee pollens were collected from Istanbul and microbiological, moisture and pH analyses were carried out. Analysis results revealed of Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) counts <1.00-3.48 log cfu/g, moulds <1.00-2.04 log cfu/g and yeasts <1.00-2.70 log cfu/g, whereas there was no growth with regard to coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytoge-nes. Examination of the moulds with reference to their macro and micromorphological properties identified Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Alternaria, Mucor, Trichothecium, Cladosporium, Monascus, Geotrichum species. The pollen samples exhibited ranges of 3.75-4.30 in pH value and 1.17-5.80% for moisture levels. In the light of the microbiologi-cal criteria in this study, it was found that bee pollen does not present a health hazard. However, the identified Aspergil-lus and Penicillium species may produce mycotoxins under favourable conditions and present a danger to human health. Therefore, in the production and storage stages of the pollen, contamination must be prevented and conditions allowing mould growth and mycotoxin production must be eliminated.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Anonim. Mikrobiyolojik Analiz Yöntemlerinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar. birinci Baskı, İstanbul: Hemakim Tıbbı Ürünler Tic. Ltd. Şti., 1999; pp. 83-4.
- 2. Belhadj H, Harzallah D, Dahamna S, Khennouf S. Microbiological quality control of marketed pollen. Der Pharmacia Lettre 2014; 6(2): 37-42.
- 3. Bennett RW, Lancette GA. 2001, FDA/BAM: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 12, http://www.fda.gov, Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2016
- 4. Bogdanov S. Contaminants of bee products. Apidologia 2006; 37: 1-18.
- 5. Bognadov S. Quality and standard of pollen and beeswax. Apiacta 2004; 38: 334-41.
- 6. Bonhevi SJ, Jorda EJ. Nutrient composition and microbiological quality of honeybee- collected pollen in Spain. Agric Food Chem 1997; 45(3): 725-32.
- 7. Brindza J, Grof J, Bacigalova K, Ferianc P, Toth D. Pollen microbial colonization and food safety. Acta Chimica Slovaca 2010; 3 (1): 95-102.
- 8. Chapman PA, Malo ATC, Ellin M, Ashton R, Harkin MA. Escherichia O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter, on beef and lamb carcasses and in raw beef and lamb products in South Yorkshire, UK. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 64 (1-2): 139-50.
- 9. De-Melo AAM, Estevinho MLMF, Almeida- Muradian LB. A diagnosis of the microbiological quality of dehydrated bee-pollen produced in Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61 (5): 477-83.
- 10.Erol İ. Gıda Hijyeni ve Mikrobiyolojisi. Ankara: Pozitif Matbaacılık, 2007; pp.172-84.
- 11.Estevinho LM, Rodrigues S, Pereira AP, Feas X. Portuguese bee pollen: Palynologi-cal study, nutritional and microbiological evaluation. Int J Food Sci Tech 2012; 47 (2): 429-35.
- 12.Feas X, Vazquez-Tato MP, Estevinho L, Sei-jas JA, Iglesias A. Organic bee pollen: Bo-tanical origin, nutritional value, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and microbi-ological quality. Molecules 2012; 17(7): -77.
- 13.Gonzalez G, Hinojo MJ, Mateo R, Medina A, Jimenez M. Occurrence of mycotoxin pro-ducing fungi in bee pollen. Int J Food Micro-biol 2005; 105 (1):1-9.
- 14.Hitchins DA, Jinneman K. Detection and Enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in Foods. Bacteriological Analytical Manual, FDA, Laboratory Methods, Chapter: 10, http://www.fda.gov/Food/ FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ ucm071400.htm, Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2016
- 15.Hocking AD, Pitt JI, Samson RA, King AD. Recommendations from the Closing Session of SMMEF II. Samson RA, Hocking AD, Pitt JI, King AD. eds. In: Modern Methods in Food Mycology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1992; pp. 359-64.
- 16.International Organization for Standardiza-tion. ISO 6579:2002-A1:2007. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs. Horizon-tal Method for the Detection of Salmonellaspp. https://law.resource.org/pub/eac/ibr/ eas.217.6.2008.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 14.04. 2016.
- 17.International Organization for Standardiza-tion. ISO 16649-2: 2001. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs-Horizontal Method for the Escherichia coli O157:H7, https://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/ brochures/ISO%20Food%20Safety% 20Brochure.pdf, Erişim tarihi:14.04.2016
- 18.Kacaniova M, Juracek M, Chlebo R, Knazovicka V, Kadasi Horakova M, Kunova S, Lejkova J, Hascik P, Marecek J, Simko M. Mycobiota and mycotoxin in bee pollen col-lected from different areas of Slovakia. J En-viron Sci Health 2011; 46(7): 623-9.
- 19.Maturin L, James PT. Bacteriological Analyti-cal Manual, Chapter 3, Aerobic Plate Count. FoodandDrugAdministration2001,http:// www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/ LaboratoryMethods/ucm063346.htm, Erişim tarihi 14.04.2016
- 20.Muradian-Almeida LB, Pamplona LC, Coim-bra S, Barth OM. Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pel-lets. J Food Composit Analysis 2015; 18(1): 105-11.
- 21.Nogueira C, Iglesias, Feas X, Estevinho LM. Commercial bee pollen with different geo-graphical origins: A comprehensive ap-proach. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13(9), 11173-87.
- 22.Peters J, Mac K, Wishmann-Shauer H, Klein G, Ellerbroek L. Species distribution and an-tibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococci Isolated from food of animal origin in Germa-ny. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 88(2-3): 311- 4.
- 23.Riddell WR. Permanent stained mycological preparations obtained by slide culture. Myco-logia Vol 1950; 42 (2): 265-70.
- 24.Samson RA, Pitt JI. Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and As-pergillus classification. Forth Edition. Amster-dam: Harwood; 2000.
- 25.Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Oorscot CANV. Introduction to food-borne fungi. Second Edi-tion. Institute of the Royal Netherlands Acad-emy of Arts and Sciences, 1984; pp. 3-205.
- 26.Sandikci Altunatmaz S, Issa G, Aydin A. De-tection of airborne psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi in food storage refrigerators Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43(4): 1436-43.
- 27.Stajko AR, Stajko J, Kurek-Gorecka A, Gorecki M, Kabala-Dzik A, Kubina R, Mozdzierz A, Buszman E. Polyphenols from bee pollen: Structure, absorption, metabo-lism and biological activity. Molecules 2015; 20(12): 21732-49.
Öz
Bu çalışmada, biyolojik yararlılığı nedeniyle özellikle çocuk, yaşlı ve hasta beslenmesinde kullanılan arı poleninin mikrobiyolojik açıdan kalitesi araştırıldı. İstanbul’un değişik satış noktalarından 12 adet arı poleni toplandı ve çeşitli mikrobiyolojik özellikleri ile rutubet ve pH değerleri açısından analizleri gerçekleştirildi. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri sayısı (TAMB) <1.00- 3.48 log kob/g, küf sayısı <1.00-2.04 log kob/g, maya sayısı <1.00-2.70 log kob/g aralığında bulunurken; koliform bakteriler, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes tespit edilmedi. Küflerin makro ve mikro-morfolojik özellikleri açısından yapılan incelemede Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Alter-naria, Mucor, Trichothecium, Cladosporium, Monascus, Geotrichum türleri tespit edildi. Polen numunelerinin pH değeri 3.75-4.30, rutubet oranı %1.17-5.80 aralığında bulundu. Bu araştırmada, arı poleninin, yapılan mikrobiyolojik analizleri sonucunda, sağlık açısından tehlike oluşturmadığı belirlendi. Fakat tespit edilen Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria cinsine ait küf türleri uygun koşullarda mikotoksin oluşturabilmekte ve insan sağlığı için tehlikeli olabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle polenin üretimi ve saklanması aşamalarında bulaşmaların engellenmesi, küflerin gelişimine ve mikotoksin oluşumuna neden olan koşulların ortadan kaldırılması gerekli görülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Anonim. Mikrobiyolojik Analiz Yöntemlerinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar. birinci Baskı, İstanbul: Hemakim Tıbbı Ürünler Tic. Ltd. Şti., 1999; pp. 83-4.
- 2. Belhadj H, Harzallah D, Dahamna S, Khennouf S. Microbiological quality control of marketed pollen. Der Pharmacia Lettre 2014; 6(2): 37-42.
- 3. Bennett RW, Lancette GA. 2001, FDA/BAM: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 12, http://www.fda.gov, Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2016
- 4. Bogdanov S. Contaminants of bee products. Apidologia 2006; 37: 1-18.
- 5. Bognadov S. Quality and standard of pollen and beeswax. Apiacta 2004; 38: 334-41.
- 6. Bonhevi SJ, Jorda EJ. Nutrient composition and microbiological quality of honeybee- collected pollen in Spain. Agric Food Chem 1997; 45(3): 725-32.
- 7. Brindza J, Grof J, Bacigalova K, Ferianc P, Toth D. Pollen microbial colonization and food safety. Acta Chimica Slovaca 2010; 3 (1): 95-102.
- 8. Chapman PA, Malo ATC, Ellin M, Ashton R, Harkin MA. Escherichia O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter, on beef and lamb carcasses and in raw beef and lamb products in South Yorkshire, UK. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 64 (1-2): 139-50.
- 9. De-Melo AAM, Estevinho MLMF, Almeida- Muradian LB. A diagnosis of the microbiological quality of dehydrated bee-pollen produced in Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61 (5): 477-83.
- 10.Erol İ. Gıda Hijyeni ve Mikrobiyolojisi. Ankara: Pozitif Matbaacılık, 2007; pp.172-84.
- 11.Estevinho LM, Rodrigues S, Pereira AP, Feas X. Portuguese bee pollen: Palynologi-cal study, nutritional and microbiological evaluation. Int J Food Sci Tech 2012; 47 (2): 429-35.
- 12.Feas X, Vazquez-Tato MP, Estevinho L, Sei-jas JA, Iglesias A. Organic bee pollen: Bo-tanical origin, nutritional value, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and microbi-ological quality. Molecules 2012; 17(7): -77.
- 13.Gonzalez G, Hinojo MJ, Mateo R, Medina A, Jimenez M. Occurrence of mycotoxin pro-ducing fungi in bee pollen. Int J Food Micro-biol 2005; 105 (1):1-9.
- 14.Hitchins DA, Jinneman K. Detection and Enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in Foods. Bacteriological Analytical Manual, FDA, Laboratory Methods, Chapter: 10, http://www.fda.gov/Food/ FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ ucm071400.htm, Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2016
- 15.Hocking AD, Pitt JI, Samson RA, King AD. Recommendations from the Closing Session of SMMEF II. Samson RA, Hocking AD, Pitt JI, King AD. eds. In: Modern Methods in Food Mycology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1992; pp. 359-64.
- 16.International Organization for Standardiza-tion. ISO 6579:2002-A1:2007. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs. Horizon-tal Method for the Detection of Salmonellaspp. https://law.resource.org/pub/eac/ibr/ eas.217.6.2008.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 14.04. 2016.
- 17.International Organization for Standardiza-tion. ISO 16649-2: 2001. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs-Horizontal Method for the Escherichia coli O157:H7, https://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/ brochures/ISO%20Food%20Safety% 20Brochure.pdf, Erişim tarihi:14.04.2016
- 18.Kacaniova M, Juracek M, Chlebo R, Knazovicka V, Kadasi Horakova M, Kunova S, Lejkova J, Hascik P, Marecek J, Simko M. Mycobiota and mycotoxin in bee pollen col-lected from different areas of Slovakia. J En-viron Sci Health 2011; 46(7): 623-9.
- 19.Maturin L, James PT. Bacteriological Analyti-cal Manual, Chapter 3, Aerobic Plate Count. FoodandDrugAdministration2001,http:// www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/ LaboratoryMethods/ucm063346.htm, Erişim tarihi 14.04.2016
- 20.Muradian-Almeida LB, Pamplona LC, Coim-bra S, Barth OM. Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pel-lets. J Food Composit Analysis 2015; 18(1): 105-11.
- 21.Nogueira C, Iglesias, Feas X, Estevinho LM. Commercial bee pollen with different geo-graphical origins: A comprehensive ap-proach. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13(9), 11173-87.
- 22.Peters J, Mac K, Wishmann-Shauer H, Klein G, Ellerbroek L. Species distribution and an-tibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococci Isolated from food of animal origin in Germa-ny. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 88(2-3): 311- 4.
- 23.Riddell WR. Permanent stained mycological preparations obtained by slide culture. Myco-logia Vol 1950; 42 (2): 265-70.
- 24.Samson RA, Pitt JI. Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and As-pergillus classification. Forth Edition. Amster-dam: Harwood; 2000.
- 25.Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Oorscot CANV. Introduction to food-borne fungi. Second Edi-tion. Institute of the Royal Netherlands Acad-emy of Arts and Sciences, 1984; pp. 3-205.
- 26.Sandikci Altunatmaz S, Issa G, Aydin A. De-tection of airborne psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi in food storage refrigerators Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43(4): 1436-43.
- 27.Stajko AR, Stajko J, Kurek-Gorecka A, Gorecki M, Kabala-Dzik A, Kubina R, Mozdzierz A, Buszman E. Polyphenols from bee pollen: Structure, absorption, metabo-lism and biological activity. Molecules 2015; 20(12): 21732-49.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 17 Aralık 2016 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Ekim 2016 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 1 Kasım 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2016 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3 |
Kaynak Göster
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/20610
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