Araştırma Makalesi
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THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DIGITALIZATION AND PROFITABILITY IN BANKING: ARDL BOUND TESTING APPROACH

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 34, 206 - 227, 21.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1313624

Öz

With advancement of technology, digital transformation in the finance and banking sector has become increasingly widespread, affecting various areas including profitability, efficiency, and competition. The rapid expansion of mobile payments and online financial services through digital platforms plays a significant role in the financial performance of the banking sector. In this context, this study aims to examine the long-term relationship between digitalization in Turkish banking sector and total net profitability of banking (deposit banking and development/investment banking). Accordingly, one research models were constructed in the empirical study. Profitability indicator for deposit banking and development/investment banking sectors were used as dependent variables, while the payment amount made via mobile banking, the mobile banking transaction volume and the number of mobile banking active customers was considered as independent variables. Data from 49 quarterly periods from 2011:Q1 to 2023:Q1 were analyzed using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) tests. The findings reveal a significant long-term relationship between digitalization and the total net profitability of different banking activities, indicating that digitalization and profitability are closely intertwined. In other words, the development in digitalization in the banking sector affects positively the profitability of the bank.

Kaynakça

  • Ahiadorme, J. W. (2018). The effect of dijital delivery channels on the financial performance of banks. International Journal of Financial Innovation in Banking, 2(1), 48-59.
  • Al-Smadi, M. O., & Al-Wabel, S. A. (2011). The impact of e-banking on the performance of Jordanian banks. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 16(2), 1-10.
  • Bankuoru Egala, S., Boateng, D., & Aboagye Mensah, S. (2021). To leave or retain? An interplay between quality digital banking services and customer satisfaction. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 39(7), 1420-1445. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-02-2021-0072
  • Boateng, K., & Nagaraju, Y. (2020). The impact of jigital banking on the profitability deposit Money banks: Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Research in Finance and Management, 3(1), 144-150.
  • Brush, T. H., Dangol, R., & O’Brien, J. P. (2012). Customer capabilities, switching costs, and bank performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33(13), 1499-1515. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.1990
  • Cao, T., Cook, W. D., & Kristal, M. M., (2022). Has the technological investment been worth it? Assessing the aggregate efficiency of non-homogeneous bank holding companies in the digital age. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 178, 121576.
  • Chhaidar, A., Abdelhedi, M., & Abdelkafi, I (2022). The effect of financial technology investment level on European banks’ profitability. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-23.
  • Çağlayan, E. (2006). Enflasyon, faiz oranı ve büyümenin yurtiçi tasarruflar üzerindeki etkileri. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 21(1), 423-438.
  • Dinh, V., Le, U., & Le, P. (2015). Measuring the impacts of internet banking to bank performance: Evidence from Vietnam. The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 20(2).
  • Dong, J., Yin, L., Liu, X., Hu, M., Li, X., & Liu, L. (2020). Impact of internet finance on the performance of commercial banks in China. International Review of Financial Analysis, 72, 101579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101579
  • Doran, N. M., Bădîrcea, R. M., & Manta, A. G. (2022). Digitization and financial performance banking sectors facing covid-19 challenges in central and eastern european countries. Electronics, 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213483
  • El Khoury, R., Nasrallah, N., & Alareeni, B. (2023). The determinants of ESG in the banking sector of MENA region: a trend or necessity?. Competitiveness Review, 33(1), 7-29. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-09-2021-0118
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J., (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Erol, I., Çınar, S., & Duramaz, S., (2015). Bankaların yeni gelir kaynağı: Elektronik bankacılık işlem ücretleri, Türk bankacılık sektöründe banka kârlılığı üzerindeki etkisi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2), 1-21.
  • Feld, M., Giacobbo, T. S. F., & Schuster, W. E. (2021). Technological progress and finance: the effects of digitization on Brazilian banking fees. EconomiA, 22(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2021.09.001
  • Gong, C., & Ribiere, V., (2021). Developing a unified definition of digital transformation. Technovation, 102, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102217
  • Goodell, J. W. (2020). Covid-19 and finance: Agendas for future research. Finance Research Letters, 35, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101512
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2014). Temel ekonometri (Çev. Ü. Şenesen ve G. G. Şenesen). Literatür Yayıncılık. He, D., Ho, C., & Xu, L. (2020). Risk and return of online channel adoption in the banking industry. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 60, 101268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101268
  • Hoffmann, A. O. I., & Birnbrich, C. (2012). The impact of fraud prevention on bank-customer relationships An empirical investigation in retail banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 30(5), 390-407.
  • Hüsnüoğlu, N. (2018). Türkiye’de fındık üretim miktarı ve fiyat ilişkisi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Social Science Research Journal, 7(4), 24-41.
  • Jikrillah, S., & Fadah, I. (2022). Performance of Indonesia banking: The impact of digital banking. ICIFEB Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Islamic Finance and Business. Indonesia.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254.
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and ınference on cointegration with application to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210.
  • Korkmazgöz, Ç., & Ege, İ. (2020). Finansal teknolojilerin Türk bankacılık sektörünün finansal performansına etkisi: Mobil bankacılık üzerine uygulama. Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü E-Dergisi, 3(2), 106-125.
  • Ky, S. S., Rugemintwari, C., & Sauviat, A. (2019). Is Fintech good for bank performance? The case of mobile money in the East African community. SSRN, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3401930
  • Mabwai, F. (2016). Effects of e-banking on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, School of Business University of Nairobi.
  • Mahboub, R. M. (2018). The impact of information and communication technology investments on the performance of Lebanese banks. European Research Studies Journal, 21(4), 435-458.
  • Malhotra, P., & Singh, B. (2007). Determinants of internet banking adoption by banks in India. Internet Research, 17(3), 323-339.
  • Mbama, C. I., & Ezepue, P. O. (2018). Digital banking, customer experience and bank financial performance UK customers’ perceptions. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 36(2), 230-255.
  • Mert, M., & Çağlar, A. E. (2019). Eviews ve Gauss uygulamalı zaman serileri analizi. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Moparler, A., Climent, F. J., & Ballester, J. M. (2012). The impact of scale effects on the prevailing internet-based banking model in the US. Service Business, 6, 177-195.
  • Motwani, A., & Vora, K. (2021). Impact of digital banking on profitability of public & private sector banks in India. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12(5), 3687-3695.
  • Mutua, R. W. (2013). Effects of mobile banking on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi.
  • Nazaritehrani, A., & Mashali, B. (2020). Development of e-banking channels and market share in developing countries. Financial Innovation, 6(12), 1-19.
  • Onay, C., & Ozsoy, E. (2012). The impact of internet-banking on brick and mortar branches: the case of Turkey. Journal of Financial Services Research, 44(1), 186-204.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationship. Journal of Appl. Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Potapova, E. A., Iskoskov, M. & Mukhanova, N. V. (2022). The impact of digitalization on performance indicators of Russian commercial banks in 2021. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15, 1-20.
  • Ruel, H., Rowlands, H., & Njoku, E. (2021). Digital business strategizing: the role of leadership and organizational learning. Competitiveness Review, 31(1), 145-161.
  • Sarıdoğan, H. Ö., & Kaya, M. V. (2019). Bilgi ekonomisi ve ekonomik performans: Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği karşılaştırılması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 916-935.
  • Simiyu, C. N. (2018). Electronic banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Migori country. Learning Community, 9(1), 25-42.
  • Stefanovic, N., Barjaktarovic, L. & Bataev, A. (2021). Digitainability and financial performance: Evidence from the Serbian banking sector. Sustainability, 13(23), 13461.
  • Theiri, S., & Hadoussa, S. (2023). Digitization effects on banks’ financial performance: The case of an African country. Competitiveness Review, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-10-2022-0147
  • Tunay, K. B., Tunay, N. & Akhisar, İ. (2015). Interaction between internet banking and bank performance: The case of Europe. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 363-368.
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği-TBB (2022). https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/faaliyetler/teknoloji-ve-odeme-sistemleri/dijital-bankacilik/4558 (Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2023).
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği-TBB (2023). Dijital bankacılık müşteri sayıları. https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2023).
  • Ulusoy, A., & Demirel, S. (2022). Türk bankacılık sisteminde dijitalleşme-kârlılık etkileşimi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 184-200.
  • Uraz-Kaya, I., & Kılıç, M. B. (2021). Finansal okuryazarlık ve dijitalleşme: Ölçek geliştirme üzerine bir çalışma. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 296-315.
  • Yıldırım, A. C., & Erdil, E. (2023). The effect of covid-19 on digital banking explored under business model approach. Qualitative Reseacrh in Financial Markets, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-08-2021-0142
  • Zhao, J., Li, X., Yu, C. H., Chen, S., & Lee, C. C. (2022). Riding the FinTech innovation wawe: FinTech, patents bank performance. Journal of International Money and Finance, 122, 102552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102552
  • Wang, R., Liu, J., & Luo, H. (2021). Fintech development and bank risk taking in China. The European Journal of Finance, 27(4/5), 397-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2020.1805782
  • World Bank (2021). The global findex database 2021: Financial inclusion, digital payments, and resilience in the age of covid-19. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2023).

DİJİTALLEŞME İLE BANKACILIK KȂRLILIĞI ARASINDAKİ ETKİLEŞİM: ARDL SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 34, 206 - 227, 21.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1313624

Öz

Geliştirilen teknolojiyle birlikte finans bankacılık sektöründe yaşanan dijital değişim ve dönüşüm başta kârlılık, verimlik ve rekabet olmak üzere birçok alanda giderek yaygın hale gelmektedir. Mobil ödeme ve çevrimiçi finansal hizmetlerin dijital platformlar aracılığıyla hızla yaygınlaşması bankacılık sektörünün finansal performansı üzerinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Türkiye bankacılık sektöründeki dijitalleşme ile bankacılık (mevduat bankacılığı ile kalkınma ve yatırım bankacılığı) toplam net kârlılığı arasındaki uzun dönem etkileşimin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda ampirik çalışmada bir adet araştırma modeli kurulmuştur. Modelde mevduat bankacılığı ile kalkınma ve yatırım bankacılığı sektörüne ait toplam net kâr göstergesi bağımlı değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Mobil bankacılık üzerinden yapılan ödeme tutarı, mobil bankacılık işlem hacmi ile mobil bankacılık aktif müşteri sayıları ise bağımsız değişken olarak ele alınmıştır. 2011:Q1-2023:Q1 periyodundaki 49 çeyrek döneme ait veriler otoregresif dağıtılmış gecikme (ARDL) testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizler neticesinde dijitalleşme göstergeleri ile bankacılık faaliyet türü toplam net kârı arasında uzun dönem ilişkinin olduğu ve dijitalleşme ile kârlılığın birlikte hareket ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Diğer bir ifade ile bankacılık sektöründeki dijitalleşmede yaşanan gelişim bankacılık kârlılığını pozitif yönde etkilemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahiadorme, J. W. (2018). The effect of dijital delivery channels on the financial performance of banks. International Journal of Financial Innovation in Banking, 2(1), 48-59.
  • Al-Smadi, M. O., & Al-Wabel, S. A. (2011). The impact of e-banking on the performance of Jordanian banks. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 16(2), 1-10.
  • Bankuoru Egala, S., Boateng, D., & Aboagye Mensah, S. (2021). To leave or retain? An interplay between quality digital banking services and customer satisfaction. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 39(7), 1420-1445. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-02-2021-0072
  • Boateng, K., & Nagaraju, Y. (2020). The impact of jigital banking on the profitability deposit Money banks: Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Research in Finance and Management, 3(1), 144-150.
  • Brush, T. H., Dangol, R., & O’Brien, J. P. (2012). Customer capabilities, switching costs, and bank performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33(13), 1499-1515. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.1990
  • Cao, T., Cook, W. D., & Kristal, M. M., (2022). Has the technological investment been worth it? Assessing the aggregate efficiency of non-homogeneous bank holding companies in the digital age. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 178, 121576.
  • Chhaidar, A., Abdelhedi, M., & Abdelkafi, I (2022). The effect of financial technology investment level on European banks’ profitability. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-23.
  • Çağlayan, E. (2006). Enflasyon, faiz oranı ve büyümenin yurtiçi tasarruflar üzerindeki etkileri. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 21(1), 423-438.
  • Dinh, V., Le, U., & Le, P. (2015). Measuring the impacts of internet banking to bank performance: Evidence from Vietnam. The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 20(2).
  • Dong, J., Yin, L., Liu, X., Hu, M., Li, X., & Liu, L. (2020). Impact of internet finance on the performance of commercial banks in China. International Review of Financial Analysis, 72, 101579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101579
  • Doran, N. M., Bădîrcea, R. M., & Manta, A. G. (2022). Digitization and financial performance banking sectors facing covid-19 challenges in central and eastern european countries. Electronics, 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213483
  • El Khoury, R., Nasrallah, N., & Alareeni, B. (2023). The determinants of ESG in the banking sector of MENA region: a trend or necessity?. Competitiveness Review, 33(1), 7-29. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-09-2021-0118
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J., (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Erol, I., Çınar, S., & Duramaz, S., (2015). Bankaların yeni gelir kaynağı: Elektronik bankacılık işlem ücretleri, Türk bankacılık sektöründe banka kârlılığı üzerindeki etkisi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2), 1-21.
  • Feld, M., Giacobbo, T. S. F., & Schuster, W. E. (2021). Technological progress and finance: the effects of digitization on Brazilian banking fees. EconomiA, 22(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2021.09.001
  • Gong, C., & Ribiere, V., (2021). Developing a unified definition of digital transformation. Technovation, 102, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102217
  • Goodell, J. W. (2020). Covid-19 and finance: Agendas for future research. Finance Research Letters, 35, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101512
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2014). Temel ekonometri (Çev. Ü. Şenesen ve G. G. Şenesen). Literatür Yayıncılık. He, D., Ho, C., & Xu, L. (2020). Risk and return of online channel adoption in the banking industry. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 60, 101268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101268
  • Hoffmann, A. O. I., & Birnbrich, C. (2012). The impact of fraud prevention on bank-customer relationships An empirical investigation in retail banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 30(5), 390-407.
  • Hüsnüoğlu, N. (2018). Türkiye’de fındık üretim miktarı ve fiyat ilişkisi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Social Science Research Journal, 7(4), 24-41.
  • Jikrillah, S., & Fadah, I. (2022). Performance of Indonesia banking: The impact of digital banking. ICIFEB Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Islamic Finance and Business. Indonesia.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254.
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and ınference on cointegration with application to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210.
  • Korkmazgöz, Ç., & Ege, İ. (2020). Finansal teknolojilerin Türk bankacılık sektörünün finansal performansına etkisi: Mobil bankacılık üzerine uygulama. Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü E-Dergisi, 3(2), 106-125.
  • Ky, S. S., Rugemintwari, C., & Sauviat, A. (2019). Is Fintech good for bank performance? The case of mobile money in the East African community. SSRN, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3401930
  • Mabwai, F. (2016). Effects of e-banking on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, School of Business University of Nairobi.
  • Mahboub, R. M. (2018). The impact of information and communication technology investments on the performance of Lebanese banks. European Research Studies Journal, 21(4), 435-458.
  • Malhotra, P., & Singh, B. (2007). Determinants of internet banking adoption by banks in India. Internet Research, 17(3), 323-339.
  • Mbama, C. I., & Ezepue, P. O. (2018). Digital banking, customer experience and bank financial performance UK customers’ perceptions. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 36(2), 230-255.
  • Mert, M., & Çağlar, A. E. (2019). Eviews ve Gauss uygulamalı zaman serileri analizi. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Moparler, A., Climent, F. J., & Ballester, J. M. (2012). The impact of scale effects on the prevailing internet-based banking model in the US. Service Business, 6, 177-195.
  • Motwani, A., & Vora, K. (2021). Impact of digital banking on profitability of public & private sector banks in India. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12(5), 3687-3695.
  • Mutua, R. W. (2013). Effects of mobile banking on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi.
  • Nazaritehrani, A., & Mashali, B. (2020). Development of e-banking channels and market share in developing countries. Financial Innovation, 6(12), 1-19.
  • Onay, C., & Ozsoy, E. (2012). The impact of internet-banking on brick and mortar branches: the case of Turkey. Journal of Financial Services Research, 44(1), 186-204.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationship. Journal of Appl. Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Potapova, E. A., Iskoskov, M. & Mukhanova, N. V. (2022). The impact of digitalization on performance indicators of Russian commercial banks in 2021. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15, 1-20.
  • Ruel, H., Rowlands, H., & Njoku, E. (2021). Digital business strategizing: the role of leadership and organizational learning. Competitiveness Review, 31(1), 145-161.
  • Sarıdoğan, H. Ö., & Kaya, M. V. (2019). Bilgi ekonomisi ve ekonomik performans: Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği karşılaştırılması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 916-935.
  • Simiyu, C. N. (2018). Electronic banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Migori country. Learning Community, 9(1), 25-42.
  • Stefanovic, N., Barjaktarovic, L. & Bataev, A. (2021). Digitainability and financial performance: Evidence from the Serbian banking sector. Sustainability, 13(23), 13461.
  • Theiri, S., & Hadoussa, S. (2023). Digitization effects on banks’ financial performance: The case of an African country. Competitiveness Review, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-10-2022-0147
  • Tunay, K. B., Tunay, N. & Akhisar, İ. (2015). Interaction between internet banking and bank performance: The case of Europe. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 363-368.
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği-TBB (2022). https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/faaliyetler/teknoloji-ve-odeme-sistemleri/dijital-bankacilik/4558 (Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2023).
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği-TBB (2023). Dijital bankacılık müşteri sayıları. https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2023).
  • Ulusoy, A., & Demirel, S. (2022). Türk bankacılık sisteminde dijitalleşme-kârlılık etkileşimi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 184-200.
  • Uraz-Kaya, I., & Kılıç, M. B. (2021). Finansal okuryazarlık ve dijitalleşme: Ölçek geliştirme üzerine bir çalışma. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 296-315.
  • Yıldırım, A. C., & Erdil, E. (2023). The effect of covid-19 on digital banking explored under business model approach. Qualitative Reseacrh in Financial Markets, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-08-2021-0142
  • Zhao, J., Li, X., Yu, C. H., Chen, S., & Lee, C. C. (2022). Riding the FinTech innovation wawe: FinTech, patents bank performance. Journal of International Money and Finance, 122, 102552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102552
  • Wang, R., Liu, J., & Luo, H. (2021). Fintech development and bank risk taking in China. The European Journal of Finance, 27(4/5), 397-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2020.1805782
  • World Bank (2021). The global findex database 2021: Financial inclusion, digital payments, and resilience in the age of covid-19. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2023).
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Para-Bankacılık
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tolga Ergün 0000-0001-9650-4542

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Ergün, T. (2023). DİJİTALLEŞME İLE BANKACILIK KȂRLILIĞI ARASINDAKİ ETKİLEŞİM: ARDL SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(34), 206-227. https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1313624

Dicle University
Journal of Social Sciences Institute (DUSBED)