Araştırma Makalesi
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The Investigation of the Causal Relationship Between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Resources and Economic Growth

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 24 - 56, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1146332

Öz

Today, energy is used in every field, and the need for energy is increasing day by day due to population growth and industrialization. The increase in energy consumption causes imbalances between the production and consumption of primary (non-renewable) energy resources. As a solution, importing energy causes a current account deficit and has a negative impact on economic growth. It is thought that the steady continuation of investments in renewable energy sources will increase economic growth by reducing foreign dependency. When the literature studies are examined, there are not many studies that use different methods together on the causality between energy and economic growth. These studies generally address causality with a single approach. In this study, the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy sources and economic growth is investigated for 1993-2020 periods. In this framework, firstly, unit root tests with and without structural break are used. Then, causality tests such as Granger, Breitung-Candelon, Toda-Yamamoto, Hacker-Hatemi-J and Hatemi-J are used depending on the stationarity structure of the variables. As a result of many tests applied in our study; It has been found that there is bidirectional causality in the whole energy context, from economic growth to non-renewable energy for non-renewable energy and from renewable energy to economic growth for renewable energy.

Kaynakça

  • Abosedra, S. and Baghestani, H. (1989). New Evidence on the Causal Relationship between United States Energy Consumption and Gross National Product. Journal of Energy Development, 14, 285-292.
  • Akarca, A.T. and Long, T. V. (1980). On the Relationship between Energy and GNP: A Reexamination. Journal of Energy Development, 5, 326-331.
  • Alper, F. Ö. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1990-2017 Türkiye Örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8, 2, 223-242.
  • Arifin, J. and Syahruddin, N. (2011). Causality Relationship between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and GDP in Indonesia. Economics and Finance in Indonesia. 59, 1, 1-18.
  • Aslan, A., ve Öcal, O. (2016). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in Economic Growth: Evidence from Asymmetric Causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953-959.
  • Bowden, N. and Payne, J. E. (2009). The Causal Relationship between US Energy Consumption and Real Output: A Disaggregated Analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, 2, 180-188.
  • Breitung, J. and Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for Short- And Long-Run Causality: A Frequency-Domain Approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132, 2, 363-378.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 1, 239-253.
  • Bulut, U. ve Muratoğlu, G. (2018). Renewable Energy in Turkey: Great Potential, Low but Increasing Utilization, and an Empirical Analysis on Renewable Energy-Growth nexus. Energy Policy, 123, 240-250.
  • Chen, S. T., Kuo, H. I. and Chen, C. C. (2007). The Relationship between GDP and Electricity Consumption in 10 Asian Countries. Energy Policy, 35, 2611-2621.
  • Cheng, B. S. (1995). An Investigation of Cointegration and Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth. Journal of Energy Development, 21, 73-84.
  • Cheng, B. S. (1999). Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction Modeling. Indian Economic Review, 34, 39-49.
  • Cheng, B. S. and Lai, T. W. (1997). An Investigation of Co-Integration and Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Activity in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 19, 4, 435-444.
  • Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L. C., and Pierse, R. (2006). Causality Between Energy Consumption and GDP: Evidence from 30 OECD and 78 non-OECD Countries. Surrey Energy Economics Discussion Paper. SEDDS 113.
  • Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L. C., and Pierse, R. (2008). Does Energy Consumption Cause Economic Growth? Evidence from a Systematic Study of over 100 Countries. Journal of Policy Modelling. 30, 2, 209-220.
  • Çınar, M. ve Öz, R. (2017). Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisine Yenilenebilir Enerji Bağlamında Bir Öneri, 3, 13, 40-54.
  • Demirbaş , L. (2002). Türkiye’de Enerji Sektörü, Sektörün Problemleri, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Enerji Politikaları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 366, 427-431.
  • Durğun, B. ve Durğun, F. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Review of Economics and Management. 6. 1-27.
  • Eddrief-Cherfi, S. and Kourbali, B. (2012), Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Algeria: Cointegration and Causality Analysis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2, 4, 238-249.
  • Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J and Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometrica, 64, 4, 813-836.
  • Erdal, G., Erdal, H. ve Esengün, K. (2008). The Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey, Energy Policy, 36, 10, 3838-3842.
  • Fatai, K., Oxley, L., and Scrimgeour, F. (2002). Energy Consumption and Employment in New Zealand: Searching for Causality. NZAE Conference, Wellington, 26-28 June 2002.
  • Ghali, K. H. and El-Sakka, M. (2004). Energy Use and Output Growth in Canada: A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis. Energy Economics, 26, 225-238.
  • Glasure, Y. U. (2002). Energy and National Income in Korea: Further Evidence On the Role of Omitted Variables. Energy Economics. 24, 355-365.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
  • Güriş, B. ve Tiftikçigil, B.Y. (2020). The Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Turkey. Social Sciences Research Journal, 9, 3, 105-111.
  • Hacker, R. S. and Hatemi-J, A. (2010). A Bootstrap Test for Causality with Endogenous Lag Length Choice-theory and application in finance. Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 223, 1-21.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164.
  • Hatemi-J, H. (2012). Asymmetric Causality Tests with an Application. Empirical Economics, 43, 1, 447-456.
  • Jobert, T. and Karanfil, F. (2007). Sectoral Energy Consumption by Source and Economic Growth in Turkey. Energy Policy, 35, 5447-5456.
  • Kalyoncu, H. Gürsoy, F. ve Göcen, H. (2013). Causality Relationship between GDP and Energy Consumption in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 3, 1, 111-117.
  • Kaplan, M., Öztürk, I, ve Kalyoncu, H. (2011). “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey: Cointegration and Causality Analysis, Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 2, 31-41.
  • Karanfil, F. (2008). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Revisited: Does The Size Of Unrecorded Economy Matter?. Energy Policy, 36, 8, 3029-3035.
  • Koçak, E., ve Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The Renewable Energy and Economic Growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan Countries. Energy Policy, 100, 51-57.
  • Kraft, J. and Kraft, A. (1978). On the Relationship between Energy and GNP. Journal of Energy Development, 3, 401-403.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P. and Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of a Unit Root. Journal of Econometrics, 54, 1-3, 159-178.
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum LM unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85, 4, 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M. C. (2004). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break, Economics Bulletin, 33, 4, 1-15.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L. and Papell, D. H. (1997). Multiple Trend Breaks And The Unit-Root Hypothesis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79, 2, 212-218.
  • Mele, M. (2019), Renewable Energy Consumption: The Effects on Economic Growth in Mexico, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9, 3, 269-273.
  • Mucuk, M., ve Uysal, D. (2009). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Maliye Dergisi, 157, 105-115.
  • Oh, W. and Lee, K. (2004). Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption and GDP: The Case of Korea 1970-1999. Energy Economics, 26, 1, 51-59.
  • Öcal, O. ve Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable Energy Consumption–Economic Growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Öztürk, İ. (2010). “A Literature Survey on Energy-Growth Nexus”. Energy Policy, 38, 340-349.
  • Paul, S. and Bhattacharya, R. N. (2004). Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: A Note On Conflicting Results. Energy Economics, 26, 6, 977-983.
  • Payne, J. E. (2009). On The Dynamics of Energy Consumption and Output in The US. Applied Energy, 86, 4, 575-577.
  • Payne, J. E. (2010). Survey of The International Evidence on the Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Growth, Journal of Economic Studies, 37, 1, 53-95
  • Perron, P. (1997). Further Evidence on Breaking Trend Functions in Macroeconomic Variables. Journal of Econometrics, 80, 355-385.
  • Phillips, P. C. B. and Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75, 1988.
  • Schmidt, P. and Phillips, P.C.B. (1992). LM Tests for a Unit Root in the Presence of Deterministic Trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 54, 257-287.
  • Soytaş, U. ve Sarı, R. (2009). Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, And Carbon Emissions: Challenges Faced by an EU Candidate Member. Ecological Economics, 68, 6, 1667-1675.
  • Soytaş U., Sarı, R. ve Özdemir, O. (2001). Energy Consumption and GDP Relation in Turkey: A Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Analysis. In: Economies and Business in Transition: Facilitating Competitiveness and Change in the Global Environment Proceedings. Global Business and Technology Association, 838-844.
  • Stern, D. I. (2000). A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis of the Role of Energy in The US Macroeconomy. Energy Economics, 22, 267-283.
  • Toda, H. Y. and Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Process. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • Tuğcu, C. T., Öztürk, İ., ve Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries. Energy Economics, 34, 6, 1942-1950.
  • Yıldırım E., Saraç, S. ve Aslan A. (2012). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in The USA: Evidence from Renewable Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 6770-6774.
  • Yang, H-Y. (2000). A Note On the Causal Relationship Between Energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics. 22, 309-317.
  • Yu, E. S. H. and Jin, J. C. (1992). Cointegration Tests of Energy Consumption, Income, And Employment. Resources and Energy, 14, 259-266.
  • Yu, E. S. H. and Hwang, B. K. (1984). The Relationship Between Energy and GNP: Further Results. Energy Economics, 6, 186-190.
  • Zamani, M. (2007). Energy Consumption and Economic Activities in Iran. Energy Economics, 29, 6, 1135-1140.
  • Zhang, X. P. and Cheng, X. M. (2009). Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions, And Economic Growth in China. Ecological Economics, 68, 10, 2706-2712.
  • Zivot, E. and Andrews, D. W. K. (1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the OilPrice Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. 10, 251-270.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2004). Disaggregated Industrial Energy Consumption and GDP: The Case of Shanghai. Energy Economics, 26, 69-75.

Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 24 - 56, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1146332

Öz

Bugün her alanda enerji kullanılmakta olup, her geçen gün nüfus artışına ve sanayileşmeye bağlı olarak enerjiye duyulan ihtiyaç da artmaktadır. Enerji tüketiminin artması birincil (yenilenemez) enerji kaynaklarının üretimi ile tüketimi arasında dengesizlikler oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. Çözüm olarak enerjinin ithal edilmesi cari açığa neden olmakta ve ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumsuz etki yaratmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yapılan yatırımların istikrarlı bir şekilde devam etmesi, dışa bağımlılığın azaltılarak ekonomik büyümeyi arttıracağı düşünülmektedir. Literatür çalışmaları incelendiğinde, enerji ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedenselliği farklı metotları bir arada kullanan pek fazla çalışmaya rastlanmamaktadır. Bu çalışmalar genellikle nedenselliği tek bir yaklaşımla ele almaktadır. Çalışmamızda, 1993-2020 dönemleri arasında yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji kaynakları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensel ilişki araştırılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede öncelikle yapısal kırılmasız ve yapısal kırılmalı birim kök testlerine yer verilmektedir. Daha sonra, değişkenlerin durağanlık yapısına bağlı olarak Granger, Breitung-Candelon, Toda-Yamamoto, Hacker-Hatemi-J ve Hatemi-J gibi nedensellik testleri kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda uygulanan birçok test sonucunda; tüm enerji bağlamında çift yönlü nedensellik olduğu, yenilenemez enerji için ekonomik büyümeden yenilenemez enerjiye doğru, yenilenebilir için ise yenilenebilir enerjiden ekonomik büyümeye doğru nedensel ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Abosedra, S. and Baghestani, H. (1989). New Evidence on the Causal Relationship between United States Energy Consumption and Gross National Product. Journal of Energy Development, 14, 285-292.
  • Akarca, A.T. and Long, T. V. (1980). On the Relationship between Energy and GNP: A Reexamination. Journal of Energy Development, 5, 326-331.
  • Alper, F. Ö. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1990-2017 Türkiye Örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8, 2, 223-242.
  • Arifin, J. and Syahruddin, N. (2011). Causality Relationship between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and GDP in Indonesia. Economics and Finance in Indonesia. 59, 1, 1-18.
  • Aslan, A., ve Öcal, O. (2016). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in Economic Growth: Evidence from Asymmetric Causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953-959.
  • Bowden, N. and Payne, J. E. (2009). The Causal Relationship between US Energy Consumption and Real Output: A Disaggregated Analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, 2, 180-188.
  • Breitung, J. and Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for Short- And Long-Run Causality: A Frequency-Domain Approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132, 2, 363-378.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 1, 239-253.
  • Bulut, U. ve Muratoğlu, G. (2018). Renewable Energy in Turkey: Great Potential, Low but Increasing Utilization, and an Empirical Analysis on Renewable Energy-Growth nexus. Energy Policy, 123, 240-250.
  • Chen, S. T., Kuo, H. I. and Chen, C. C. (2007). The Relationship between GDP and Electricity Consumption in 10 Asian Countries. Energy Policy, 35, 2611-2621.
  • Cheng, B. S. (1995). An Investigation of Cointegration and Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth. Journal of Energy Development, 21, 73-84.
  • Cheng, B. S. (1999). Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction Modeling. Indian Economic Review, 34, 39-49.
  • Cheng, B. S. and Lai, T. W. (1997). An Investigation of Co-Integration and Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Activity in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 19, 4, 435-444.
  • Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L. C., and Pierse, R. (2006). Causality Between Energy Consumption and GDP: Evidence from 30 OECD and 78 non-OECD Countries. Surrey Energy Economics Discussion Paper. SEDDS 113.
  • Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L. C., and Pierse, R. (2008). Does Energy Consumption Cause Economic Growth? Evidence from a Systematic Study of over 100 Countries. Journal of Policy Modelling. 30, 2, 209-220.
  • Çınar, M. ve Öz, R. (2017). Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisine Yenilenebilir Enerji Bağlamında Bir Öneri, 3, 13, 40-54.
  • Demirbaş , L. (2002). Türkiye’de Enerji Sektörü, Sektörün Problemleri, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Enerji Politikaları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 366, 427-431.
  • Durğun, B. ve Durğun, F. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Review of Economics and Management. 6. 1-27.
  • Eddrief-Cherfi, S. and Kourbali, B. (2012), Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Algeria: Cointegration and Causality Analysis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2, 4, 238-249.
  • Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J and Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometrica, 64, 4, 813-836.
  • Erdal, G., Erdal, H. ve Esengün, K. (2008). The Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey, Energy Policy, 36, 10, 3838-3842.
  • Fatai, K., Oxley, L., and Scrimgeour, F. (2002). Energy Consumption and Employment in New Zealand: Searching for Causality. NZAE Conference, Wellington, 26-28 June 2002.
  • Ghali, K. H. and El-Sakka, M. (2004). Energy Use and Output Growth in Canada: A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis. Energy Economics, 26, 225-238.
  • Glasure, Y. U. (2002). Energy and National Income in Korea: Further Evidence On the Role of Omitted Variables. Energy Economics. 24, 355-365.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
  • Güriş, B. ve Tiftikçigil, B.Y. (2020). The Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Turkey. Social Sciences Research Journal, 9, 3, 105-111.
  • Hacker, R. S. and Hatemi-J, A. (2010). A Bootstrap Test for Causality with Endogenous Lag Length Choice-theory and application in finance. Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 223, 1-21.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164.
  • Hatemi-J, H. (2012). Asymmetric Causality Tests with an Application. Empirical Economics, 43, 1, 447-456.
  • Jobert, T. and Karanfil, F. (2007). Sectoral Energy Consumption by Source and Economic Growth in Turkey. Energy Policy, 35, 5447-5456.
  • Kalyoncu, H. Gürsoy, F. ve Göcen, H. (2013). Causality Relationship between GDP and Energy Consumption in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 3, 1, 111-117.
  • Kaplan, M., Öztürk, I, ve Kalyoncu, H. (2011). “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey: Cointegration and Causality Analysis, Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 2, 31-41.
  • Karanfil, F. (2008). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Revisited: Does The Size Of Unrecorded Economy Matter?. Energy Policy, 36, 8, 3029-3035.
  • Koçak, E., ve Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The Renewable Energy and Economic Growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan Countries. Energy Policy, 100, 51-57.
  • Kraft, J. and Kraft, A. (1978). On the Relationship between Energy and GNP. Journal of Energy Development, 3, 401-403.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P. and Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of a Unit Root. Journal of Econometrics, 54, 1-3, 159-178.
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum LM unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85, 4, 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J. and Strazicich, M. C. (2004). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break, Economics Bulletin, 33, 4, 1-15.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L. and Papell, D. H. (1997). Multiple Trend Breaks And The Unit-Root Hypothesis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79, 2, 212-218.
  • Mele, M. (2019), Renewable Energy Consumption: The Effects on Economic Growth in Mexico, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9, 3, 269-273.
  • Mucuk, M., ve Uysal, D. (2009). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Maliye Dergisi, 157, 105-115.
  • Oh, W. and Lee, K. (2004). Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption and GDP: The Case of Korea 1970-1999. Energy Economics, 26, 1, 51-59.
  • Öcal, O. ve Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable Energy Consumption–Economic Growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Öztürk, İ. (2010). “A Literature Survey on Energy-Growth Nexus”. Energy Policy, 38, 340-349.
  • Paul, S. and Bhattacharya, R. N. (2004). Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: A Note On Conflicting Results. Energy Economics, 26, 6, 977-983.
  • Payne, J. E. (2009). On The Dynamics of Energy Consumption and Output in The US. Applied Energy, 86, 4, 575-577.
  • Payne, J. E. (2010). Survey of The International Evidence on the Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Growth, Journal of Economic Studies, 37, 1, 53-95
  • Perron, P. (1997). Further Evidence on Breaking Trend Functions in Macroeconomic Variables. Journal of Econometrics, 80, 355-385.
  • Phillips, P. C. B. and Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75, 1988.
  • Schmidt, P. and Phillips, P.C.B. (1992). LM Tests for a Unit Root in the Presence of Deterministic Trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 54, 257-287.
  • Soytaş, U. ve Sarı, R. (2009). Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, And Carbon Emissions: Challenges Faced by an EU Candidate Member. Ecological Economics, 68, 6, 1667-1675.
  • Soytaş U., Sarı, R. ve Özdemir, O. (2001). Energy Consumption and GDP Relation in Turkey: A Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Analysis. In: Economies and Business in Transition: Facilitating Competitiveness and Change in the Global Environment Proceedings. Global Business and Technology Association, 838-844.
  • Stern, D. I. (2000). A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis of the Role of Energy in The US Macroeconomy. Energy Economics, 22, 267-283.
  • Toda, H. Y. and Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Process. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • Tuğcu, C. T., Öztürk, İ., ve Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries. Energy Economics, 34, 6, 1942-1950.
  • Yıldırım E., Saraç, S. ve Aslan A. (2012). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in The USA: Evidence from Renewable Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 6770-6774.
  • Yang, H-Y. (2000). A Note On the Causal Relationship Between Energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics. 22, 309-317.
  • Yu, E. S. H. and Jin, J. C. (1992). Cointegration Tests of Energy Consumption, Income, And Employment. Resources and Energy, 14, 259-266.
  • Yu, E. S. H. and Hwang, B. K. (1984). The Relationship Between Energy and GNP: Further Results. Energy Economics, 6, 186-190.
  • Zamani, M. (2007). Energy Consumption and Economic Activities in Iran. Energy Economics, 29, 6, 1135-1140.
  • Zhang, X. P. and Cheng, X. M. (2009). Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions, And Economic Growth in China. Ecological Economics, 68, 10, 2706-2712.
  • Zivot, E. and Andrews, D. W. K. (1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the OilPrice Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. 10, 251-270.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2004). Disaggregated Industrial Energy Consumption and GDP: The Case of Shanghai. Energy Economics, 26, 69-75.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Çınar 0000-0001-8441-243X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çınar, M. (2023). Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 24-56. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1146332
AMA Çınar M. Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Mart 2023;13(1):24-56. doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1146332
Chicago Çınar, Mehmet. “Yenilenebilir Ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13, sy. 1 (Mart 2023): 24-56. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1146332.
EndNote Çınar M (01 Mart 2023) Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13 1 24–56.
IEEE M. Çınar, “Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 1, ss. 24–56, 2023, doi: 10.18074/ckuiibfd.1146332.
ISNAD Çınar, Mehmet. “Yenilenebilir Ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13/1 (Mart 2023), 24-56. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1146332.
JAMA Çınar M. Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;13:24–56.
MLA Çınar, Mehmet. “Yenilenebilir Ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 24-56, doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1146332.
Vancouver Çınar M. Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Kaynakları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;13(1):24-56.