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THE ANALYSIS OF RELATIONS BETWEEN RENEWABLE ENERGY, TOURISM, CO2 AND GDP FOR TURKEY

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 192 - 205, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.880406

Öz

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between tourism, renewable energy, GDP and CO2 for Turkey. To this aim, the effect of tourism, renewable energy, and GDP on CO2 was examined. Additionally, the impact of renewable energy, GDP, and CO2 on tourism was searched. According to the results obtained from the FMOLS method, while renewable energy reduces CO2 emission, developments in the tourism sector do not have a statistically significant effect on CO2. Besides, GDP positively affects CO2 emissions and tourism sector. On the other hand, there isn't a significant effect of CO2 on tourism. Therefore, it can be said that policies incentivizing the tourism will not adversely affect the environment. Also it can be stated that tourists don’t consider the environmental quality during their country trips.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, A., Altinoz, B., Özsolak, B., (2021). The nexus between economic growth, tourism development, energyconsumption, and CO2 emissions in Mediterranean countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,28, 3243–3252.
  • Azam M., Alam M.M., Hafeez M.H. (2018). Effect of tourism on environmental pollution: further evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 330–338.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Driha, O. M. , Shahbaz, M., Sinha, A. (2020). The effects of tourism and globalization over environmental degradation in developed countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27,7130–7144.
  • Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431. Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-72.
  • Eyuboglu, K., & Uzar, U. (2019). The impact of tourism on CO2 emission in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-15. doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1636006 Gössling, S. (2000). Sustainable tourism development in developing countries: some aspects of energy-use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 410-425.
  • Jebli, M.B., Youssef, S. B. ve Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28 (2), 1-19.
  • Johansen, S.,& Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration - With Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Johansen S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231–54. Katircioglu, S. T. (2014). International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180–187. Khan M.T.I., Yaseen M.R., Ali, Q. (2019).Nexus between financial development, tourism, renewable energy, and greenhouse gas emission in high-income countries: a continent-wise analysis. Energy Economics, 83,293–310.
  • Kumail, T.D., Ali, W. D.; Farah M., Aburumman, A. D. (2020). Relationship between CO2 emissions, tourism receipt, energy use and international trade in Pakistan. Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally, 4. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2020/research_papers/4
  • Leitão, N. C. & Lorente, D. B.(2021). The Effects of Tourism, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions. In book: Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy (pp.67-87)Chapter: Chapter 4Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0_4
  • Liu, Y., Kumail, T., Ali, W., Sadiq, F. (2019). The dynamic relationship between CO2 emission, international tourism and energy consumption in Pakistan:a cointegration approach. Tourism Review, 74 (4), 761-779.
  • Paramati, S. R., Alam, S. , Chen, C. (2017). The Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Economies. Journal of Travel Research, 56 (6), 712-724.
  • Selvanathan, E. A. , Jayasinghe, M., Selvanathan, S. (2020). Dynamic modelling of inter-relationship between tourism, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in South Asia. International Journal of Tourism Research 2020,1–14.
  • Sghaier, A., Guizani, A., Jabeur, S., Nurunnabi, M. (2019). Tourism development, energy consumptionand environmental quality in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco:a trivariate analysis. GeoJournal, 84, 593–60.
  • Shakouri, B., Yazdi, S. K., Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions?. Anatolia, 28(3), 444–452. Solarin, S. A. (2014). Tourist arrivals and macroeconomic determinants of CO2emissions in Malaysia. Anatolia, 25(2), 228–241.
  • Tandoğan, Dilek & Genç, M.C. (2019). Türkiye’de Turizm ve Karbondioksit Salımı Arasındaki İlişki: Rals-Engle ve Granger Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 30(3), 221 – 230.
  • Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, T (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250. Tugcu, C. T., & Topcu, M. (2018). The impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on tourism: Does the source of emission matter?. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 25(614), 125–136.
  • Yorucu, V. (2016). Growth impact of CO2 emissions caused by tourist arrivals in Turkey. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 8(1), 19–37. Zhang S. & Liu, X. (2019). The roles of international tourism and renewable energy in environment: new evidence from Asian countries. Renewable Energy 139, 385–394

YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ, TURİZM, CO2 VE GSYH İLİŞKİSİNİN TÜRKİYE İÇİN ANALİZİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 192 - 205, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.880406

Öz

Turizm dünya genelinde gelişen bir sektör olup ülke ekonomisi açısından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ancak turizm sektöründeki gelişme ile fosil yakıt tüketimi ve dolayısıyla CO2 emisyonu artabilecektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı turizm, yenilenebilir enerji ve CO2 ilişkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisi FMOLS yöntemi ve Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi ile analiz edilmiştir. FMOLS yönteminden elde edilen sonuçlara göre yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi CO2 emisyonunu azaltırken turizm sektöründeki gelişmeler CO2 üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip değildir. GSYİH’daki artış ise CO2 emisyonunu artırmaktadır. Nedensellik analizi sonucunda ise, CO2 emisyonundan turizme doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca turizmden GSYİH’ya doğru nedensellik belirlenmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji ve turizm arasında ise bir ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir. Böylece turizmi teşvik edici politikaların çevreye olumsuz şekilde yansımasının söz konusu olmayacağını söyleyebiliriz. Ayrıca turistlerin çevre kirliliğini önemsedikleri ifade edilebilir. Turizm sektörüne yönelik yatırımlarda yenilenebilir enerjiye yer verilmesi de turist sayısını etkilemeyecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, A., Altinoz, B., Özsolak, B., (2021). The nexus between economic growth, tourism development, energyconsumption, and CO2 emissions in Mediterranean countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,28, 3243–3252.
  • Azam M., Alam M.M., Hafeez M.H. (2018). Effect of tourism on environmental pollution: further evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 330–338.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Driha, O. M. , Shahbaz, M., Sinha, A. (2020). The effects of tourism and globalization over environmental degradation in developed countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27,7130–7144.
  • Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431. Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-72.
  • Eyuboglu, K., & Uzar, U. (2019). The impact of tourism on CO2 emission in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-15. doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1636006 Gössling, S. (2000). Sustainable tourism development in developing countries: some aspects of energy-use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 410-425.
  • Jebli, M.B., Youssef, S. B. ve Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28 (2), 1-19.
  • Johansen, S.,& Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration - With Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Johansen S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231–54. Katircioglu, S. T. (2014). International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180–187. Khan M.T.I., Yaseen M.R., Ali, Q. (2019).Nexus between financial development, tourism, renewable energy, and greenhouse gas emission in high-income countries: a continent-wise analysis. Energy Economics, 83,293–310.
  • Kumail, T.D., Ali, W. D.; Farah M., Aburumman, A. D. (2020). Relationship between CO2 emissions, tourism receipt, energy use and international trade in Pakistan. Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally, 4. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2020/research_papers/4
  • Leitão, N. C. & Lorente, D. B.(2021). The Effects of Tourism, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions. In book: Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy (pp.67-87)Chapter: Chapter 4Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0_4
  • Liu, Y., Kumail, T., Ali, W., Sadiq, F. (2019). The dynamic relationship between CO2 emission, international tourism and energy consumption in Pakistan:a cointegration approach. Tourism Review, 74 (4), 761-779.
  • Paramati, S. R., Alam, S. , Chen, C. (2017). The Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Economies. Journal of Travel Research, 56 (6), 712-724.
  • Selvanathan, E. A. , Jayasinghe, M., Selvanathan, S. (2020). Dynamic modelling of inter-relationship between tourism, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in South Asia. International Journal of Tourism Research 2020,1–14.
  • Sghaier, A., Guizani, A., Jabeur, S., Nurunnabi, M. (2019). Tourism development, energy consumptionand environmental quality in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco:a trivariate analysis. GeoJournal, 84, 593–60.
  • Shakouri, B., Yazdi, S. K., Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions?. Anatolia, 28(3), 444–452. Solarin, S. A. (2014). Tourist arrivals and macroeconomic determinants of CO2emissions in Malaysia. Anatolia, 25(2), 228–241.
  • Tandoğan, Dilek & Genç, M.C. (2019). Türkiye’de Turizm ve Karbondioksit Salımı Arasındaki İlişki: Rals-Engle ve Granger Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 30(3), 221 – 230.
  • Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, T (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250. Tugcu, C. T., & Topcu, M. (2018). The impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on tourism: Does the source of emission matter?. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 25(614), 125–136.
  • Yorucu, V. (2016). Growth impact of CO2 emissions caused by tourist arrivals in Turkey. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 8(1), 19–37. Zhang S. & Liu, X. (2019). The roles of international tourism and renewable energy in environment: new evidence from Asian countries. Renewable Energy 139, 385–394
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşe Arı 0000-0002-8485-5932

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Arı, A. (2021). YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ, TURİZM, CO2 VE GSYH İLİŞKİSİNİN TÜRKİYE İÇİN ANALİZİ. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 12(2), 192-205. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.880406