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Aralıklı açlığın ağırlık kaybı ve kardiyometabolik sağlık üzerine etkileri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 9, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58208/cphs.1218650

Öz

Aralıklı açlık, yeme ve açlık dönemlerinin birbirini takip etmesiyle oluşan, döngüsel devam eden beslenme şeklidir. Bireylerin çok az enerji aldığı ya da hiç almadığı 16-48 saat gibi uzun süren bir açlık dönemi ile normal yeme periyodunu kapsamaktadır. En sık uygulanan yöntemler alternatif gün açlığı, zaman kısıtlı beslenme, 5:2 diyeti ve ramazan açlığıdır. Bu diyet modellerinin obezitenin tıbbi beslenme tedavisinde sürekli enerji kısıtlamasına bir alternatif olabileceği ve ağırlık kaybında etkili olduğu bildirilmiştir. Aralıklı açlık kan lipidleri, oksidatif stres ve inflamasyonda azalmaya neden olarak kardiyovasküler hastalıkların oluşum riskinin azalmasında ve bulguların düzelmesinde olumlu etkiler gösterebilmektedir. Bunun yanında aralıklı açlığın, insülin direnci ve açlık kan glukozu düzeylerinde azalmaya neden olarak diyabetin önlenmesinde de etkileri olabileceği gözlenmektedir. Olumlu etkilerinin dışında enerji, vitamin, mineral ve protein yetersizlikleri gibi riskler de oluşabilmektedir. İnsülin tedavisi alan hastaların açlık dönemlerinde hipoglisemi yaşayabilmeleri en önemli riski oluşturmaktadır. Aralıklı açlığın, hamile ve emziren kadınlarda, yeme bozukluğu olan bireylerde, adölesanlarda ve ileri yaş yetişkinlerde uygulanmasının güvenli olmadığı bildirilmiştir. Aralıklı açlığın doktor ve diyetisyen kontrolünde, bireysel farklılıklar ve medikal tedavi göz önünde bulundurularak uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede, aralıklı açlığın ağırlık kaybı ve kardiyometabolik sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini araştıran çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ndisang JF, Rastogi S. Cardiometabolic diseases and related complications: Current status and future perspective. Biomed Res Int. 2013:467682-3.
  • Wehrens SMT, Christou S, Isherwood C, Middleton B, Gibbs MA, Archer SN, et al. Meal timing regulates the human circadian system. Current Biology: CB. 2017;27(12):1768-75.
  • Patterson RE, Laughlin GA, LaCroix AZ, Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Senger CM, Gallo LC, et al. Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015;115(8):1203-1212.
  • Fanti M, Mishra A, Longo VD, Brandhorst S. Time-restricted eating, intermittent fasting, and fasting-mimicking diets in weight loss. Current Obesity Reports. 2021;10(2):70-80.
  • Templeman I, Gonzalez JT. The role of intermittent fasting and meal timing in weight management and metabolic health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2019;79(1):76-87.
  • Patterson RE, Sears DD. Metabolic effects of ntermittentfasting. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37:371-393.
  • Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized noninferiority trial. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(3):e180756.
  • Corley B, Carroll R, Hall R, Weatherall M, Parry‐Strong A, Krebs J. Intermittent fasting in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine. 2018;35(5):588-594.
  • Almeneessier AS, Pandi-Perumal SR, BaHammam AS. Intermittent fasting, insufficient sleep, and circadian rhythm: Interaction and effects on the cardiometabolic system. Current Sleep Medicine Reports. 2018;4(3):179-195.
  • Gabel K, Hoddy KK, Haggerty N, Song J, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, et al. Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot study. Nutrition and Healthy Aging 4. 2018;(4):345-53.
  • Zubrzyckı A, Cierpka-Kmiec K, Kmiec Z, Wronska A. The role of low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting in the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes, J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018; 69(5):663-683.
  • Albosta M, Bakke J. Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2021; 7(1):1-12.
  • Varady KA, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K. Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022;18(5):309-321.
  • Upadhyay A, Anjum B, Godbole NM, Rajak S, Shukla P, Tiwari S, et al. Time-restricted feeding reduces high fat diet associated placental inflammation and limits adverse effects on fetal organ development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019; 14(2):415-21.
  • Regmi P, Heilborn LK. Time-restricted eating: benefits, mechanisms, and challenges in translation. Science. 2020;23(6):101161.
  • Queiroz, JDN, Macedo RCO, Tinsley GM, Reischak-Oliveira A. Time-restricted eating and circadian rhythms: The biological clock is ticking. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;61(17):2863-2875.
  • Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, et al. Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports. 2018;16(2):507-547.
  • Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, et al. A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(9):1874-1883.
  • Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, McMullan D, Mitchell E, Martin B, et al. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v: Daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br. J. Nutr. 2013;110(8):1534-47.
  • Dong, TA, Sandesara PB, Dhindsa DS, Mehta A, Arneson LC, Dollar AL, et al. Intermittent fasting: a heart healthy dietary pattern? The American journal of medicine. 2020;133(8):901-907.
  • Froy O, Miskin R. Effect of feeding regimens on circadian rhythms: implications for aging and longevity. Aging. 2010;2(1):7-27.
  • Jakubowicz D, Barnea M, Wainstein J, Froy O. High Caloric intake at breakfast vs. dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese women. Obesity. 2013; 21(12):2504-2512.
  • Bo S, Musso G, Beccuti G, Fadda M, Fedele D, Gambino R, et al. Consuming more of daily caloric intake at dinner predisposes to obesity. A 6-year population-based prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2014; 24(9):e108467.
  • Rynders CA, Thomas EA, Zaman A, Pan Z, Catenacci VA, Melanson EL. Effectiveness of intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding compared to continuous energy restriction for weight loss. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10): 2442.
  • Rajpal A, Ismail‐Beigi F. Intermittent Fasting and “Metabolic Switch”: Effects on Metabolic Syndrome, Pre-diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2020; 22(9):1496-1510.
  • Li G, Xie C, Lu S, Nichols RG, Patel D, Li L, et al. Intermittent fasting promotes white adipose browning and decreases obesity by shaping the gut microbiota. Cell Metab. 2017; 26:672-85.
  • Fruh SM. Obesity: Risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(1):3-14.
  • Chait A, Den Hartigh LJ. Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and its metabolic consequences, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2020;7:22.
  • Wharton S, Lau DC, Vallis M, Sharma AM, Biertho L, Campbell-Scherer D, et al. Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. Cmaj. 2020; 192(31): E875-E891.
  • Moreira EA, Most M, Howard J, Ravussin E. Dietary adherence to long-term controlled feding in a calorie-restriction study in overweight men and women. Nutr Clin Pract. 2011; 26(3):309-315.
  • Freire R. Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting and popular diets. Nutrition. 2020; 69:110549
  • Byrne NM, Sainsbury A, King NA, Hills AP, Wood RE. Intermittent energy restriction improves weight loss efficiency in obese men: The MATADOR study. Int J Obes. 2018; 42(2):129-138.
  • Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC. Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009; 90(5):1138-1143.
  • Alhamdan BA, Garcia-Alvarez A, Alzahrnai AH, Karanxha J, Stretchberry DR, Contrera KJ, et al. Alternate-day versus daily energy restriction diets: which is more effective for weight loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity science &practice. 2016; 2(3):293-302.
  • Chow LS, Manoogian ENC, Alvear A, Fleischer JG, Thor H, Dietsche K, et al. Time-restricted eating effects on body composition and metabolic measures in humans who are overweight: a feasibility study. Obesity. 2020; 28:860-9.
  • Wilkinson MJ, Manoogian ENC, Zadourian A, Lo H, Fakhouri S, Shoghi A, et al. Ten hour time-restricted eating reduces weight, blood pressure, and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cell Metab. 2020;31(1):92-104.
  • Antoni, R, Robertson TM, Robertson MD, Johnston JD. A pilot feasibility study exploring the effects of a moderate time-restricted feeding intervention on energy intake, adiposity and metabolic physiology in free-living human subjects. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2018;7(e22):1-6.
  • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee. 5. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022;45 (Suppl. 1):60-82.
  • Belkacemi L, Selselet-Attou G, Hupkens E, Nguidjoe E, Louchami K, Sener A, et al. Intermittent fasting modulation of the diabetic syndrome in streptozotocininjected rats. Int J Endocrinol. 2012; 962012.
  • Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Ezpeleta M, Wiseman E, Pavlou V, et al. Effects of 4- and 6-h time-restricted feeding on weight and cardiometabolic health: A randomized controlled trial in adults with obesity. Cell Metab. 2020;32:366-378.e3.
  • Hutchison AT, Regmi P, Manoogian ENC, Fleischer JG, Wittert GA, Panda S, et al. Time-restricted feeding improves glucose tolerance in men at risk for type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2019;27(5):724-32.
  • Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018; 27(6):1212-1221.
  • Aksungar FB, Topkaya AE, Akyildiz M. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2007;51:88-95.
  • Malinowski B, Zalewska K, Węsierska A, Sokolowska MM, Socha M, Liczner G, et al. Intermittent fasting in cardiovascular disorders an overview. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):673.
  • Varady KA, Bhutani S,Klempel MC, Kroeger CM. Comparison of effects of diet versus exercise weight loss regimens on LDL and HDL particle size in obese adults. Lipids Health Dis, 2011;10(1):1-5.
  • Nematy M, Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Rashed MM, Mozhdehifard M, Sajjadi SS, Akhlaghi S, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: A prospectiv observational study. Nutr J. 2012;11(1):1-7.
  • Kul S, Savaş E, Öztürk ZA, Karadağ G. Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis. Journal of religion and health. 2014; 53(3):929-942.
  • Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(7):1370-1379.
  • Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, et al. Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017; 177(7):930-938.
  • American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Statement. Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Circulation. 2017; 135:e96-e121.
  • Grajower MM, Horne BD. Clinical management of intermittent fasting in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):873.

Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Health

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 9, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58208/cphs.1218650

Öz

Intermittent fasting is a cyclical eating pattern that consists of consecutive eating and fasting periods. It includes a long period of fasting (16-48 hours), in which individuals receive little or no energy, and an appropriate eating period. The most commonly applied methods are alternateday fasting, time-restricted feeding, the 5:2 diet, and Ramadan fasting. It has been reported that these diet models can be an alternative to continuous energy restriction in the medical nutrition treatment of obesity and are effective in weight loss. Intermittent fasting may have positive effects by reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and improving symptoms by causing reductions in blood lipids, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition, it is observed that intermittent fasting has effects on the prevention of diabetes by causing decreases in insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose levels. Despite its positive results, risks such as energy, vitamin, mineral, and protein deficiencies may occur. The most important risk is that patients receiving insulin therapy may experience hypoglycemia during fasting periods. It has been reported to be unsafe for use in pregnant and lactating women, people with eating disorders, adolescents, and older adults. Intermittent fasting should be applied on a doctor's and dietitian's hands, considering individual differences and medical treatment. In this review, studies investigating the effects of intermittent fasting on weight loss and cardiometabolic health are summarized.

Kaynakça

  • Ndisang JF, Rastogi S. Cardiometabolic diseases and related complications: Current status and future perspective. Biomed Res Int. 2013:467682-3.
  • Wehrens SMT, Christou S, Isherwood C, Middleton B, Gibbs MA, Archer SN, et al. Meal timing regulates the human circadian system. Current Biology: CB. 2017;27(12):1768-75.
  • Patterson RE, Laughlin GA, LaCroix AZ, Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Senger CM, Gallo LC, et al. Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015;115(8):1203-1212.
  • Fanti M, Mishra A, Longo VD, Brandhorst S. Time-restricted eating, intermittent fasting, and fasting-mimicking diets in weight loss. Current Obesity Reports. 2021;10(2):70-80.
  • Templeman I, Gonzalez JT. The role of intermittent fasting and meal timing in weight management and metabolic health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2019;79(1):76-87.
  • Patterson RE, Sears DD. Metabolic effects of ntermittentfasting. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37:371-393.
  • Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized noninferiority trial. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(3):e180756.
  • Corley B, Carroll R, Hall R, Weatherall M, Parry‐Strong A, Krebs J. Intermittent fasting in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine. 2018;35(5):588-594.
  • Almeneessier AS, Pandi-Perumal SR, BaHammam AS. Intermittent fasting, insufficient sleep, and circadian rhythm: Interaction and effects on the cardiometabolic system. Current Sleep Medicine Reports. 2018;4(3):179-195.
  • Gabel K, Hoddy KK, Haggerty N, Song J, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, et al. Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot study. Nutrition and Healthy Aging 4. 2018;(4):345-53.
  • Zubrzyckı A, Cierpka-Kmiec K, Kmiec Z, Wronska A. The role of low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting in the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes, J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018; 69(5):663-683.
  • Albosta M, Bakke J. Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2021; 7(1):1-12.
  • Varady KA, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K. Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022;18(5):309-321.
  • Upadhyay A, Anjum B, Godbole NM, Rajak S, Shukla P, Tiwari S, et al. Time-restricted feeding reduces high fat diet associated placental inflammation and limits adverse effects on fetal organ development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019; 14(2):415-21.
  • Regmi P, Heilborn LK. Time-restricted eating: benefits, mechanisms, and challenges in translation. Science. 2020;23(6):101161.
  • Queiroz, JDN, Macedo RCO, Tinsley GM, Reischak-Oliveira A. Time-restricted eating and circadian rhythms: The biological clock is ticking. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;61(17):2863-2875.
  • Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, et al. Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports. 2018;16(2):507-547.
  • Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, et al. A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(9):1874-1883.
  • Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, McMullan D, Mitchell E, Martin B, et al. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v: Daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br. J. Nutr. 2013;110(8):1534-47.
  • Dong, TA, Sandesara PB, Dhindsa DS, Mehta A, Arneson LC, Dollar AL, et al. Intermittent fasting: a heart healthy dietary pattern? The American journal of medicine. 2020;133(8):901-907.
  • Froy O, Miskin R. Effect of feeding regimens on circadian rhythms: implications for aging and longevity. Aging. 2010;2(1):7-27.
  • Jakubowicz D, Barnea M, Wainstein J, Froy O. High Caloric intake at breakfast vs. dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese women. Obesity. 2013; 21(12):2504-2512.
  • Bo S, Musso G, Beccuti G, Fadda M, Fedele D, Gambino R, et al. Consuming more of daily caloric intake at dinner predisposes to obesity. A 6-year population-based prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2014; 24(9):e108467.
  • Rynders CA, Thomas EA, Zaman A, Pan Z, Catenacci VA, Melanson EL. Effectiveness of intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding compared to continuous energy restriction for weight loss. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10): 2442.
  • Rajpal A, Ismail‐Beigi F. Intermittent Fasting and “Metabolic Switch”: Effects on Metabolic Syndrome, Pre-diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2020; 22(9):1496-1510.
  • Li G, Xie C, Lu S, Nichols RG, Patel D, Li L, et al. Intermittent fasting promotes white adipose browning and decreases obesity by shaping the gut microbiota. Cell Metab. 2017; 26:672-85.
  • Fruh SM. Obesity: Risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(1):3-14.
  • Chait A, Den Hartigh LJ. Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and its metabolic consequences, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2020;7:22.
  • Wharton S, Lau DC, Vallis M, Sharma AM, Biertho L, Campbell-Scherer D, et al. Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. Cmaj. 2020; 192(31): E875-E891.
  • Moreira EA, Most M, Howard J, Ravussin E. Dietary adherence to long-term controlled feding in a calorie-restriction study in overweight men and women. Nutr Clin Pract. 2011; 26(3):309-315.
  • Freire R. Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting and popular diets. Nutrition. 2020; 69:110549
  • Byrne NM, Sainsbury A, King NA, Hills AP, Wood RE. Intermittent energy restriction improves weight loss efficiency in obese men: The MATADOR study. Int J Obes. 2018; 42(2):129-138.
  • Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC. Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009; 90(5):1138-1143.
  • Alhamdan BA, Garcia-Alvarez A, Alzahrnai AH, Karanxha J, Stretchberry DR, Contrera KJ, et al. Alternate-day versus daily energy restriction diets: which is more effective for weight loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity science &practice. 2016; 2(3):293-302.
  • Chow LS, Manoogian ENC, Alvear A, Fleischer JG, Thor H, Dietsche K, et al. Time-restricted eating effects on body composition and metabolic measures in humans who are overweight: a feasibility study. Obesity. 2020; 28:860-9.
  • Wilkinson MJ, Manoogian ENC, Zadourian A, Lo H, Fakhouri S, Shoghi A, et al. Ten hour time-restricted eating reduces weight, blood pressure, and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cell Metab. 2020;31(1):92-104.
  • Antoni, R, Robertson TM, Robertson MD, Johnston JD. A pilot feasibility study exploring the effects of a moderate time-restricted feeding intervention on energy intake, adiposity and metabolic physiology in free-living human subjects. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2018;7(e22):1-6.
  • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee. 5. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022;45 (Suppl. 1):60-82.
  • Belkacemi L, Selselet-Attou G, Hupkens E, Nguidjoe E, Louchami K, Sener A, et al. Intermittent fasting modulation of the diabetic syndrome in streptozotocininjected rats. Int J Endocrinol. 2012; 962012.
  • Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Ezpeleta M, Wiseman E, Pavlou V, et al. Effects of 4- and 6-h time-restricted feeding on weight and cardiometabolic health: A randomized controlled trial in adults with obesity. Cell Metab. 2020;32:366-378.e3.
  • Hutchison AT, Regmi P, Manoogian ENC, Fleischer JG, Wittert GA, Panda S, et al. Time-restricted feeding improves glucose tolerance in men at risk for type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2019;27(5):724-32.
  • Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018; 27(6):1212-1221.
  • Aksungar FB, Topkaya AE, Akyildiz M. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2007;51:88-95.
  • Malinowski B, Zalewska K, Węsierska A, Sokolowska MM, Socha M, Liczner G, et al. Intermittent fasting in cardiovascular disorders an overview. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):673.
  • Varady KA, Bhutani S,Klempel MC, Kroeger CM. Comparison of effects of diet versus exercise weight loss regimens on LDL and HDL particle size in obese adults. Lipids Health Dis, 2011;10(1):1-5.
  • Nematy M, Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Rashed MM, Mozhdehifard M, Sajjadi SS, Akhlaghi S, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: A prospectiv observational study. Nutr J. 2012;11(1):1-7.
  • Kul S, Savaş E, Öztürk ZA, Karadağ G. Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis. Journal of religion and health. 2014; 53(3):929-942.
  • Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(7):1370-1379.
  • Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, et al. Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017; 177(7):930-938.
  • American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Statement. Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Circulation. 2017; 135:e96-e121.
  • Grajower MM, Horne BD. Clinical management of intermittent fasting in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):873.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beslenme ve Diyetetik (Diğer), Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Cansu Bekar 0000-0001-6271-3936

Rümeysa Gerboğa 0000-0001-9885-3148

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Bekar C, Gerboğa R. Aralıklı açlığın ağırlık kaybı ve kardiyometabolik sağlık üzerine etkileri. SBGY. 2023;4(1):1-9.