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The Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins On Immunity In The COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: COVID-19, 140 - 148, 13.07.2020

Sevinç Bakan Şeyma Nur Deveboynu Fatma Tayhan Kartal

Öz

COVID-19 is a viral disease that affects the whole world, is seriously contagious and affects the respiratory system. Theimmune system protects the organism against pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi. Although always active,the effectiveness of the immune system increases when the organism meets the pathogen. A number of vitaminsand minerals help the immune system to function properly. Molecules called free radicals highly reactive, potentiallyharmful that are capable of stabilizing molecules are called antioxidants. The ability of antioxidants to reduce theload of excessive free radicals helps maintain the structural integrity of tissues and cells in the immune system aswell as other systems in the body. Vitamins A, C, E cannot be synthesized in the body and vitamin D needs sun raysto be synthesized in the body and these have important functions in the full fulfillment of immune function and areessential nutrients with antioxidant properties. Each of these nutrients has its own functions. In this study, it is aimedto give information about the roles of antioxidant vitamins in supporting the immune system in COVID-19 pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antioxidant COVID-19 Immunity Vitamin

Kaynakça

  • Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Nameni G, Hajiluian G, Mesgari-Abbasi M. (2017). Cardiac tissue oxidative stress and inflammation after vitamin D administrations in high fat- diet induced obese rats. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 17: 161.
  • Adams JS, Ren S, Liu PT, Chun RF, Lagishetty V, Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Modlin RL, Hewison M. (2009). Vitamin D-Directed Rheostatic Regulation of Monocyte Antibacterial Responses. The Journal of Immunology, 182(7): 4289–4295.
  • Adams, KK, Baker WL, Sobieraj DM. (2020). Myth Busters: Dietary Supplements and COVID-19. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 106002802092805.
  • Agier J, Efenberger M, Brzezińska-Blaszczyk E. (2015). Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells. In Central European Journal of Immunology, 40(2): 225-235. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2015.51359
  • Akbulut G. (2016). D Vitamini ve İmmün Sistem. Turkiye Klinikleri Nutrition and Dietetics - Special Topics, 2(2): 67–71.
  • Alsayed R, Adil H, Al-Hussin A, Hussain Z, Mohammed S, Yousif E. (2018). Antioxidant activity of vitamins against free radicals. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation (IJREI), 2 (3): 249-252.
  • Aslan R. (2018). Vitaminler Oksidan Antioksidan Dengeyi Nasıl Etkiliyor? Göller Bölgesi Aylık Hakemli Ekonomi ve Kültür Dergisi, 6 (68): 69-73.
  • Atluri S, Laxmaiah M, Hirsch J. (2020). Expanded Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs) as a Therapeutic Strategy in Managing Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: The Case for Compassionate Use. Pain Physician, 23(2): E71–E83.
  • Barlow PG, Svoboda P, Mackellar A, Nash AA, York IA, Pohl J, Davidson DJ, Donis RO. (2011). Antiviral activity and increased host defense against influenza infection elicited by the human cathelicidin LL-37. PLoS ONE, 6(10): e25333.
  • Baysal A. (2011). Beslenme (13. baskı). Hatipoğlu Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Butler MJ, Barrientos RM. (2020). The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. In Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. Academic Press Inc.
  • Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, Eggersdorfer M. (2020). Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients, 12(4): 1–10.
  • Carr AC, Maggini S. (2017). Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients, 9(11): 1–25.
  • Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. (2020). Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
  • Chew BP. (1996). Importance of antioxidant vitamins in immunity and health in animals. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 59:103-114.
  • De Waele E, Malbrain MLNG, Spapen H. (2020). Nutrition in sepsis: A bench-to-bedside review. Nutrients, 12(2): 1–16.
  • Elmadfa I, Meyer AL. (2019). The Role of the Status of Selected Micronutrients in Shaping the Immune Function. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets, 19(8): 1100–1115.
  • Francenia Santos-Sánchez N, Salas-Coronado R, Villanueva-Cañongo C, Hernández-Carlos B. (2019). Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism. In; Antioxidants, Shalaby E (Ed), 1-28, IntechOpen, London, UK,
  • Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system–working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients, 12(1):236
  • Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, & Bhattoa HP. (2020). Evidence that vitamin d supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and covid-19 infections and deaths. In Nutrients, 12(4): 988
  • Gibney MJ, Lanham-New SA, Cassidy A, Vorster HH. (2009). Introduction to Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition, United Kingdom; Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hemilä H. (2016). Vitamin E administration may decrease the incidence of pneumonia in elderly males. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 11: 1379–1385.
  • Hemilä H, Chalker E. (2020). Vitamin C as a Possible Therapy for COVID-19. Infect Chemother, 52(2): 1–2.
  • Holick MF. (2005). The Vitamin D Epidemic and its Health Consequences. The Journal of Nutrition, 135(11): 2739S-2748S.
  • Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng S. (2018). Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(9): 258.
  • Jakovac H. (2020). COVID-19 and vitamin D-Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention? In American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 318 (5): E589.
  • Kara M, Ekiz T, Ricci V, Kara Ö, Chang KV, Özçakar L. (2020). ‘Scientific Strabismus’ or Two Related Pandemics: COVID-19 & Vitamin D Deficiency. British Journal of Nutrition, 1–20.
  • Karabulut H, Gülay MŞ. (2016). Serbest Radikaller. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(1): 50-59.
  • Kashiouris MG, L’heureux M, Cable CA, Fisher BJ, Leichtle SW, Fowler AA. (2020). The emerging role of vitamin C as a treatment for sepsis. Nutrients, 12(2): 1–16.
  • Kim H, Jang M, Kim Y, Choi J, Jeon J, Kim J, Hwang Y, Kang JS, Lee WJ. (2016). Red ginseng and Vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 68(3): 406–420.
  • Lee GY, Han SN. (2018). The role of vitamin E in immunity. In Nutrients, 10(11): 1614
  • Lewis ED, Meydani SN, Wu D. (2019). Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB Life, 71(4): 487–494.
  • Li B, Wang Y, Shen F, Wu M, Li Y, Fang Z, Ye J, Wang L, Gao L, Yuan Z, Chen J. (2018). Identification of retinoic acid receptor agonists as potent hepatitis B virus inhibitors via a drug repurposing screen. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 62(12): e00465-18.
  • Martínez-Moreno J, Hernandez JC, Urcuqui-Inchima S. (2020). Effect of high doses of vitamin D supplementation on dengue virus replication, Toll-like receptor expression, and cytokine profiles on dendritic cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 464(1–2): 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11010-019-03658-w.
  • McCullough FSW, Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI. (1999). The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58(2): 289–293. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0029665199000403.
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COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: COVID-19, 140 - 148, 13.07.2020

Sevinç Bakan Şeyma Nur Deveboynu Fatma Tayhan Kartal

Öz

COVID-19 tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almış olan, ciddi şekilde bulaşıcı ve solunum sistemini etkileyen viral bir hastalıktır.Bağışıklık sistemi virüs, bakteri, mantar gibi patojenlere karşı organizmayı korur. Her zaman aktif olmasına rağmen,organizmanın patojen ile karşılaştığında bağışıklık sisteminin etkinliği artar. Bir takım vitamin ve mineraller bağışıklıksisteminin sağlıklı bir şekilde işlemesine yardımcıdır. Serbest radikaller olarak adlandırılan, oldukça reaktif, potansiyelolarak zararlı molekülleri stabilize etme yeteneğine sahip moleküllere antioksidan denir. Antioksidanların fazla miktardabulunan serbest radikallerin yükünü azaltma özelliği, vücuttaki diğer sistemlerin yanı sıra bağışıklık sistemindekidoku ve hücrelerin de yapısal bütünlüğünü korumaya yardım eder. A, C, E vitaminleri vücutta sentezlenemeyen veD vitamini ise vücutta sentezlenmesi için güneş ışınlarına ihtiyaç duyan, bağışıklık fonsiyonunun tam olarak yerinegetirilmesinde önemli görevleri olan antioksidan özelliğe sahip esansiyel besin öğeleridir. Bu besin öğelerinin herbirinin kendine özgü işlevleri vardır. Bu çalışmada COVID-19 pandemisinde bağışıklık sisteminin desteklenmesindeantioksidan vitaminlerin rolleri ile ilgili bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antioksidan Bağışıklık COVID-19 Vitamin

Kaynakça

  • Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Nameni G, Hajiluian G, Mesgari-Abbasi M. (2017). Cardiac tissue oxidative stress and inflammation after vitamin D administrations in high fat- diet induced obese rats. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 17: 161.
  • Adams JS, Ren S, Liu PT, Chun RF, Lagishetty V, Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Modlin RL, Hewison M. (2009). Vitamin D-Directed Rheostatic Regulation of Monocyte Antibacterial Responses. The Journal of Immunology, 182(7): 4289–4295.
  • Adams, KK, Baker WL, Sobieraj DM. (2020). Myth Busters: Dietary Supplements and COVID-19. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 106002802092805.
  • Agier J, Efenberger M, Brzezińska-Blaszczyk E. (2015). Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells. In Central European Journal of Immunology, 40(2): 225-235. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2015.51359
  • Akbulut G. (2016). D Vitamini ve İmmün Sistem. Turkiye Klinikleri Nutrition and Dietetics - Special Topics, 2(2): 67–71.
  • Alsayed R, Adil H, Al-Hussin A, Hussain Z, Mohammed S, Yousif E. (2018). Antioxidant activity of vitamins against free radicals. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation (IJREI), 2 (3): 249-252.
  • Aslan R. (2018). Vitaminler Oksidan Antioksidan Dengeyi Nasıl Etkiliyor? Göller Bölgesi Aylık Hakemli Ekonomi ve Kültür Dergisi, 6 (68): 69-73.
  • Atluri S, Laxmaiah M, Hirsch J. (2020). Expanded Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs) as a Therapeutic Strategy in Managing Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: The Case for Compassionate Use. Pain Physician, 23(2): E71–E83.
  • Barlow PG, Svoboda P, Mackellar A, Nash AA, York IA, Pohl J, Davidson DJ, Donis RO. (2011). Antiviral activity and increased host defense against influenza infection elicited by the human cathelicidin LL-37. PLoS ONE, 6(10): e25333.
  • Baysal A. (2011). Beslenme (13. baskı). Hatipoğlu Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Butler MJ, Barrientos RM. (2020). The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. In Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. Academic Press Inc.
  • Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, Eggersdorfer M. (2020). Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients, 12(4): 1–10.
  • Carr AC, Maggini S. (2017). Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients, 9(11): 1–25.
  • Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. (2020). Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
  • Chew BP. (1996). Importance of antioxidant vitamins in immunity and health in animals. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 59:103-114.
  • De Waele E, Malbrain MLNG, Spapen H. (2020). Nutrition in sepsis: A bench-to-bedside review. Nutrients, 12(2): 1–16.
  • Elmadfa I, Meyer AL. (2019). The Role of the Status of Selected Micronutrients in Shaping the Immune Function. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets, 19(8): 1100–1115.
  • Francenia Santos-Sánchez N, Salas-Coronado R, Villanueva-Cañongo C, Hernández-Carlos B. (2019). Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism. In; Antioxidants, Shalaby E (Ed), 1-28, IntechOpen, London, UK,
  • Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system–working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients, 12(1):236
  • Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, & Bhattoa HP. (2020). Evidence that vitamin d supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and covid-19 infections and deaths. In Nutrients, 12(4): 988
  • Gibney MJ, Lanham-New SA, Cassidy A, Vorster HH. (2009). Introduction to Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition, United Kingdom; Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hemilä H. (2016). Vitamin E administration may decrease the incidence of pneumonia in elderly males. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 11: 1379–1385.
  • Hemilä H, Chalker E. (2020). Vitamin C as a Possible Therapy for COVID-19. Infect Chemother, 52(2): 1–2.
  • Holick MF. (2005). The Vitamin D Epidemic and its Health Consequences. The Journal of Nutrition, 135(11): 2739S-2748S.
  • Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng S. (2018). Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(9): 258.
  • Jakovac H. (2020). COVID-19 and vitamin D-Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention? In American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 318 (5): E589.
  • Kara M, Ekiz T, Ricci V, Kara Ö, Chang KV, Özçakar L. (2020). ‘Scientific Strabismus’ or Two Related Pandemics: COVID-19 & Vitamin D Deficiency. British Journal of Nutrition, 1–20.
  • Karabulut H, Gülay MŞ. (2016). Serbest Radikaller. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(1): 50-59.
  • Kashiouris MG, L’heureux M, Cable CA, Fisher BJ, Leichtle SW, Fowler AA. (2020). The emerging role of vitamin C as a treatment for sepsis. Nutrients, 12(2): 1–16.
  • Kim H, Jang M, Kim Y, Choi J, Jeon J, Kim J, Hwang Y, Kang JS, Lee WJ. (2016). Red ginseng and Vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 68(3): 406–420.
  • Lee GY, Han SN. (2018). The role of vitamin E in immunity. In Nutrients, 10(11): 1614
  • Lewis ED, Meydani SN, Wu D. (2019). Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB Life, 71(4): 487–494.
  • Li B, Wang Y, Shen F, Wu M, Li Y, Fang Z, Ye J, Wang L, Gao L, Yuan Z, Chen J. (2018). Identification of retinoic acid receptor agonists as potent hepatitis B virus inhibitors via a drug repurposing screen. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 62(12): e00465-18.
  • Martínez-Moreno J, Hernandez JC, Urcuqui-Inchima S. (2020). Effect of high doses of vitamin D supplementation on dengue virus replication, Toll-like receptor expression, and cytokine profiles on dendritic cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 464(1–2): 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11010-019-03658-w.
  • McCullough FSW, Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI. (1999). The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58(2): 289–293. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0029665199000403.
  • Messina G, Polito R, Monda V, Cipolloni L, Di Nunno N, Di Mizio G, Murabito P, Carotenuto M, Messina A, Pisanelli D, Valenzano A, Cibelli G, Scarinci A, Monda M, Sessa F. (2020). Functional role of dietary intervention to improve the outcome of COVID-19: A hypothesis of work. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(9): 3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms21093104.
  • Meydani S, Lewin E, Wu D. (2018). Perspective: Should Vitamin E Recommendations for Older Adults Be Increased? Advenced in Nutrition, 9(5): 533–543. Moriguchi S, Muraga M. (2000). Vitamin E and immunity. In Vitamins and Hormones, 59:305–336. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0083-6729(00)59011-6.
  • Mosekilde L. (2005). Vitamin D and the elderly. Clinical Endocrinology, 62(3): 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2265.2005.02226.x.
  • Nabzdyk CS, Bittner EA, Nabzdyk CS, Bittner EA. (2018). Vitamin C in the critically ill - indications and controversies. World Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 7(5):52–72. https://doi. org/10.5492/wjccm.v7.i5.52.
  • National Instutes of Health (NIH). (2020). Vitamin D - Health Professional Fact Sheet. Erişim adresi: https://ods.od.nih. gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ Erişim tarihi:12.06.2020.
  • Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan L, Li WC. (2009). Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science, 88:2101- 2107.
  • Paciolla C, Fortunato S, Dipierro N, Paradiso A, De Leonardis S, Mastropasqua L, de Pinto MC. (2019). Vitamin C in plants: From functions to biofortification. Antioxidants, 8(11):519. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110519.
  • Panarese A, Shahini E. (2020). Letter: Covid-19, and vitamin D. In Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 51(10):993– 995. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15752.
  • Pant S, Singh M, Ravichandiran V, Murty USN, Srivastava HK. (2020). Peptide-like and small-molecule inhibitors against Covid-19. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, 2020:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1757510.
  • Patel N, Penkert RR, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Surman SL, Sun Y, Tang L, De Beauchamp J, Webb A, Richardson J, Heine R, Dallas RH, Ross AC, Webby R, Hurwitz JL. (2019). Baseline serum Vitamin A and D levels determine benefit of oral Vitamin A&D supplements to humoral immune responses following pediatric influenza vaccination. Viruses, 11(10):907 . https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100907.
  • Raverdeau M, Mills KHG. (2014). Modulation of T Cell and Innate Immune Responses by Retinoic Acid. The Journal of Immunology, 192(7): 2953–2958. https://doi.org/10.4049/ jimmunol.1303245.
  • Rhodes JM, Subramanian S, Laird E, Anne Kenny R. (2020). Editorial: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North – supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. In Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 51(12):1434. https://doi. org/10.1111/apt.15777.
  • Rondanelli M, Miccono A, Lamburghini S, Avanzato I, Riva A, Allegrini P, Faliva M, Peroni G, Nichetti M, Perna S. (2018). Self-Care for Common Colds: The Pivotal Role of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea in Three Main Immune Interactive Clusters (Physical Barriers, Innate and Adaptive Immunity) Involved During an Episode of Common ColdsPractical Advice on Dosages and on the Time to Take These Nutrients/Botanicals in Order to Prevent or Treat Common Colds. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM, 2018: 5813095. https://doi. org/10.1155/2018/5813095.
  • Sajadi MM, Habibzadeh P, Vintzileos A, Shokouhi S, MirallesWilhelm F, Amoroso A. (2020). Temperature and Latitude Analysis to Predict Potential Spread and Seasonality for COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 3(6): e2011834. https://doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.3550308.
  • Sharma L. (2020). Dietary management to build adaptive immunity against COVID-19. Journal of PeerScientist 2(2): e10000161–6. Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. (2020). COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: A clinical–therapeutic staging proposal. In Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 39 (5): 405-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012.
  • Skalny AV, Rink L, Ajsuvakova OP, Aschner M, Gritsenko VA, Alekseenko SI, Svistunov AA, Petrakis D, Spandidos DA, Aaseth J, Tsatsakis A, Tinkov AA. (2020). Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46(1): 17. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575.
  • Spoelstra-De Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM. (2018). Vitamin C: Should we supplement? Current Opinion in Critical Care, 24(4): 248–255. https://doi. org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000510.
  • Stephensen CB. (2001). Vitamin A, Infection, and Immune Function . Annual Review of Nutrition, 21(1): 167–192. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.167.
  • Sutherland ER, Goleva E, Jackson LP, Stevens AD, Leung DYM. (2010). Vitamin D levels, lung function, and steroid response in adult asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 181(7): 699–704. https://doi. org/10.1164/rccm.200911-1710OC.
  • Tezcan İ. (2012). D Vitamini ve İmmün Sistem. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr Sci, 8(2): 66–68.
  • Timoneda J, Rodríguez-Fernández L, Zaragozá R, Marín MP, Cabezuelo MT, Torres L, Viña JR, Barber T. (2018). Vitamin A deficiency and the lung. Nutrients. 10(9):1132. https://doi. org/10.3390/nu10091132.
  • Trottier C, Chabot S, Mann KK, Colombo M, Chatterjee A, Miller WH, Ward BJ. (2008). Retinoids inhibit measles virus in vitro via nuclear retinoid receptor signaling pathways. Antiviral Research, 80(1): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. antiviral.2008.04.003.
  • Van Gorkom GNY, Klein Wolterink RGJ, Van Elssen CHMJ, Wieten L, Germeraad WTV, Bos GMJ. (2018). Influence of Vitamin C on lymphocytes: An overview. Antioxidants, 7(3): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANTIOX7030041.
  • Wang JZ, Zhang RY, Bai J. (2020). An anti-oxidative therapy for ameliorating cardiac injuries of critically ill COVID-19- infected patients. International Journal of Cardiology, 312:137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.04.009.
  • WHO. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019. Events as they happen. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen Erişim tarihi:12.06.2020.
  • Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HCD, Shannar A, Peter R, Chou PJ, Li S, Hudlikar R, Liu X, Liu Z, Poiani GJ, Amorosa L, Brunetti L, Kong AN. (2020). An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19. Current Pharmacology Reports, 6; 56– 70 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7.
  • Yuan S, Chu H, Chan JF, Ye ZW, Wen L, Yan B, Lai PM, Tee KM, Huang J, Chen D, Li C, Zhao X, Yang D, Chiu MC, Yip C, Poon VKM, Chan CCS, Sze KH, Zhou J, Chan IHY, Kok KH, To KKW, Kao RYT, Lau JY, Jin DY, Perlman S, Yuen KY. (2019). SREBP-dependent lipidomic reprogramming as a broadspectrum antiviral target. Nat Commun, 10(1):120. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08015-x.
  • Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A. (2020). COVID-19: The Inflammation Link and the Role of Nutrition in Potential Mitigation. Nutrients, 12(5): 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu12051466.
  • Zhang L, Liu Y. (2020). Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. In Journal of Medical Virology, 92(5):479–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jmv.25707.
  • Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, Wang J, Qin Y, Zhang X, Yan X, Zeng X, Zhang S. (2020). The use of antiinflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The experience of clinical immunologists from China. In Clinical Immunology, 214:108393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108393.
  • Zhao Y, Ran Z, Jiang Q, Hu N, Yu B, Zhu L, Shen L, Zhang S, Chen L, Chen H, Jiang J, Chen D. (2019). Vitamin D Alleviates Rotavirus Infection through a Microrna-155-5p Mediated Regulation of the TBK1/IRF3 Signaling Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(14): 3562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143562.
  • Zhonghu L. (2020). [The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 41(2): 145-151. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.is sn.0254-6450.2020.02.003.
  • Zingg JM. (2007). Vitamin E: An overview of major research directions. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 28:400-422.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sevinç Bakan 0000-0002-8660-7756

Şeyma Nur Deveboynu Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1533-4973

Fatma Tayhan Kartal 0000-0001-8524-9048

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: COVID-19

Kaynak Göster

APA Bakan, S., Deveboynu, Ş. N., & Tayhan Kartal, F. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(COVID-19), 140-148.
AMA Bakan S, Deveboynu ŞN, Tayhan Kartal F. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi. AvrasyaSBD. Temmuz 2020;3(COVID-19):140-148.
Chicago Bakan, Sevinç, Şeyma Nur Deveboynu, ve Fatma Tayhan Kartal. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3, sy. COVID-19 (Temmuz 2020): 140-48.
EndNote Bakan S, Deveboynu ŞN, Tayhan Kartal F (01 Temmuz 2020) COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3 COVID-19 140–148.
IEEE S. Bakan, Ş. N. Deveboynu, ve F. Tayhan Kartal, “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi”, AvrasyaSBD, c. 3, sy. COVID-19, ss. 140–148, 2020.
ISNAD Bakan, Sevinç vd. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3/COVID-19 (Temmuz 2020), 140-148.
JAMA Bakan S, Deveboynu ŞN, Tayhan Kartal F. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi. AvrasyaSBD. 2020;3:140–148.
MLA Bakan, Sevinç vd. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 3, sy. COVID-19, 2020, ss. 140-8.
Vancouver Bakan S, Deveboynu ŞN, Tayhan Kartal F. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bağışıklık Üzerine Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Etkisi. AvrasyaSBD. 2020;3(COVID-19):140-8.
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