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The Effect of Treated Wastewater Levels on the Rooting of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) Green Cuttings

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 249 - 256, 15.05.2024

Ayşegül Çakmakçı Merve Karakoyun Sinem Öztürk Erdem

https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1439305

Öz

The world population is growing, leading to a gradual decrease in available water supplies. Reusing wastewater is seen as beneficial for environmental conservation and mitigating water contamination. Recycled wastewater includes essential nutrients for agricultural growth, and its reuse can lower the need for fresh water in dry areas. This study examined the impact of diluted treated wastewater at various ratios on the roots and shoot growth of blackberry green cuttings. For this purpose, Jumbo blackberry green cuttings located at the Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Agricultural Practice and Research Center were used in 2023. In September, cuttings were taken and treated with a control (0 ppm IBA) and a 4000 ppm dose of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The cuttings were then planted in rooting tables with perlite and bottom heat (22±2 °C). From the time of planting, the cuttings were irrigated with treated wastewater from the university's wastewater treatment facility, diluted in five different doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 %). In the cuttings removed from the rooting medium after 90 days, the following were determined: survival rate (%), rooting rate (%), callus formation rate (%), number of roots (per cutting), root length (cm), root diameter (mm), fresh and dry root weight (g), chlorophyll a (µg/g DW), chlorophyll b (µg/g DW), and total chlorophyll content (µg/g DW). At the end of the trial, the positive effects of treated wastewater on rooting had been determined. The rooting rate was determined to be best in the Control (0 ppm IBA)+TWW100 application (73%). The research suggests that blackberry cuttings can be rooted using treated wastewater without the need for IBA

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chlorophyll IBA Jumbo Rooting rate

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK 2209-A Programı (2022/2)

Proje Numarası

Başvuru Numarası: 1919B012220360

Teşekkür

This work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) under the 2209-A (2022-2).

Kaynakça

  • Akbulut M, Kaplan N, Macit İ, Özdemir C. 2003. Samsun Çarşamba Ovası koşullarına uygun böğürtlen çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi. I. Ulusal Kivi ve Üzümsü Meyveler Sempozyumu, 23-25 Ekim, Ordu, Türkiye, ss: 357-360.
  • Angelakis AN, Do Monte MM, Bontoux L, Asano T. 1999. The status of wastewater reuse practice in the Mediterranean basin: need for guidelines. Water Res, 33(10): 2201-2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00465-5.
  • Anwar S, Nawaz MF, Gul S, Rizwan M, Ali S, Kareem A. 2016. Uptake and distribution of minerals and heavy metals in commonly grown leafy vegetable species irrigated with sewage water. Environ Monitoring Asses, 188: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5560-4.
  • Baskaran L, Sundaramoorthy P, Chidambaram ALA, Ganesh KS. 2009. Growth and physiological activity of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under effluent stress. Botany Research International, 2(2): 107-114.
  • Bhardwaj P, Chaturvedi A K, Prasad P. 2009. Effect of enhanced lead and cadmium in soil on physiological and biochemical attributes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Nat Sci, 7(8): 63-75.
  • Bouwer H. 2002. Integrated water management for the 21st century: problems and solutions. J Irrigat Drain Engin, 128(4): 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:4(193).
  • Bray MM, Rom CR, Clark JR. 2003. Propagation of thornless arkansas blackberries by hardwood cuttings. Food Life Sci, Discov, 4(5): 9-13. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/discoverymag/vol4/iss1/5.
  • Brown PA, Gill SA, Allen SJ. 2000. Metal removal from wastewater using peat. Water Res, 34(16): 3907-3916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00152-4.
  • Cangi R, İslam A. 2003. Bazı böğürtlen çeşitlerinin Ordu ekolojik koşullarına adaptasyonu üzerine araştırmalar (2000-2002 Gözlem Sonuçları). I. Ulusal Kivi ve Üzümsü Meyveler Sempozyumu, 23-25 Ekim, Ordu, Türkiye, ss: 348-352.
  • Charerntanyarak L. 1999. Heavy metals removal by chemical coagulation and precipitation. Water Sci Technol, 39(10-11): 135-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00304-2.
  • Chen W, Wu L, Frankenberger WT, Chang AC. 2008. Soil enzyme activities of long‐term reclaimed wastewater‐irrigated soils. J Environ Quality, 37(S5): S-36. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0315.
  • Christou A, Karaolia P, Hapeshi E, Michael C, Fatta-Kassinos D. 2017. Long-term wastewater irrigation of vegetables in real agricultural systems: concentration of pharmaceuticals in soil, uptake and bioaccumulation in tomato fruits and human health risk assessment. Water Res, 109, 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.033.
  • Cigdem MR, Donat A, Dinçer E, Yıldız K, Öcalan ON. 2022. The effects of IBA and Paclobutrazol applications on the rooting performance of blackberry cuttings. Turkish J Agriculture-Food Sci Technol, 10(sp1): 2713-2717. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10isp1.2713-2717.5679.
  • Dagianta E, Goumas D, Manios Th, Tzortzakis N. 2014. The use of treated wastewater and fertigation in greenhouse pepper crop as affecting growth and fruit quality. J Water Reuse Desal, 4: 92–99. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.048.
  • Davies EG, Simonovic S P. 2011. Global water resources modeling with an integrated model of the social–economic–environmental system. Advan Water Resour, 34(6): 684-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.02.010.
  • Edizer AS. 2011. A research on determination vegetative production potential of jumbo blackberry cultivar (Rubus fructicosus L.). MSc thesis, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Türkiye, pp: 53.
  • Faizan S, Kausar S, Akhtar N. 2014. Influence of wastewater application and fertilizer use on growth, photosynthesis, nutrient homeostatis, yield and heavy metal accumulation in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Pakistan J Biol Sci, 17(5): 630-640. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2014.630.640.
  • Farhadkhani M, Nikaeen M, Yadegarfar G, Hatamzadeh M, Pourmohammadbagher H, Sahbaei Z, Rahmani HR. 2018. Effects of irrigation with secondary treated wastewater on physicochemical and microbial properties of soil and produce safety in a semi-arid area. Water Res, 144, 356-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.047.
  • Filip Z, Kanazawa S, Berthelin J. 1999. Characterization of effects of a long‐term wastewater irrigation on soil quality by microbiological and biochemical parameters. J Plant Nutri Soil Sci, 162(4): 409-413.
  • Fozia A, Muhammad AZ, Muhammad A, Zafar MK. 2008. Effect of chromium on growth attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). J Environ Sci, 20(12): 1475-1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62552-8.
  • Ganjegunte G, Ulery A, Niu G, Wu Y. 2017. Effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil properties, switchgrass biomass production and quality under arid climate. Industrial Crops Prod, 99: 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.01.038.
  • Gerçekcioğlu R, Esmek I, Günes M, Edizer Y. 2003. Bazı böğürtlen çeşitlerinin Tokat yöresine adaptasyonu (2000-2002 Yılları Gözlem Sonuçları). I. Ulusal Kivi ve Üzümsü Meyveler Sempozyumu, 23-25 Ekim, Ordu, Türkiye, ss: 337-343.
  • Hassena AB, Zouari M, Trabelsi L, Khabou W, Zouari N. 2018. Physiological improvements of young olive tree (Olea europaea L. cv. Chetoui) under short term irrigation with treated wastewater. Agril Water Manage, 207: 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.05.024.
  • Hattab S, Dridi B, Chouba L, Kheder MB, Bousetta H. 2009. Photosynthesis and growth responses of pea Pisum sativum L. under heavy metals stress. J Environ Sci, 21(11): 1552-1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62454-7.
  • Kocak S, Tokusoglu O, Aycan S. 2005. Some heavy metal and trace essential element detection in canned vegetable foodstuffs by differential pulse polarography (DPP). Electronic J Environ Agric Food Chem, 4: 871-878.
  • Lesage E, Rousseau DP, Meers E, Tack FMG, De Pauw N. 2007. Accumulation of metals in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater in Flanders, Belgium. Science of the Total Environment, 380(1-3), 102-115.
  • Libutti A, Gatta G, Gagliardi A, Vergine P, Pollice A, Beneduce L, Tarantino E. 2018. Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under Mediterranean conditions. Agri Water Manage, 196: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.10.015.
  • Liu D, Wang Y, Zang X, Si Q. 2002. Effect of sewage irrigation on wheat growth and its activating oxygen metabolism. J Appl Ecol, 13: 1319-1322.
  • Liu J, Wang Y, Yu Z, Cao X, Tian L, Sun S, Wu P. 2017. A comprehensive analysis of blue water scarcity from the production, consumption, and water transfer perspectives. Ecol Indicat, 72: 870-880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.09.021.
  • Lopez-Medina J, Moore J N. 1997. Propagation of erect blackberries by floricane stem cuttings. HortSci, 32(4): 602. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.32.4.602D.
  • Manisha P, Angoorbala B. 2013. Effect of sewage on growth parameters and chlorophyll content of Trigonella foenumgraecum (Methi). Inter Res J Environ Sci, 2(9): 5-9.
  • Marwari R, Khan T I. 2012. Effect of textile waste water on tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum. J Environ Biol, 33(5): 849.
  • Mehmood A, Mirza MA, Choudhary MA, Kim K H, Raza W, Raza N. 2019 Spatial distribution of heavy metals in crops in a wastewater irrigated zone and health risk assessment. Environ Res, 168, 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.020.
  • Muga HE, Mihelcic JR. 2008. Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies. J Environ Manage, 88(3): 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.008.
  • Mujeriego R, Asano T. 1999. The role of advanced treatment in wastewater reclamation and reuse. Water Sci Technol, 40(4-5): 1-9.
  • Padmanabhan P, Correa-Betanzo J, Paliyath G. 2016. Berries and related fruits. Elsevier eBooks, Newyork, USA, pp: 364-371.
  • Petousi I, Fountoulakis MS, Saru ML, Nikolaidis N, Fletcher L, Stentiford EI, Manios T. 2015. Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on olive (Olea europaea L. cv. ‘Koroneiki’) trees. Agri Water Manage, 160, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.06.003.
  • Petousi I, Daskalakis G, Fountoulakis MS, Lydakis D, Fletcher L, Stentiford EI, Manios T. 2019. Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on the establishment of young grapevines. Sci Total Environ, 658, 485-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.065.
  • Rae IB, Gibb SW. 2003. Removal of metals from aqueous solutions using natural chitinous materials. Water Sci Technol, 47 (10): 189–196. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0572.
  • Reinoso R, Torres LA, Bécares E. 2008. Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater. Sci Total Environ, 395(2-3): 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.039.
  • Roussos PA, Denaxa NK, Ntanos E, Tsafouros A, Mavrikou S, Kintzios S. 2020. Organoleptic, nutritional and anti-carcinogenic characteristics of the fruit and rooting performance of cuttings of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes. J Berry Res, https://doi.org/10(1): 77-93. 10.3233/JBR-190422.
  • Seleiman MF, Al-Suhaibani N, El-Hendawy S, Abdella K, Alotaibi M, Alderfasi A. 2021. Impacts of long-and short-term of irrigation with treated wastewater and synthetic fertilizers on the growth, biomass, heavy metal content, and energy traits of three potential bioenergy crops in arid regions. Energies, 14(11): 3037. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113037.
  • Speir TW. 2002. Soil biochemical properties as indices of performance and sustainability of effluent irrigation systems in New Zealand-a review. J the Royal Society of New Zealand, 32(4): 535-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9517708.
  • Strik BC, Finn CE. 2012. Blackberry production systems-a worldwide perspective. Acta Horticulturae 946(946): 341-347.
  • Takeda F, Tworkoski T, Finn CE, Boyd CC. 2011. Blackberry propagation by non-leafy floricane cuttings. Hort Technol, 21(2): 236-239. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.21.2.236.
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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 249 - 256, 15.05.2024

Ayşegül Çakmakçı Merve Karakoyun Sinem Öztürk Erdem

https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1439305

Öz

Proje Numarası

Başvuru Numarası: 1919B012220360

Kaynakça

  • Akbulut M, Kaplan N, Macit İ, Özdemir C. 2003. Samsun Çarşamba Ovası koşullarına uygun böğürtlen çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi. I. Ulusal Kivi ve Üzümsü Meyveler Sempozyumu, 23-25 Ekim, Ordu, Türkiye, ss: 357-360.
  • Angelakis AN, Do Monte MM, Bontoux L, Asano T. 1999. The status of wastewater reuse practice in the Mediterranean basin: need for guidelines. Water Res, 33(10): 2201-2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00465-5.
  • Anwar S, Nawaz MF, Gul S, Rizwan M, Ali S, Kareem A. 2016. Uptake and distribution of minerals and heavy metals in commonly grown leafy vegetable species irrigated with sewage water. Environ Monitoring Asses, 188: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5560-4.
  • Baskaran L, Sundaramoorthy P, Chidambaram ALA, Ganesh KS. 2009. Growth and physiological activity of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under effluent stress. Botany Research International, 2(2): 107-114.
  • Bhardwaj P, Chaturvedi A K, Prasad P. 2009. Effect of enhanced lead and cadmium in soil on physiological and biochemical attributes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Nat Sci, 7(8): 63-75.
  • Bouwer H. 2002. Integrated water management for the 21st century: problems and solutions. J Irrigat Drain Engin, 128(4): 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:4(193).
  • Bray MM, Rom CR, Clark JR. 2003. Propagation of thornless arkansas blackberries by hardwood cuttings. Food Life Sci, Discov, 4(5): 9-13. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/discoverymag/vol4/iss1/5.
  • Brown PA, Gill SA, Allen SJ. 2000. Metal removal from wastewater using peat. Water Res, 34(16): 3907-3916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00152-4.
  • Cangi R, İslam A. 2003. Bazı böğürtlen çeşitlerinin Ordu ekolojik koşullarına adaptasyonu üzerine araştırmalar (2000-2002 Gözlem Sonuçları). I. Ulusal Kivi ve Üzümsü Meyveler Sempozyumu, 23-25 Ekim, Ordu, Türkiye, ss: 348-352.
  • Charerntanyarak L. 1999. Heavy metals removal by chemical coagulation and precipitation. Water Sci Technol, 39(10-11): 135-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00304-2.
  • Chen W, Wu L, Frankenberger WT, Chang AC. 2008. Soil enzyme activities of long‐term reclaimed wastewater‐irrigated soils. J Environ Quality, 37(S5): S-36. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0315.
  • Christou A, Karaolia P, Hapeshi E, Michael C, Fatta-Kassinos D. 2017. Long-term wastewater irrigation of vegetables in real agricultural systems: concentration of pharmaceuticals in soil, uptake and bioaccumulation in tomato fruits and human health risk assessment. Water Res, 109, 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.033.
  • Cigdem MR, Donat A, Dinçer E, Yıldız K, Öcalan ON. 2022. The effects of IBA and Paclobutrazol applications on the rooting performance of blackberry cuttings. Turkish J Agriculture-Food Sci Technol, 10(sp1): 2713-2717. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10isp1.2713-2717.5679.
  • Dagianta E, Goumas D, Manios Th, Tzortzakis N. 2014. The use of treated wastewater and fertigation in greenhouse pepper crop as affecting growth and fruit quality. J Water Reuse Desal, 4: 92–99. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.048.
  • Davies EG, Simonovic S P. 2011. Global water resources modeling with an integrated model of the social–economic–environmental system. Advan Water Resour, 34(6): 684-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.02.010.
  • Edizer AS. 2011. A research on determination vegetative production potential of jumbo blackberry cultivar (Rubus fructicosus L.). MSc thesis, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Türkiye, pp: 53.
  • Faizan S, Kausar S, Akhtar N. 2014. Influence of wastewater application and fertilizer use on growth, photosynthesis, nutrient homeostatis, yield and heavy metal accumulation in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Pakistan J Biol Sci, 17(5): 630-640. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2014.630.640.
  • Farhadkhani M, Nikaeen M, Yadegarfar G, Hatamzadeh M, Pourmohammadbagher H, Sahbaei Z, Rahmani HR. 2018. Effects of irrigation with secondary treated wastewater on physicochemical and microbial properties of soil and produce safety in a semi-arid area. Water Res, 144, 356-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.047.
  • Filip Z, Kanazawa S, Berthelin J. 1999. Characterization of effects of a long‐term wastewater irrigation on soil quality by microbiological and biochemical parameters. J Plant Nutri Soil Sci, 162(4): 409-413.
  • Fozia A, Muhammad AZ, Muhammad A, Zafar MK. 2008. Effect of chromium on growth attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). J Environ Sci, 20(12): 1475-1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62552-8.
  • Ganjegunte G, Ulery A, Niu G, Wu Y. 2017. Effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil properties, switchgrass biomass production and quality under arid climate. Industrial Crops Prod, 99: 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.01.038.
  • Gerçekcioğlu R, Esmek I, Günes M, Edizer Y. 2003. Bazı böğürtlen çeşitlerinin Tokat yöresine adaptasyonu (2000-2002 Yılları Gözlem Sonuçları). I. Ulusal Kivi ve Üzümsü Meyveler Sempozyumu, 23-25 Ekim, Ordu, Türkiye, ss: 337-343.
  • Hassena AB, Zouari M, Trabelsi L, Khabou W, Zouari N. 2018. Physiological improvements of young olive tree (Olea europaea L. cv. Chetoui) under short term irrigation with treated wastewater. Agril Water Manage, 207: 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.05.024.
  • Hattab S, Dridi B, Chouba L, Kheder MB, Bousetta H. 2009. Photosynthesis and growth responses of pea Pisum sativum L. under heavy metals stress. J Environ Sci, 21(11): 1552-1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62454-7.
  • Kocak S, Tokusoglu O, Aycan S. 2005. Some heavy metal and trace essential element detection in canned vegetable foodstuffs by differential pulse polarography (DPP). Electronic J Environ Agric Food Chem, 4: 871-878.
  • Lesage E, Rousseau DP, Meers E, Tack FMG, De Pauw N. 2007. Accumulation of metals in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater in Flanders, Belgium. Science of the Total Environment, 380(1-3), 102-115.
  • Libutti A, Gatta G, Gagliardi A, Vergine P, Pollice A, Beneduce L, Tarantino E. 2018. Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under Mediterranean conditions. Agri Water Manage, 196: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.10.015.
  • Liu D, Wang Y, Zang X, Si Q. 2002. Effect of sewage irrigation on wheat growth and its activating oxygen metabolism. J Appl Ecol, 13: 1319-1322.
  • Liu J, Wang Y, Yu Z, Cao X, Tian L, Sun S, Wu P. 2017. A comprehensive analysis of blue water scarcity from the production, consumption, and water transfer perspectives. Ecol Indicat, 72: 870-880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.09.021.
  • Lopez-Medina J, Moore J N. 1997. Propagation of erect blackberries by floricane stem cuttings. HortSci, 32(4): 602. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.32.4.602D.
  • Manisha P, Angoorbala B. 2013. Effect of sewage on growth parameters and chlorophyll content of Trigonella foenumgraecum (Methi). Inter Res J Environ Sci, 2(9): 5-9.
  • Marwari R, Khan T I. 2012. Effect of textile waste water on tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum. J Environ Biol, 33(5): 849.
  • Mehmood A, Mirza MA, Choudhary MA, Kim K H, Raza W, Raza N. 2019 Spatial distribution of heavy metals in crops in a wastewater irrigated zone and health risk assessment. Environ Res, 168, 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.020.
  • Muga HE, Mihelcic JR. 2008. Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies. J Environ Manage, 88(3): 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.008.
  • Mujeriego R, Asano T. 1999. The role of advanced treatment in wastewater reclamation and reuse. Water Sci Technol, 40(4-5): 1-9.
  • Padmanabhan P, Correa-Betanzo J, Paliyath G. 2016. Berries and related fruits. Elsevier eBooks, Newyork, USA, pp: 364-371.
  • Petousi I, Fountoulakis MS, Saru ML, Nikolaidis N, Fletcher L, Stentiford EI, Manios T. 2015. Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on olive (Olea europaea L. cv. ‘Koroneiki’) trees. Agri Water Manage, 160, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.06.003.
  • Petousi I, Daskalakis G, Fountoulakis MS, Lydakis D, Fletcher L, Stentiford EI, Manios T. 2019. Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on the establishment of young grapevines. Sci Total Environ, 658, 485-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.065.
  • Rae IB, Gibb SW. 2003. Removal of metals from aqueous solutions using natural chitinous materials. Water Sci Technol, 47 (10): 189–196. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0572.
  • Reinoso R, Torres LA, Bécares E. 2008. Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater. Sci Total Environ, 395(2-3): 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.039.
  • Roussos PA, Denaxa NK, Ntanos E, Tsafouros A, Mavrikou S, Kintzios S. 2020. Organoleptic, nutritional and anti-carcinogenic characteristics of the fruit and rooting performance of cuttings of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes. J Berry Res, https://doi.org/10(1): 77-93. 10.3233/JBR-190422.
  • Seleiman MF, Al-Suhaibani N, El-Hendawy S, Abdella K, Alotaibi M, Alderfasi A. 2021. Impacts of long-and short-term of irrigation with treated wastewater and synthetic fertilizers on the growth, biomass, heavy metal content, and energy traits of three potential bioenergy crops in arid regions. Energies, 14(11): 3037. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113037.
  • Speir TW. 2002. Soil biochemical properties as indices of performance and sustainability of effluent irrigation systems in New Zealand-a review. J the Royal Society of New Zealand, 32(4): 535-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9517708.
  • Strik BC, Finn CE. 2012. Blackberry production systems-a worldwide perspective. Acta Horticulturae 946(946): 341-347.
  • Takeda F, Tworkoski T, Finn CE, Boyd CC. 2011. Blackberry propagation by non-leafy floricane cuttings. Hort Technol, 21(2): 236-239. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.21.2.236.
  • Toze S. 2006. Reuse of effluent water benefits and risks. Agri Water Manage, 80(1-3): 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.010.
  • Ungureanu N, Vlăduț V, Voicu G. 2020. Water scarcity and wastewater reuse in crop irrigation. Sustainability, 12(21): 9055. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219055.
  • Velasco-Muñoz JF, Aznar-Sánchez JA, Belmonte-Ureña LJ, Román-Sánchez IM. 2018. Sustainable water use in agriculture: A review of worldwide research. Sustainability, 10(4): 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041084.
  • Yıldız K, Cekic C, Günes M, Ozgen M, Ozkan Y, Yasar A, Gercekcioglu R. 2009. The determination of rooting success of different types of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) cuttings. J Agri Fac Gaziosmanpaşa Univ, 2009(1): 1-5.
  • Zenginbal H, Esitken A. 2016. Effects of the application of various substances and grafting methods on the grafting success and growth of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus, 15(4): 99-109.
  • Zhang K, Farahbakhsh K. 2007. Removal of native coliphages and coliform bacteria from municipal wastewater by various wastewater treatment processes: Implications to water reuse. Water Res, 41(12): 2816-2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.010.
  • Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Shi K, Yao X. 2017. Research development, current hotspots, and future directions of water research based on MODIS images: A critical review with a bibliometric analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 24, 15226-15239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9107-1.
  • Zia-Ul-Haq M, Riaz M, De Feo, V, Jaafar H Z, Moga M. 2014. Rubus fruticosus L.: constituents, biological activities and health related uses. Molecules, 19(8): 10998-11029. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190810998.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ziraat Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Çakmakçı 0009-0004-1585-3206

Merve Karakoyun 0000-0001-7438-4738

Sinem Öztürk Erdem 0000-0002-8978-0837

Proje Numarası Başvuru Numarası: 1919B012220360
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakmakçı, A., Karakoyun, M., & Öztürk Erdem, S. (2024). The Effect of Treated Wastewater Levels on the Rooting of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) Green Cuttings. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 7(3), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1439305
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