Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Reçine Üretimine Genel Bir Bakış ve Covid-19’ un Üretim Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 320 - 339, 15.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1218040

Öz

Dikili ağaçlardan çeşitli yaralama yöntemleriyle üretilen reçine, opak süt beyazı renkte, yoğun, yapışkan ve akışkan özellik gösteren bir üründür. Reçine literatürde rosin, resin ve oleoresin olarak üç farklı terimle ifade edilmektedir. Dünyada yaklaşık 100 çam türünden geleneksel olarak Çin yöntemi, Amerikan yöntemi, Hugues ya da Fransız yöntemi ve Mazek ya da Rill yöntemleriyle reçine üretimi yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca oyma delik veya Eurogem olarak isimlendirilen kapalı yara yöntemi de kullanılmaktadır. Dünya üzerinde iğne yapraklı ağaçlar dışında reçine üretimi yapılan diğer bazı önemli odun ve odun dışı bitkiler arasında Cistus ladanifer, Styrax officinalis, Ferula assa-foetida, Myroxylon balsamum, Boswellia serrata, Pistacia atlantica vd. türler yer almaktadır. Günümüzde Çin, Brezilya ve Endonezya dünyada dikili çam reçinesi üretiminin %90’nından fazlasını gerçekleştirmektedir. Reçine üretiminin % 68’inin oleoresin, %31’inin sülfat reçinesi ve diğer kısmının ise ekstraksiyon reçinesi olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. 2019 yılında 1.270,000 ton olan kolofan üretimi covid-19 etkisiyle 2020 yılında %9,45 oranında azalarak 1.150,000 tona düşmüştür. Benzer şekilde 2019 yılında dünyada toplam terebentin üretimi 345,000 ton olarak gerçekleşirken bu rakam 2020 yılında 325,000 tona gerilemiştir. Reçine ve kolofan gibi türevleri mikrokapsülasyon, fungisit, herbisit, ahşap koruma, kâğıt endüstrisi, biyoyakıt, nanomateryal, yeşil kimyasallar vb. alanlarda kullanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-raouf, M. E., and Abdul-raheim, A. M. (2018). Rosin: Chemistry, derivatives, and applications: A review. BAOJ Chem. Manar, 4(1), 1-16.
  • Acar, İ., Gül, G. S., ve Örtel, E. (1996). Türkiye’de Kızılçam Ormanlarından Akma Reçine Üretiminde Asit Pasta Tahrik Tekniğinin Uygulanması Esasları Üzerine Araştırmalar. Ege Or. Ar. En. Müd. Teknik Bülten, 5.
  • Aloui, F., Baraket, M., Jedidi, S., Hmaidi, B., SALEM, E. B., Jdaidi, N., ... and Abbes, C. (2022). Assessment Of Bıologıcal Actıvıtıes Of Resın Extracted From Tunısıan Pıne Forests. Pak. J. Bot, 54(2), 695-700.
  • Angın, N. (2020). Çam kökü ekstraksiyon reçinesinin distilasyonu ve kimyasal karakterizasyonu (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi).
  • Aslam, M. S., Ahmad, M. S., and Mamat, A. S. (2015). A phytochemical, ethnomedicinal and pharmacological review of genus Dipterocarpus. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(4), 27-38.
  • Ayars, G. H., Altman, L. C., Frazier, C. E., and Chi, E. Y. (1989). The toxicity of constituents of cedar and pine woods to pulmonary epithelium. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 83(3), 610-618.
  • Aydın, İ. (2017). Türkiye'de kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) ve Sahil çamı (Pinus pinaster Ait.)'ndan asit-pasta ve oyma delik yöntemleriyle reçine üretimi ve terebentin analizi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi).
  • Barat, A. G., and Faravani, M. (2014). Effects of different cutting methods and times of cutting on growth performance and gum resin production of Ferula assa-foetida. Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Belgrade), 59(1), 35-44.
  • Barrero, A. F., Herrador, M. M., Arteaga, J. F., Akssira, M., Mellouki, F., Belgarrabe, A., and Blázquez, M. A. (2005). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Pistacia atlantica Desf. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 17(1), 52-54.
  • Batur, M., Kiracıoğlu, Ö., & Akkaya, M. (2008). Asit pasta metodu ile reçine üretiminin hacim artımı ve ürün çeşitleri dağılımına etkisi. TC Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Ege Orman Araştırma Müdürlüğü Teknik Bülten, 37, 1-26.
  • Baumassy, M. (2017, September 17-19). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2017 PCA International Conference, Montreal, Canada. https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/collection/B5C970B1-F4BA-4024-B730-6CC033C3DDBC/2017_International_Conference_Presentations_-_Montreal.zip
  • Baumassy, M. (2018, September 16-18). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2018 PCA International Conference, Lisbon, Portugal. https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/collection/5B503914-46E0-4E23-ADB2-9670CB61F255/2018_International_Converence_Presentations.zip
  • Baumassy, M. (2019, September). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2019 PCA International Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada (pp. 22-24). https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/collection/0C07AC4F-5AD1-4C77-AD3A-300CE1BC61C3/2019_International_Conference_Presentations.zip
  • Baumassy, M. (2020, October). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2020 PCA International Virtual Conference, Manual (pp. 37-44). https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/collection/1B5A7D1C-2E5D-4737-AA3F-6409511131CF/2020_International_Virtual_Conference.zip
  • Baumassy, M. (2021, April 13-14). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Interregional workshop on innovative bio-based resin derivatives, Online event. https://www.incredibleforest.net/sites/default/files/u191/s1_3_baumassy.pdf
  • Baumassy, M. (2022, September 25-27). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2022 PCA International Conference, Denver, USA. https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/resmgr/2022ic/presentations/Michel_Baumassy_2022.08.30_P.pdf
  • Cannac, M., Barboni, T., Ferrat, L., Bighelli, A., Castola, V., Costa, J., ... and Pasqualini, V. (2009). Oleoresin flow and chemical composition of Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) in response to prescribed burnings. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(4), 1247-1254.
  • Cavallaro, G., Lazzara, G., Milioto, S., Parisi, F., and Ruisi, F. (2017). Nanocomposites based on esterified colophony and halloysite clay nanotubes as consolidants for waterlogged archaeological woods. Cellulose, 24(8), 3367-3376.
  • Chavda, V. P., Soniwala, M. M., and Chavda, J. R. (2012). Role of rosin in controlled and targeted drug delivery. Crit Rev Pharm Sci., 1(2), 15-20.
  • Chen, F., Al-Ahmad, H., Joyce, B., Zhao, N., Köllner, T. G., Degenhardt, J., and Stewart Jr, C. N. (2009). Within-plant distribution and emission of sesquiterpenes from Copaifera officinalis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47(11-12), 1017-1023.
  • Chowdary, K. P. R., Mohapatra, P., and Pattanayak, P. (2011). Controlled release of Microencapsulated Indomethacin by colophony resin. Science & Technology Asia, 66-70.
  • Coppen, J. J. (1995). Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin (No. 634.98 F3 v. 2). FAO. Cunningham, A. (2012). Pine resin tapping techniques used around the world. Pine resin: biology, chemistry and applications, 1-8.
  • Çiçekler, M., Kıllı, U., Tutuş, A., ve Çiçekler, M. (2018). Ambalaj Kartonların Üretiminde Doğal Kolofan Kullanımının Araştırılması. In 4th International Non-wood Forest Products Symposium (pp. 250-257).
  • Darrow, W. K. (1983). Pine oleoresin: A Minor Forest Product of Major Importance?. South African Forestry Journal, 125(1), 97-99.
  • da Silva Rodrigues-Corrêa, K. C., de Lima, J. C., and Fett-Neto, A. G. (2013). Oleoresins from pine: production and industrial uses. Natural products. Berlin: Springer, 4037-4060.
  • DeCarlo, A., Johnson, S., Poudel, A., Satyal, P., Bangerter, L., and Setzer, W. N. (2018). Chemical Variation in Essential Oils from the Oleo‐gum Resin of Boswellia carteri: A Preliminary Investigation. Chemistry & biodiversity, 15(6), e1800047.
  • Dell, B., and McComb, A. J. (1979). Plant resins—their formation, secretion and possible functions. In Advances in botanical research (Vol. 6, pp. 277-316). Academic Press.
  • Deniz, İ. (2002). Dikili ağaçlarda reçinenin biyosentezi ve reçine üretimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 10(2), 375-386.
  • Deniz, İ., Pekgözlü, A., Dönmez, İ. E., Karaoğul, E., Yılmaz, B., Ceylan, E., ve Aydın, İ. (2019). Ülkemizde üretilen kolofanların kimyasal özellikleri, I. Kolofan ve Türevleri Çalıştayı, 2, 16.
  • de Oliveira Junkes, C. F., Duz, J. V. V., Kerber, M. R., Wieczorek, J., Galvan, J. L., Fett, J. P., and Fett-Neto, A. G. (2019). Resinosis of young slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) as a tool for resin stimulant paste development and high yield individual selection. Industrial Crops and Products, 135, 179-187.
  • Fernández, C. G. (2004). Benzoin, a resin produced by Styrax trees in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems, 1, 148.
  • Frazão, D. F., Martins-Gomes, C., Steck, J. L., Keller, J., Delgado, F., Gonçalves, J. C., ... & Silva, A. M. (2022). Labdanum resin from Cistus ladanifer L.: a natural and sustainable ingredient for skin care cosmetics with relevant cosmeceutical bioactivities. Plants, 11(11), 1477.
  • Gören, A. C., Bilsel, G., Öztürk, A. H., ve Topçu, G. (2010). Chemical composition of natural colophony from Pinus brutia and comparison with synthetic colophony. Natural Product Communications, 5(11), 1934578X1000501105.
  • Gurau, V., Ragland, B., Cox, D., Michaud, A., and Busby, L. (2021). Robot Operations for Pine Tree Resin Collection. Technologies, 9(4), 79.
  • Harman-Ware, A. E., Sykes, R., Peter, G. F., and Davis, M. (2016). Determination of terpenoid content in pine by organic solvent extraction and fast-GC analysis. Frontiers in Energy Research, 4, 2.
  • Hernández-Vázquez, L., Mangas, S., Palazón, J., and Navarro-Ocaña, A. (2010). Valuable medicinal plants and resins: Commercial phytochemicals with bioactive properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(3), 476-480.
  • Hodges, A. W., and Johnson, J. D. (1997). Borehole oleoresin production from slash pine. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 21(3), 108-115.
  • Iranshahy, M., and Iranshahi, M. (2011). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin)—A review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 134(1), 1-10.
  • Izzo, F. C., Lodi, G. C., and Vázquez de Ágredos Pascual, M. L. (2021). New insights into the composition of historical remedies and pharmaceutical formulations: the identification of natural resins and balsams by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric investigations. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 13(1), 1-17.
  • Jalali, H. T., Petronilho, S., Villaverde, J. J., Coimbra, M. A., Domingues, M. R. M., Ebrahimian, Z. J., ... and Rocha, S. M. (2012). Deeper insight into the monoterpenic composition of Ferula gummosa oleo-gum-resin from Iran. Industrial Crops and Products, 36(1), 500-507.
  • Jiang, Z., Kempinski, C., and Chappell, J. (2016). Extraction and analysis of terpenes/terpenoids. Current protocols in plant biology, 1(2), 345-358.
  • Joye Jr, N. M., and Lawrence, R. V. (1967). Resin acid composition of pine oleoresins. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 12(2), 279-282.
  • Kaliora, A. C., Mylona, A., Chiou, A., Petsios, D. G., and Andrikopoulos, N. K. (2004). Detection and identification of simple phenolics in Pistacia lentiscus resin. Journal of liquid chromatography & related technologies, 27(2), 289-300.
  • Kallis, M., Sideris, K., Kopsahelis, N., Bosnea, L., Kourkoutas, Y., Terpou, A., and Kanellaki, M. (2019). Pistacia terebinthus resin as yeast immobilization support for alcoholic fermentation. Foods, 8(4), 127.
  • Karlberg, A. T., Boman, A., and Wahlberg, J. E. (1980). Allergenic potential of abietic acid, colophony and pine resin‐HA: Clinical and experimental studies. Contact Dermatitis, 6(7), 481-487.
  • Karlberg, A. T. (2000). Colophony. In Handbook of occupational dermatology (pp. 509-516). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Karlberg, A. T., and Hagvall, L. (2020). Colophony: Rosin in unmodified and modified form. Kanerva’s occupational dermatology, 607-624.
  • Kavoosi, G., and Rowshan, V. (2013). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil obtained from Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin: effect of collection time. Food chemistry, 138(4), 2180-2187.
  • Kenan, O. K., ve Mehtap, K. O. Ç. (2018). Türkiye’de odun dışı orman ürünlerinin planlanmasında yöntem ve yaklaşım sorunu. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(4), 391-402.
  • Lai, M., Zhang, L., Lei, L., Liu, S., Jia, T., and Yi, M. (2020). Inheritance of resin yield and main resin components in Pinus elliottii Engelm. at three locations in southern China. Industrial crops and products, 144, 112065.
  • Langenheim, J. H. (1969). Amber: A Botanical Inquiry: Amber provides an evolutionary framework for interdisciplinary studies of resin-secreting plants. Science, 163(3872), 1157-1169.
  • Langenheim, J. H. (2003). Plant resins: chemistry, evolution, ecology, and ethnobotany (No. 620.1924 L275p). Oregon, US: Timber Press.
  • Li, Q., Li, J. J., Bao, X. H., Zhang, S. Y., Luo, Q., Li, K. M., ... and Yan, Y. M. (2022). Unusual sesquilignans with anti-inflammatory activities from the resin of Ferula sinkiangensis. Bioorganic Chemistry, 127, 105986.
  • Lubis, M. A. R., Park, B. D., and Lee, S. M. (2020). Microencapsulation of polymeric isocyanate for the modification of urea-formaldehyde resins. International journal of adhesion and adhesives, 100, 102599.
  • Mahboubi, M., Sotoudeh Nia, S., Farahani, A., and Ansari, V. (2022). Chemical Composition of Ferula galbaniflua Essential Oils from Different Geographical Regions of Iran. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 92(2), 341-349.
  • Mahendra, V. (2019). Rosin product review. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 890, pp. 77-91). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
  • Mao, S., Wu, C., Gao, Y., Hao, J., He, X., Tao, P., ... and Song, J. (2021). Pine rosin as a valuable natural resource in the synthesis of fungicide candidates for controlling Fusarium oxysporum on cucumber. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(23), 6475-6484.
  • Moghadam, F. H., Dehghan, M., Zarepur, E., Dehlavi, R., Ghaseminia, F., Ehsani, S., ... and Barzegar, K. (2014). Oleo gum resin of Ferula assa-foetida L. ameliorates peripheral neuropathy in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 154(1), 183-189.
  • Mohamed, A. A., Ali, S. I., EL-Baz, F. K., Hegazy, A. K., and Kord, M. A. (2014). Chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of Commiphora myrrha resin. Industrial crops and products, 57, 10-16.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2018). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2017 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2019). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2018 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2020). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2019 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2021). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2020 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2022). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2023). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2022 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Neis, F. A., de Costa, F., de Araujo Jr, A. T., Fett, J. P., and Fett-Neto, A. G. (2019). Multiple industrial uses of non-wood pine products. Industrial Crops and Products, 130, 248-258.
  • OEC-a. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/turpentine
  • OEC-b. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/gum-wood-or-sulphate-turpentine-oils
  • OEC-c. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/tall-oil
  • OEC-d. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/rosin
  • Olivares-Pérez, A., Ibarra-Torres, J. C., Ortiz-Gutiérrez, M., Pérez-Cortés, M., and Fuentes-Tapia, I. (2005).
  • Rosin (colophony) holograms sensitized with ammonium dichromate®. Optical Materials, 27(12), 1825-1831.
  • Olvera-Bautista, I., Olivares-Perez, A., Gomez-Colin, R., and Fuentes-Tapia, I. (2005, April). Thermopolymer holograms. In Practical Holography XIX: Materials and Applications (Vol. 5742, pp. 292-297). SPIE.
  • Önal, S. (1995). Bazı uyarıcı maddelerle kızılçam ve karaçamlarda reçine üretimi. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü.
  • Öz, M. (2007). Kızılçam (Pinus brutia ten.)'da reçine kelebeği (Dioryctria sylvestrella ratz.) larva galerisi ve gövde reçinesinin uçucu yağ bileşimi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi).
  • Panda, H. (2008). Handbook on Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals (Rosin, Terpene Derivatives, Tall Oil, Resin & Dimer Acids): Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals, Oleoresin extraction process, Oleoresin Making Small Business Manufacturing, Oleoresin Processing Industry in India, Oleoresin Processing Projects, Oleoresin Science and technology, Oleoresins from Pine: Production and Industrial Uses, Peroxides from Turpentine, Pine Chemicals and Oleoresins Business, Pine Chemicals Based Profitable Projects, Pine Chemicals Based Small .... Asia Pacific Business Press Inc..
  • Panda, S., Pattnaik, S., Maharana, L., Botta, G. B., and Mahapatra, A. K. (2013). Design and evaluation of zidovudine loaded natural biodegradable microcapsules employing colophony resin as microencapsulating agent. Int. J. Phar. Pharm. Sci, 5, 799-805.
  • Payares-Díaz, I. R., Mario-Contreras, O. A., Medrano-Vélez, M. A., and Millán-Romero, E. (2014). Germination and seedling growth of Myroxylon balsamum (L.) harms in the department of Sucre. Revista Colombia Forestal, 17(2), 193-201.
  • Pekgözlü, A. K., ve Ceylan, E. (2021). Sıcaklığın Terebentin Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkisi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 878-884.
  • Puente-Villegas, S. M., García, A. R., Rubio, F., Gil, L., and Lopez, R. (2020). Salicylic and citric acid as promising new stimulants for resin tapping in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Forest Systems, 29(3), eSC07-eSC07.
  • Ress, J., Martin, U., Bosch, J., and Bastidas, D. M. (2020). pH-triggered release of NaNO2 corrosion inhibitors from novel colophony microcapsules in simulated concrete pore solution. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(41), 46686-46700.
  • Rodrigues‐Corrêa, K. C. D. S., de Lima, J. C., and Fett‐Neto, A. G. (2012). Pine oleoresin: tapping green chemicals, biofuels, food protection, and carbon sequestration from multipurpose trees. Food and Energy Security, 1(2), 81-93.
  • Satil, F., Selvi, S., and Polat, R. (2011). Ethnic uses of pine resin production from Pinus brutia by native people on the Kazdag Mountain (Mt. Ida) in Western Turkey.
  • Sell, C. S. (2003). A fragrant introduction to terpenoid chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry.
  • Sharma, K. R., and Lekha, C. (2013). Tapping of Pinus roxburghii (chir pine) for oleoresin in Himachal Pradesh, India. Advances in Forestry Letters (AFL), 2(3), 53-57.
  • Silvestre, A. J., and Gandini, A. (2008). Rosin: major sources, properties and applications. In Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources (pp. 67-88). Elsevier.
  • Sönmez, T., Gencal, B., ve Gencal, B. Bursa Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü Sınırları İçerisinde Potansiyel Reçine Üretim Fonksiyonuna Sahip Alanların Belirlenmesi.
  • Upadhyay, M. (2008). Economic analysis of resin tapping. Wood Science and Technology, 2(3), 1-22.
  • Ursavaş, S. (2002). Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Arnold)'da reçine üretiminin odun kalitesine etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi).
  • Vardar, Y., and Oflas, S. (1973). Preliminary studies on the Styrax oil. Qualitas Plantarum Et Materiae Vegetabiles, 22(2), 145-148.
  • Vázquez-González, C., Zas, R., Erbilgin, N., Ferrenberg, S., Rozas, V., and Sampedro, L. (2020). Resin ducts as resistance traits in conifers: linking dendrochronology and resin-based defences. Tree Physiology, 40(10), 1313-1326.
  • Wang, Y., Yuan, X., Mei, H., Li, J., and Wang, J. (2018). Transcriptome and gene expression analysis revealed mechanisms for producing high oleoresin yields from Simao pine ('Pinus kesiya var. Iangbianensis'). Plant Omics, 11(1), 42-49.
  • Waweru, J. G., Njenga, H. N., and Omosa, L. K. (2016). Standardization of Commiphora abyssinica Engl. gum resin from Kajiado, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(8), 69-74.
  • Wiyono, B., Tachibana, S., and Tinambunan, D. (2006). Chemical compositions of pine resin, rosin and turpentine oil from west java. Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 3(1), 7-17.
  • Yadav, B. K., Gidwani, B., and Vyas, A. (2016). Rosin: Recent advances and potential applications in novel drug delivery system. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 31(2), 111-126.
  • Zinkel, D. F. (1989). The utilization of wood extractives. Natural products of woody plants, 953-1164.

An Overview of Resin Production and the Effect of Covid-19 on Production

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 320 - 339, 15.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1218040

Öz

The resin obtained from planted trees by various tapping methods is an opaque, milky white, dense product with sticky and liquid properties. In the literature, there are three different terms such as rosin, resin, and oleoresin that refer to resin. Traditionally, the resin is produced from about 100 species of pine trees in the world using the Chinese method, the American method, the Hugues or French method, and the Mazek or Rill method. In addition, the closed-blaze method called borehole or Eurogem is also used. Cistus ladanifer, Styrax officinalis, Ferula assa-foetida, Myroxylon balsamum, Boswellia serrata, Pistacia atlantica, etc. are among some other important wood and non-wood plants that produce resin besides conifers in the world. Today, China, Brazil, and Indonesia realize more than 90% of the planted pine resin production in the world. It is estimated that 68% of the resin production is oleoresin, 31% sulfate resin, and the other part is extractive resin. Colophony production, which was 1,270,000 tonnes in 2019, decreased by 9.45% to 1,150,000 tonnes in 2020 due to Covid-19. Also, while the total world turpentine production in 2019 was 345,000 tons, in 2020 this figure dropped to 325,000 tons. Resin and its derivatives such as rosin are used in microencapsulation, fungicide, herbicide, wood protection, the paper industry, biofuel, nanomaterial, green chemicals, and similar fields.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-raouf, M. E., and Abdul-raheim, A. M. (2018). Rosin: Chemistry, derivatives, and applications: A review. BAOJ Chem. Manar, 4(1), 1-16.
  • Acar, İ., Gül, G. S., ve Örtel, E. (1996). Türkiye’de Kızılçam Ormanlarından Akma Reçine Üretiminde Asit Pasta Tahrik Tekniğinin Uygulanması Esasları Üzerine Araştırmalar. Ege Or. Ar. En. Müd. Teknik Bülten, 5.
  • Aloui, F., Baraket, M., Jedidi, S., Hmaidi, B., SALEM, E. B., Jdaidi, N., ... and Abbes, C. (2022). Assessment Of Bıologıcal Actıvıtıes Of Resın Extracted From Tunısıan Pıne Forests. Pak. J. Bot, 54(2), 695-700.
  • Angın, N. (2020). Çam kökü ekstraksiyon reçinesinin distilasyonu ve kimyasal karakterizasyonu (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi).
  • Aslam, M. S., Ahmad, M. S., and Mamat, A. S. (2015). A phytochemical, ethnomedicinal and pharmacological review of genus Dipterocarpus. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(4), 27-38.
  • Ayars, G. H., Altman, L. C., Frazier, C. E., and Chi, E. Y. (1989). The toxicity of constituents of cedar and pine woods to pulmonary epithelium. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 83(3), 610-618.
  • Aydın, İ. (2017). Türkiye'de kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) ve Sahil çamı (Pinus pinaster Ait.)'ndan asit-pasta ve oyma delik yöntemleriyle reçine üretimi ve terebentin analizi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi).
  • Barat, A. G., and Faravani, M. (2014). Effects of different cutting methods and times of cutting on growth performance and gum resin production of Ferula assa-foetida. Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Belgrade), 59(1), 35-44.
  • Barrero, A. F., Herrador, M. M., Arteaga, J. F., Akssira, M., Mellouki, F., Belgarrabe, A., and Blázquez, M. A. (2005). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Pistacia atlantica Desf. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 17(1), 52-54.
  • Batur, M., Kiracıoğlu, Ö., & Akkaya, M. (2008). Asit pasta metodu ile reçine üretiminin hacim artımı ve ürün çeşitleri dağılımına etkisi. TC Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Ege Orman Araştırma Müdürlüğü Teknik Bülten, 37, 1-26.
  • Baumassy, M. (2017, September 17-19). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2017 PCA International Conference, Montreal, Canada. https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/collection/B5C970B1-F4BA-4024-B730-6CC033C3DDBC/2017_International_Conference_Presentations_-_Montreal.zip
  • Baumassy, M. (2018, September 16-18). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2018 PCA International Conference, Lisbon, Portugal. https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/collection/5B503914-46E0-4E23-ADB2-9670CB61F255/2018_International_Converence_Presentations.zip
  • Baumassy, M. (2019, September). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2019 PCA International Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada (pp. 22-24). https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/collection/0C07AC4F-5AD1-4C77-AD3A-300CE1BC61C3/2019_International_Conference_Presentations.zip
  • Baumassy, M. (2020, October). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2020 PCA International Virtual Conference, Manual (pp. 37-44). https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/collection/1B5A7D1C-2E5D-4737-AA3F-6409511131CF/2020_International_Virtual_Conference.zip
  • Baumassy, M. (2021, April 13-14). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Interregional workshop on innovative bio-based resin derivatives, Online event. https://www.incredibleforest.net/sites/default/files/u191/s1_3_baumassy.pdf
  • Baumassy, M. (2022, September 25-27). Pine Chemicals Industry Global Overview and Trends. In Proceedings of the 2022 PCA International Conference, Denver, USA. https://www.pinechemicals.org/resource/resmgr/2022ic/presentations/Michel_Baumassy_2022.08.30_P.pdf
  • Cannac, M., Barboni, T., Ferrat, L., Bighelli, A., Castola, V., Costa, J., ... and Pasqualini, V. (2009). Oleoresin flow and chemical composition of Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) in response to prescribed burnings. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(4), 1247-1254.
  • Cavallaro, G., Lazzara, G., Milioto, S., Parisi, F., and Ruisi, F. (2017). Nanocomposites based on esterified colophony and halloysite clay nanotubes as consolidants for waterlogged archaeological woods. Cellulose, 24(8), 3367-3376.
  • Chavda, V. P., Soniwala, M. M., and Chavda, J. R. (2012). Role of rosin in controlled and targeted drug delivery. Crit Rev Pharm Sci., 1(2), 15-20.
  • Chen, F., Al-Ahmad, H., Joyce, B., Zhao, N., Köllner, T. G., Degenhardt, J., and Stewart Jr, C. N. (2009). Within-plant distribution and emission of sesquiterpenes from Copaifera officinalis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47(11-12), 1017-1023.
  • Chowdary, K. P. R., Mohapatra, P., and Pattanayak, P. (2011). Controlled release of Microencapsulated Indomethacin by colophony resin. Science & Technology Asia, 66-70.
  • Coppen, J. J. (1995). Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin (No. 634.98 F3 v. 2). FAO. Cunningham, A. (2012). Pine resin tapping techniques used around the world. Pine resin: biology, chemistry and applications, 1-8.
  • Çiçekler, M., Kıllı, U., Tutuş, A., ve Çiçekler, M. (2018). Ambalaj Kartonların Üretiminde Doğal Kolofan Kullanımının Araştırılması. In 4th International Non-wood Forest Products Symposium (pp. 250-257).
  • Darrow, W. K. (1983). Pine oleoresin: A Minor Forest Product of Major Importance?. South African Forestry Journal, 125(1), 97-99.
  • da Silva Rodrigues-Corrêa, K. C., de Lima, J. C., and Fett-Neto, A. G. (2013). Oleoresins from pine: production and industrial uses. Natural products. Berlin: Springer, 4037-4060.
  • DeCarlo, A., Johnson, S., Poudel, A., Satyal, P., Bangerter, L., and Setzer, W. N. (2018). Chemical Variation in Essential Oils from the Oleo‐gum Resin of Boswellia carteri: A Preliminary Investigation. Chemistry & biodiversity, 15(6), e1800047.
  • Dell, B., and McComb, A. J. (1979). Plant resins—their formation, secretion and possible functions. In Advances in botanical research (Vol. 6, pp. 277-316). Academic Press.
  • Deniz, İ. (2002). Dikili ağaçlarda reçinenin biyosentezi ve reçine üretimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 10(2), 375-386.
  • Deniz, İ., Pekgözlü, A., Dönmez, İ. E., Karaoğul, E., Yılmaz, B., Ceylan, E., ve Aydın, İ. (2019). Ülkemizde üretilen kolofanların kimyasal özellikleri, I. Kolofan ve Türevleri Çalıştayı, 2, 16.
  • de Oliveira Junkes, C. F., Duz, J. V. V., Kerber, M. R., Wieczorek, J., Galvan, J. L., Fett, J. P., and Fett-Neto, A. G. (2019). Resinosis of young slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) as a tool for resin stimulant paste development and high yield individual selection. Industrial Crops and Products, 135, 179-187.
  • Fernández, C. G. (2004). Benzoin, a resin produced by Styrax trees in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems, 1, 148.
  • Frazão, D. F., Martins-Gomes, C., Steck, J. L., Keller, J., Delgado, F., Gonçalves, J. C., ... & Silva, A. M. (2022). Labdanum resin from Cistus ladanifer L.: a natural and sustainable ingredient for skin care cosmetics with relevant cosmeceutical bioactivities. Plants, 11(11), 1477.
  • Gören, A. C., Bilsel, G., Öztürk, A. H., ve Topçu, G. (2010). Chemical composition of natural colophony from Pinus brutia and comparison with synthetic colophony. Natural Product Communications, 5(11), 1934578X1000501105.
  • Gurau, V., Ragland, B., Cox, D., Michaud, A., and Busby, L. (2021). Robot Operations for Pine Tree Resin Collection. Technologies, 9(4), 79.
  • Harman-Ware, A. E., Sykes, R., Peter, G. F., and Davis, M. (2016). Determination of terpenoid content in pine by organic solvent extraction and fast-GC analysis. Frontiers in Energy Research, 4, 2.
  • Hernández-Vázquez, L., Mangas, S., Palazón, J., and Navarro-Ocaña, A. (2010). Valuable medicinal plants and resins: Commercial phytochemicals with bioactive properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(3), 476-480.
  • Hodges, A. W., and Johnson, J. D. (1997). Borehole oleoresin production from slash pine. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 21(3), 108-115.
  • Iranshahy, M., and Iranshahi, M. (2011). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin)—A review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 134(1), 1-10.
  • Izzo, F. C., Lodi, G. C., and Vázquez de Ágredos Pascual, M. L. (2021). New insights into the composition of historical remedies and pharmaceutical formulations: the identification of natural resins and balsams by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric investigations. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 13(1), 1-17.
  • Jalali, H. T., Petronilho, S., Villaverde, J. J., Coimbra, M. A., Domingues, M. R. M., Ebrahimian, Z. J., ... and Rocha, S. M. (2012). Deeper insight into the monoterpenic composition of Ferula gummosa oleo-gum-resin from Iran. Industrial Crops and Products, 36(1), 500-507.
  • Jiang, Z., Kempinski, C., and Chappell, J. (2016). Extraction and analysis of terpenes/terpenoids. Current protocols in plant biology, 1(2), 345-358.
  • Joye Jr, N. M., and Lawrence, R. V. (1967). Resin acid composition of pine oleoresins. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 12(2), 279-282.
  • Kaliora, A. C., Mylona, A., Chiou, A., Petsios, D. G., and Andrikopoulos, N. K. (2004). Detection and identification of simple phenolics in Pistacia lentiscus resin. Journal of liquid chromatography & related technologies, 27(2), 289-300.
  • Kallis, M., Sideris, K., Kopsahelis, N., Bosnea, L., Kourkoutas, Y., Terpou, A., and Kanellaki, M. (2019). Pistacia terebinthus resin as yeast immobilization support for alcoholic fermentation. Foods, 8(4), 127.
  • Karlberg, A. T., Boman, A., and Wahlberg, J. E. (1980). Allergenic potential of abietic acid, colophony and pine resin‐HA: Clinical and experimental studies. Contact Dermatitis, 6(7), 481-487.
  • Karlberg, A. T. (2000). Colophony. In Handbook of occupational dermatology (pp. 509-516). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Karlberg, A. T., and Hagvall, L. (2020). Colophony: Rosin in unmodified and modified form. Kanerva’s occupational dermatology, 607-624.
  • Kavoosi, G., and Rowshan, V. (2013). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil obtained from Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin: effect of collection time. Food chemistry, 138(4), 2180-2187.
  • Kenan, O. K., ve Mehtap, K. O. Ç. (2018). Türkiye’de odun dışı orman ürünlerinin planlanmasında yöntem ve yaklaşım sorunu. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(4), 391-402.
  • Lai, M., Zhang, L., Lei, L., Liu, S., Jia, T., and Yi, M. (2020). Inheritance of resin yield and main resin components in Pinus elliottii Engelm. at three locations in southern China. Industrial crops and products, 144, 112065.
  • Langenheim, J. H. (1969). Amber: A Botanical Inquiry: Amber provides an evolutionary framework for interdisciplinary studies of resin-secreting plants. Science, 163(3872), 1157-1169.
  • Langenheim, J. H. (2003). Plant resins: chemistry, evolution, ecology, and ethnobotany (No. 620.1924 L275p). Oregon, US: Timber Press.
  • Li, Q., Li, J. J., Bao, X. H., Zhang, S. Y., Luo, Q., Li, K. M., ... and Yan, Y. M. (2022). Unusual sesquilignans with anti-inflammatory activities from the resin of Ferula sinkiangensis. Bioorganic Chemistry, 127, 105986.
  • Lubis, M. A. R., Park, B. D., and Lee, S. M. (2020). Microencapsulation of polymeric isocyanate for the modification of urea-formaldehyde resins. International journal of adhesion and adhesives, 100, 102599.
  • Mahboubi, M., Sotoudeh Nia, S., Farahani, A., and Ansari, V. (2022). Chemical Composition of Ferula galbaniflua Essential Oils from Different Geographical Regions of Iran. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 92(2), 341-349.
  • Mahendra, V. (2019). Rosin product review. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 890, pp. 77-91). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
  • Mao, S., Wu, C., Gao, Y., Hao, J., He, X., Tao, P., ... and Song, J. (2021). Pine rosin as a valuable natural resource in the synthesis of fungicide candidates for controlling Fusarium oxysporum on cucumber. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(23), 6475-6484.
  • Moghadam, F. H., Dehghan, M., Zarepur, E., Dehlavi, R., Ghaseminia, F., Ehsani, S., ... and Barzegar, K. (2014). Oleo gum resin of Ferula assa-foetida L. ameliorates peripheral neuropathy in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 154(1), 183-189.
  • Mohamed, A. A., Ali, S. I., EL-Baz, F. K., Hegazy, A. K., and Kord, M. A. (2014). Chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of Commiphora myrrha resin. Industrial crops and products, 57, 10-16.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2018). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2017 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2019). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2018 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2020). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2019 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2021). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2020 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2022). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Müdürlüğü, O. G. (2023). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2022 yılı faaliyet raporu. Strateji dairesi başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Neis, F. A., de Costa, F., de Araujo Jr, A. T., Fett, J. P., and Fett-Neto, A. G. (2019). Multiple industrial uses of non-wood pine products. Industrial Crops and Products, 130, 248-258.
  • OEC-a. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/turpentine
  • OEC-b. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/gum-wood-or-sulphate-turpentine-oils
  • OEC-c. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/tall-oil
  • OEC-d. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/rosin
  • Olivares-Pérez, A., Ibarra-Torres, J. C., Ortiz-Gutiérrez, M., Pérez-Cortés, M., and Fuentes-Tapia, I. (2005).
  • Rosin (colophony) holograms sensitized with ammonium dichromate®. Optical Materials, 27(12), 1825-1831.
  • Olvera-Bautista, I., Olivares-Perez, A., Gomez-Colin, R., and Fuentes-Tapia, I. (2005, April). Thermopolymer holograms. In Practical Holography XIX: Materials and Applications (Vol. 5742, pp. 292-297). SPIE.
  • Önal, S. (1995). Bazı uyarıcı maddelerle kızılçam ve karaçamlarda reçine üretimi. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü.
  • Öz, M. (2007). Kızılçam (Pinus brutia ten.)'da reçine kelebeği (Dioryctria sylvestrella ratz.) larva galerisi ve gövde reçinesinin uçucu yağ bileşimi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi).
  • Panda, H. (2008). Handbook on Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals (Rosin, Terpene Derivatives, Tall Oil, Resin & Dimer Acids): Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals, Oleoresin extraction process, Oleoresin Making Small Business Manufacturing, Oleoresin Processing Industry in India, Oleoresin Processing Projects, Oleoresin Science and technology, Oleoresins from Pine: Production and Industrial Uses, Peroxides from Turpentine, Pine Chemicals and Oleoresins Business, Pine Chemicals Based Profitable Projects, Pine Chemicals Based Small .... Asia Pacific Business Press Inc..
  • Panda, S., Pattnaik, S., Maharana, L., Botta, G. B., and Mahapatra, A. K. (2013). Design and evaluation of zidovudine loaded natural biodegradable microcapsules employing colophony resin as microencapsulating agent. Int. J. Phar. Pharm. Sci, 5, 799-805.
  • Payares-Díaz, I. R., Mario-Contreras, O. A., Medrano-Vélez, M. A., and Millán-Romero, E. (2014). Germination and seedling growth of Myroxylon balsamum (L.) harms in the department of Sucre. Revista Colombia Forestal, 17(2), 193-201.
  • Pekgözlü, A. K., ve Ceylan, E. (2021). Sıcaklığın Terebentin Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkisi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 878-884.
  • Puente-Villegas, S. M., García, A. R., Rubio, F., Gil, L., and Lopez, R. (2020). Salicylic and citric acid as promising new stimulants for resin tapping in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Forest Systems, 29(3), eSC07-eSC07.
  • Ress, J., Martin, U., Bosch, J., and Bastidas, D. M. (2020). pH-triggered release of NaNO2 corrosion inhibitors from novel colophony microcapsules in simulated concrete pore solution. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(41), 46686-46700.
  • Rodrigues‐Corrêa, K. C. D. S., de Lima, J. C., and Fett‐Neto, A. G. (2012). Pine oleoresin: tapping green chemicals, biofuels, food protection, and carbon sequestration from multipurpose trees. Food and Energy Security, 1(2), 81-93.
  • Satil, F., Selvi, S., and Polat, R. (2011). Ethnic uses of pine resin production from Pinus brutia by native people on the Kazdag Mountain (Mt. Ida) in Western Turkey.
  • Sell, C. S. (2003). A fragrant introduction to terpenoid chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry.
  • Sharma, K. R., and Lekha, C. (2013). Tapping of Pinus roxburghii (chir pine) for oleoresin in Himachal Pradesh, India. Advances in Forestry Letters (AFL), 2(3), 53-57.
  • Silvestre, A. J., and Gandini, A. (2008). Rosin: major sources, properties and applications. In Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources (pp. 67-88). Elsevier.
  • Sönmez, T., Gencal, B., ve Gencal, B. Bursa Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü Sınırları İçerisinde Potansiyel Reçine Üretim Fonksiyonuna Sahip Alanların Belirlenmesi.
  • Upadhyay, M. (2008). Economic analysis of resin tapping. Wood Science and Technology, 2(3), 1-22.
  • Ursavaş, S. (2002). Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Arnold)'da reçine üretiminin odun kalitesine etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi).
  • Vardar, Y., and Oflas, S. (1973). Preliminary studies on the Styrax oil. Qualitas Plantarum Et Materiae Vegetabiles, 22(2), 145-148.
  • Vázquez-González, C., Zas, R., Erbilgin, N., Ferrenberg, S., Rozas, V., and Sampedro, L. (2020). Resin ducts as resistance traits in conifers: linking dendrochronology and resin-based defences. Tree Physiology, 40(10), 1313-1326.
  • Wang, Y., Yuan, X., Mei, H., Li, J., and Wang, J. (2018). Transcriptome and gene expression analysis revealed mechanisms for producing high oleoresin yields from Simao pine ('Pinus kesiya var. Iangbianensis'). Plant Omics, 11(1), 42-49.
  • Waweru, J. G., Njenga, H. N., and Omosa, L. K. (2016). Standardization of Commiphora abyssinica Engl. gum resin from Kajiado, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(8), 69-74.
  • Wiyono, B., Tachibana, S., and Tinambunan, D. (2006). Chemical compositions of pine resin, rosin and turpentine oil from west java. Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 3(1), 7-17.
  • Yadav, B. K., Gidwani, B., and Vyas, A. (2016). Rosin: Recent advances and potential applications in novel drug delivery system. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 31(2), 111-126.
  • Zinkel, D. F. (1989). The utilization of wood extractives. Natural products of woody plants, 953-1164.
Toplam 96 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği
Bölüm Review Articles and Editorials
Yazarlar

Avni Yıldızbaş 0000-0001-5276-1627

Abdullah İstek 0000-0002-3357-9245

Cennet Burcu Sıradağ Bu kişi benim 0009-0006-2310-1383

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldızbaş, A., İstek, A., & Sıradağ, C. B. (2023). Reçine Üretimine Genel Bir Bakış ve Covid-19’ un Üretim Üzerine Etkisi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 320-339. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1218040


Bartin Orman Fakultesi Dergisi Editorship,

Bartin University, Faculty of Forestry, Dean Floor No:106, Agdaci District, 74100 Bartin-Turkey.

Tel: +90 (378) 223 5094, Fax: +90 (378) 223 5062,

E-mail: bofdergi@gmail.com