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Covid-19 Salgınının Çocuklar Üzerindeki Olası Etkileri: İstismar ve İhmal Boyutu

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 68 - 77, 15.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.890117

Öz

COVID-19; yüksek ateş ve nefes darlığı ile tanımlanan, damlacık ve temas yoluyla bulaşan yeni viral solunum yolu hastalığıdır. Hastalık; birey, aile ve toplumun sağlığını küresel boyutta etkilemesi nedeni ile salgın olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Salgın, neden olduğu yaşam kayıpları yanısıra oluşturduğu sosyal ve ekonomik sorunlar ile de etkilerini sürdürmektedir. Tarih boyunca görülen küresel salgınlarda olduğu gibi salgının sosyal ve ekonomik sonuçlarından en çok etkilenen grup çocuklar olmuştur. Çocuklar, hastalık açısından doğrudan risk grubunda olmamakla birlikte; yoksullaşma, eğitim, sağlık ve hayatta kalma, güvenlik olmak üzere salgından dört boyutta etkilenmiştir. Bu süreçte çocuklarda; yoksulluk, aile içi şiddet, istismar ve ihmal, korku, stres, endişe ve ruhsal problemler gibi sorunlar oluşmuştur. Özellikle salgın nedeniyle okulların kapanması, evde kalma önlemleri, sosyal mesafe kısıtlamaları, alkol tüketimi ve aile içi şiddette artışın olması gibi birçok etmen bu dönemde çocuk istismarı ve ihmali riskini arttırmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı, COVID-19 salgının çocuklar üzerindeki etkilerini çocuk istismarı ve ihmali boyutunda literatür doğrultusunda incelemektir.

Kaynakça

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The Potential Impact of The COVID-19 Pandemic On Children: The Dimension of Abuse and Neglect

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 68 - 77, 15.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.890117

Öz

COVID-19 is a novel viral respiratory disease that is transmitted with droplets and physical contact and is identified with high fever and shortness of breath. The disease is defined as pandemic because of the global pandemic affecting the health of individuals, families, and society. In addition to the loss of lives caused by this pandemic, it also continues to have its effects with the social and economic problems it causes. Children have been the group most affected by the social and economic outcomes of the outbreak, which is the case in global outbreaks throughout history. Although children are not directly included in the risk group for this disease, they are affected in four dimensions by the pandemic; impoverishment, education, health and survival, and safety. In this process, problems like poverty, domestic violence, abuse and neglect, fear, stress, anxiety, and mental problems emerged in children. Many factors like the lock-down of schools, home-stay measures, social distance limitations, alcohol consumption, and increased domestic violence also increased the risk of child abuse and neglect in this period, especially due to the pandemic. The purpose of this review was to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children in line with the literature data on child abuse and neglect.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, et al. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: A comprehensive review. J Intern Med. 2020;288(2):192-206.
  • 2. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVİD-19) outbreaksituation (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. 20 Haziran 2020
  • 3. De Cao E, Sandner M. The potential impact of the COVID-19 on child abuse and neglect: The role of childcare and unemployment (2020) [online]. URL: https://voxeu.org/article/potential-impact-covid-19-child-abuse-and-neglect. 21 Haziran 2020
  • 4. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). COVID-19: Protecting children from violence, abuse and neglect in the home (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.unicef.org/media/68711/file/COVID-19-Protecting-children-from-violence-abuse-and-neglect-in-home-2020.pdf. 21 Haziran 2020
  • 5. Bryce I. Responding to the accumulation of adverse childhood experiences in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: İmplications for practice. Children Australia 2020;45(2):80-87.
  • 6. Singh S, Roy D, Sinha K, Parveen S, Sharma G, Joshi G. Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry research 2020;293:113429.
  • 7. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Politika notu: COVID-19 salgınının çocuklar üzerindeki etkisi (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.unicef.org/turkey/sites/unicef.org.turkey/files/2020-05/COVID%2019%20D%C3%B6neminin%20%C3%87ocuklar%20%C3%9Czerindeki%20Etkilerine%20%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkin%20Politika%20Notu.pdf. 22 Haziran 2020 8. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on preventing violence against children 2020 (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/violence-prevention/global-status-report-on-violence-against-children-2020. 9 Temmuz 2021
  • 9. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). COVID-19: Children at heightened risk of abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence amidst intensifying containment measures (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.unicef.org/guineabissau/press-releases/covid-19-children-heightened-risk-abuse-neglect-exploitation-and-violence-amidst. 21 Haziran 2020
  • 10. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Data to inform the COVID-19 response (2020) [online]. URL: https://data.unicef.org/resources/data-to-inform-the-covid-19-response/. 21 Haziran 2020
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  • 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preventing child abuse & neglect (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/fastfact.html. 22 Haziran 2020
  • 13. Polat O. Şiddet. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi 2016;22(1):15-34.
  • 14. Garbarino J, Kostelny K. Child maltreatment as a community problem. Child Abuse Negl 1992;16:455-64.
  • 15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preventing child sexual abuse (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childsexualabuse/fastfact.html. 24 Haziran 2020
  • 16. World Health Organization (WHO). Child maltreatment (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment. 20 Haziran 2020
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  • 22. Brown D, De Cao E. Child maltreatment, unemployment, and safety nets (2020) [online]. URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3543987. 22 Haziran 2020
  • 23. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). COVID-19: çocukları evdeki şiddet, istismar ve ihmalden korumak (2019) [online]. URL: https://www.alliancecpha.org/en/system/tdf/library/attachments/vac_turkish_translation.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=39021. 10 Temmuz 2021
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  • 25. Sserwanja Q, Kawuki J, Kim JH. Increased child abuse in Uganda amidst COVID-19 pandemic. J Paediatr Child Health 2021;57(2):188-191.
  • 26. Sosyo Politik Saha Araştırması Merkezi. COVID-19 karantinasından kadının etkileşimi ile kadın ve çocuğa yönelik şiddete ilişkin Türkiye araştırma raporu (2021) [online]. URL: https://sahamerkezi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/kad%C4%B1n-covid-ek.pdf. 12 Temmuz 2021
  • 27. Toplumsal Gelişim ve Eğitim Vakfı (YÖRET). Pandemi döneminde çocuğa karşı şiddet ve ihtiyaç analiz raporu (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.stgm.org.tr/sites/default/files/2020-11/1711202014242337.pdf. 10 Temmuz 2021
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  • 29. Huang MI, O'Riordan MA, Fitzenrider E, McDavid L, Cohen AR, Robinson S. Increased incidence of nonaccidental head trauma in infants associated with the economic recession. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011;8(2):171-6.
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  • 31. Alexander C. Montgomery County’s DA’s office sees 35 percent increase in domestic violence cases during coronavirus isolation (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.khou.com/article/news/crime/montgomery-county-sees-rise-in-domestic-violence-cases-amid-covid-19-isolation/285-73af4c37-6e66-4785-a421-5e3de0f97cf2. 28 Haziran 2020.
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  • 33. RAINN. For the first time ever, minors make up half of visitors to national sexual assault hotline (2020) [online]. URL: https://www.rainn.org/news/first-time-ever-minors-make-half-visitors-national-sexual-assault-hotline. 28 Haziran 2020
  • 34. Aslan F, Timur S, Pakiş I. COVID-19 pandemisinden etkilenen çocuk istismar olgularının değerlendirmesi. Adli Tıp Bülteni 2020;25:40-47.
  • 35. Güney SA, Bağ Ö. Ülkemizde COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle uygulanan karantina süreçlerinin başlangıç döneminde çocukluk çağı cinsel istismarına ait özellikler. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2021;28(1):27-34.
  • 36. Chandan JS, Taylor J, Bradbury-Jones C, Nirantharakumar K, Kane E, Bandyopadhyay S. COVID-19: A public health approach to manage domestic violence is needed. Lancet Public Health 2020;5(6):e309.
  • 37. Honda C, Yoshioka-Maeda K, Iwasaki-Motegi, R. Child abuse and neglect prevention by public health nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2020;76(11):2792-2793.
  • 38. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Avrupa Birliği ve UNICEF, COVID-19’un çocuklar ve aileler üzerindeki etkisini azaltmak için Batı Balkanlar’da ve Türkiye’de bir program başlatıyor (2021) [online]. URL: https://www.unicef.org/turkey/bas%C4%B1n-b%C3%BCltenleri/avrupa-birli%C4%9Fi-ve-unicef-covid-19un-%C3%A7ocuklar-ve-aileler-%C3%BCzerindeki-etkisini. 9 Temmuz 2021
  • 40. Thomas E. Y. Anurudran A, Robb K, Burke T. F. Spotlight on child abuse and neglect response in the time of COVID-19. The Lancet Public Health 2020;5(7):e371.
  • 41. Usher K, Bhullar N, Durkin J, Gyamfi N, Jackson D. Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2020;29:549-52.
  • 42. Eroğlu E. Covid-19’un ekonomik etkilerinin ve pandemiyle mücadele sürecinde alınan ekonomik tedbirlerin değerlendirilmesi. International Journal of Public Finance 2020;5(2):211-236.
  • 43. Ebert C. Steinert JI. Prevalence and risk factors of violence against women and children during COVID-19, Germany. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2021;99(‎6)‎:429-438.
  • 44. Wong JY, Wai AK, Wang MP, Lee JJ, Li M, Kwok JY et al. Impact of COVID-19 on child maltreatment: Income ınstability and parenting ıssues. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(4):1501.
  • 45. Akçe İ, Doğan H. Cinsel istismara maruz kalmış çocuklar üzerine bir değerlendirme. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi 2020;4(1):12-20.
  • 46. Türkkan T, Odacı H. Bülbül K. Çocuk istismarı ve ihmalini anlamak: Ekolojik bir yaklaşım. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet 2021;32(2):709-728.
  • 47. Paslı F. Cinsel istismara uğrayan çocukların ekolojik sistem yaklaşımı açısından incelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2017;2(2):39-53.
  • 48. Paslı F. Çocuğa yönelik cinsel istismar deneyiminin mikro ve mezzo sistemler açısından incelenmesi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet 2019;30(2):463-492.
  • 49. Katz C, Priolo Filho SR, Korbin J, Bérubé A, Fouché A, Haffejee S et al. Child maltreatment in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: A proposed global framework on research, policy and practice. Child Abuse Negl. 2021;116(2):104824.
  • 50. Swedo E, Idaikkadar N, Leemis R, Dias T, Radhakrishnan L, Stein Z, et al. Trends in U.S. emergency department visits related to suspected or confirmed child abuse and neglect among children and adolescents aged <18 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, January 2019–September 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1841-1847.
  • 51. Kaiser SV, Kornblith AE, Richardson T, Pantell MS, Fleegler EW, Fritz CQ, et al. Emergency visits and hospitalizations for child abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics 2021;147(4):e2020038489.
  • 52. Katz C, Fallon B. Protecting children from maltreatment during COVID-19: Struggling to see children and their families through the lockdowns. Child Abuse Negl. 2021;116(2):105084.
  • 53. Lawson M, Piel MH, Simon M. Child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consequences of parental job loss on psychological and physical abuse towards children. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;110(2):104709.
  • 54. Babvey P. Capela, F. Cappa C. Lipizzi C. Petrowski N. Ramirez-Marquez J. Using social media data for assessing children’s exposure to violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse Negl. 2021;116(2):104747.
  • 55. Nguyen LH. Calculating the ımpact of COVID-19 pandemic on child abuse and neglect in the U.S. Child Abuse Negl. 2021;118: 105136.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hemşirelik
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Aynur Uysal Toraman 0000-0001-8176-4042

Ökkeş Kısa 0000-0003-4933-0943

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uysal Toraman, A., & Kısa, Ö. (2022). Covid-19 Salgınının Çocuklar Üzerindeki Olası Etkileri: İstismar ve İhmal Boyutu. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 15(1), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.890117

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi ULAKBİM Türk Tıp Dizini, Türk Medline, Türkiye Atıf Dizini, Şubat 2021 tarihinden beri EBSCO Host ve 26 Ekim 2021 tarihinden itibaren DOAJ ve 18 Ocak 2022 tarihinden beri Index Copernicus tarafından indekslenmektedir.

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