Öz
Blastocystis sp. dünyada yaygın görülen, insanlarda ve hayvanlarda hastalıklara sebep olabilen enterik bir parazittir. Blastocystis sp.'nin genetik çeşitliliği çok fazladır ve günümüzde 17 farklı subtipi (ST) tespit edilmiştir. Bu subtiplerden 9 tanesi insanlarda ve hayvanlarda ortak olduğu için Blastocystis sp.nin insana bulaşında hayvanların etken olabileceği belirtilmiştir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, ülkemizde Blastocystis sp.'nin insanlara bulaşında hayvanların etkisini moleküler yöntemlerle epidemiyolojik olarak araştırmaktır.
Çalışmamızda insanlarla yakın ilişkili çeşitli hayvanlardan 420 dışkı örneği toplandı. Bu örnekler trichrome boyama, Jones' medium kültür yöntemi ve Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) yöntemi ile çalışıldı. 420 örnekten 53(12.6%)'ünde Blastocystis tespit edildi. Blastocystis sp. pozitif örnekler insana ait subtiplerin tespiti için PZR yöntemi ile çalışıldı. Blastocystis pozitif 53 örnekten 33(62.3%)'ünde (15 Sığır, 14 koyun, 2 tavuk ve 2 at dışkı örneği) 9 Blastocystis subtipinden hiçbiri tespit edilmedi. 20(37.7%) örnekte ise insana ait subtipler tespit edildi. Bu subtiplerin dağılımı şu şekildedir: ST4(7.5%) koyunda ST5, 6(11.3%) tavukta ST6, 11(20.7%) tavukta ST7, 1 tavukta ST6-ST7 beraber tespit edildi.
Çalışma sonucunda, ülkemizde sık görülen subtiplerden ST1, ST2, ST3 ve ST4 hiçbir hayvanda tespit edilemedi. Ülkemizde nadir görülen subtiplerden ST5, ST6 ve ST7'nin insana bulaşında koyun ve tavukların kaynak olabileceği değerlendirildi. Sonuç olarak, ülkemizde Blastocystis sp.'nin insana bulaşında zoonotik kaynaklardan çok insanlar sorumlu gözükmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Blastocystis sp. Moleküler epidemiyoloji Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu.
Kaynakça
- Arisue N, Hashimoto T, Yoshikawa H, et al (2002): Phylogenetic position of Blastocystis hominis and of Stramenopiles inferred from multiple molecular sequence data. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 49:42-53.
- Tan KS (2008):. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clinical Microbiology Reviews,21, 639-65.
- Yakoob J, Jafri W, Beg MA, et al (2010): Irritable bowel syndrome: is it associated with genotypes of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res, 106, 1033-8.
- Balint A, Doczi I, Bereczki L et al (2014): Do not forget the stool examination!-cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations of Blastocystis sp infection. Parasitol Res, 113, 1585-90.
- Lepczynska M, Chen WC, Dzika E (2016): Mysterious chronic urticaria caused by Blastocystis spp.? Int J Dermatol, 55, 259-66.
- AL FD, Hökelek M (2007): Blastocystis hominis Fırsatçı Bir Patojen mi? Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 31, 28-36.
- Ramirez JD, Sanchez A, Hernandez C et al (2016): Geographic distribution of human Blastocystis subtypes in South America. Infect Genet Evol, 41, 32-5.
- Navarro C, Domínguez-Márquez M, Garijo-Toledo M et al (2008): High prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in pigs reared under intensive growing systems: frequency of ribotypes and associated risk factors. Veterinary parasitology, 153, 347-58.
- Greige S, El Safadi D, Bécu N et al (2018): Prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. isolates from poultry in Lebanon and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasites & vectors, 11, 389.
- Tan KS, Mirza H, Teo JD et al (2010): Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Current infectious disease reports, 12, 28-35.
- Yoshikawa H, Tokoro M, Nagamoto T et al (2016): Molecular survey of Blastocystis sp. from humans and associated animals in an Indonesian community with poor hygiene. Parasitology international 65, 780-4.
- Yan Y, Su SL, Ye JH et al (2007): Blastocystis sp subtype 5: a possibly zoonotic genotype. Parasitol Res, 101, 1527-32.
- Stensvold CR, Alfellani MA, Norskov-Lauritsen S et al (2009): Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals and identification of a new subtype. Int J Parasitol, 39, 473-9.
- Noel C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D et al (2005): Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: Implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 348-55.
- Ramirez JD, Sanchez LV, Bautista DC et al (2016): Blastocystis subtypes detected in humans and animals from Colombia. Infect Genet Evol, 22, 223-8.
- Fayer R, Santin M, Macarisin D. (2012): Detection of concurrent infection of dairy cattle with Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Enterocytozoon by molecular and microscopic methods. Parasitol Res, 111, 1349-55.
- Cian A, El Safadi D, Osman M, Moriniere R et al (2017): Molecular Epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. in Various Animal Groups from Two French Zoos and Evaluation of Potential Zoonotic Risk. PloS one, 12, e0169659.
- Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS et al (2007): Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes–a consensus. Trends in parasitology, 23, 93-6.
- Clark CG (1997): Extensive genetic diversity in Blastocystis hominis. Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 87, 79-83.
- Lee H, Lee S-H, Seo M-G et al (2018): Occurrence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in Korean cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 258, 70-3.
- Zhu W, Tao W, Gong B et al (2017): First report of Blastocystis infections in cattle in China. Veterinary parasitology, 246, 38-42.
- Bohm-Gloning B, Knobloch J, Walderich B (1997): Five subgroups of Blastocystis hominis from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed by restriction site analysis of PCR-amplified 16S-like rDNA. Trop Med Int Health, 2(8), 771–778.)
- Yoshikawa H, Iwamasa A. (2016): Human Blastocystis subtyping with subtype-specific primers developed from unique sequences of the SSU rRNA gene. Parasitology international, 65, 785-791.
- Roberts T, Barratt J, Harkness J et al (2011): Comparison of Microscopy, Culture, and Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Blastocystis sp in Clinical Stool Samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 84, 308-12.
- Santos HJ, Rivera WL (2011): Comparison of direct fecal smear microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Blastocystis sp in human stool samples. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 6, 780-4.
- Parkar U, Traub RJ, Kumar S et al (2007): Direct characterization of Blastocystis from faeces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasitology, 134, 359-67.
- Alfellani MA, Taner-Mulla D, Jacob AS et al (2013): Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in Livestock and Zoo Animals. Protist, 164, 497-509.
- Thathaisong U, Worapong J, Mungthin M et al (2003): Blastocystis isolates from a pig and a horse are closely related to Blastocystis hominis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41, 967-75.
Öz
Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal parasite worldwide that can cause infection in humans and animals. Blastocystis sp. has a high genetic diversity with 17 different subtypes (ST) identified to date. Since nine of these subtypes are common in both humans and animals, it has been proposed that animals may have a role in the transmission of Blastocystis sp. to human.
The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiological effect of animals on the human transmission of Blastocystis species by molecular methods for in our country.
A total of 420 faecal samples were collected from the cattle, sheep, dogs, horses and chickens. Samples were stained with trichrome staining and cultivated by Jones's medium culture method. Blastocystis was detected in 53(12.6%) of 420. The samples were examined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to identify nine common human subtypes.
Subtypes were not detected in 33(62.3) of the 53 Blastocystis positive samples. Subtypes were detected in 20(37.7%) samples. The detected subtypes were as follows: ST5 in 4(7.5%) sheep, ST6 in 6(11.3%) chickens, ST7 in 11(20.7%) chickens, both ST6-ST7 were detected in one chicken).
ST1, ST2, ST3 and ST4 - common subtypes in our country- were not detected in any animal. Sheep and chickens may be the source of human transmission of ST5, ST6 and ST7, the rare subtypes in our country.
As a result, humans rather than animals, seem to be the source of the human transmission of Blastocystis sp. in our country.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Blastocystis sp. Molecular epidemiology Polymerase Chain Reaction.
Kaynakça
- Arisue N, Hashimoto T, Yoshikawa H, et al (2002): Phylogenetic position of Blastocystis hominis and of Stramenopiles inferred from multiple molecular sequence data. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 49:42-53.
- Tan KS (2008):. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clinical Microbiology Reviews,21, 639-65.
- Yakoob J, Jafri W, Beg MA, et al (2010): Irritable bowel syndrome: is it associated with genotypes of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res, 106, 1033-8.
- Balint A, Doczi I, Bereczki L et al (2014): Do not forget the stool examination!-cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations of Blastocystis sp infection. Parasitol Res, 113, 1585-90.
- Lepczynska M, Chen WC, Dzika E (2016): Mysterious chronic urticaria caused by Blastocystis spp.? Int J Dermatol, 55, 259-66.
- AL FD, Hökelek M (2007): Blastocystis hominis Fırsatçı Bir Patojen mi? Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 31, 28-36.
- Ramirez JD, Sanchez A, Hernandez C et al (2016): Geographic distribution of human Blastocystis subtypes in South America. Infect Genet Evol, 41, 32-5.
- Navarro C, Domínguez-Márquez M, Garijo-Toledo M et al (2008): High prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in pigs reared under intensive growing systems: frequency of ribotypes and associated risk factors. Veterinary parasitology, 153, 347-58.
- Greige S, El Safadi D, Bécu N et al (2018): Prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. isolates from poultry in Lebanon and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasites & vectors, 11, 389.
- Tan KS, Mirza H, Teo JD et al (2010): Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Current infectious disease reports, 12, 28-35.
- Yoshikawa H, Tokoro M, Nagamoto T et al (2016): Molecular survey of Blastocystis sp. from humans and associated animals in an Indonesian community with poor hygiene. Parasitology international 65, 780-4.
- Yan Y, Su SL, Ye JH et al (2007): Blastocystis sp subtype 5: a possibly zoonotic genotype. Parasitol Res, 101, 1527-32.
- Stensvold CR, Alfellani MA, Norskov-Lauritsen S et al (2009): Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals and identification of a new subtype. Int J Parasitol, 39, 473-9.
- Noel C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D et al (2005): Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: Implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 348-55.
- Ramirez JD, Sanchez LV, Bautista DC et al (2016): Blastocystis subtypes detected in humans and animals from Colombia. Infect Genet Evol, 22, 223-8.
- Fayer R, Santin M, Macarisin D. (2012): Detection of concurrent infection of dairy cattle with Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Enterocytozoon by molecular and microscopic methods. Parasitol Res, 111, 1349-55.
- Cian A, El Safadi D, Osman M, Moriniere R et al (2017): Molecular Epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. in Various Animal Groups from Two French Zoos and Evaluation of Potential Zoonotic Risk. PloS one, 12, e0169659.
- Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS et al (2007): Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes–a consensus. Trends in parasitology, 23, 93-6.
- Clark CG (1997): Extensive genetic diversity in Blastocystis hominis. Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 87, 79-83.
- Lee H, Lee S-H, Seo M-G et al (2018): Occurrence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in Korean cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 258, 70-3.
- Zhu W, Tao W, Gong B et al (2017): First report of Blastocystis infections in cattle in China. Veterinary parasitology, 246, 38-42.
- Bohm-Gloning B, Knobloch J, Walderich B (1997): Five subgroups of Blastocystis hominis from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed by restriction site analysis of PCR-amplified 16S-like rDNA. Trop Med Int Health, 2(8), 771–778.)
- Yoshikawa H, Iwamasa A. (2016): Human Blastocystis subtyping with subtype-specific primers developed from unique sequences of the SSU rRNA gene. Parasitology international, 65, 785-791.
- Roberts T, Barratt J, Harkness J et al (2011): Comparison of Microscopy, Culture, and Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Blastocystis sp in Clinical Stool Samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 84, 308-12.
- Santos HJ, Rivera WL (2011): Comparison of direct fecal smear microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Blastocystis sp in human stool samples. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 6, 780-4.
- Parkar U, Traub RJ, Kumar S et al (2007): Direct characterization of Blastocystis from faeces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasitology, 134, 359-67.
- Alfellani MA, Taner-Mulla D, Jacob AS et al (2013): Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in Livestock and Zoo Animals. Protist, 164, 497-509.
- Thathaisong U, Worapong J, Mungthin M et al (2003): Blastocystis isolates from a pig and a horse are closely related to Blastocystis hominis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41, 967-75.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Bölüm | Araştıma |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 21 Haziran 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 |
