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HASHIMOTO TİROİDİTİ YÖNETİMİNDE GLUTENSİZ BESLENMENİN YERİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 181 - 187, 01.01.2024

Zeynep Kalaycı Hülya Kamarlı Altun

https://doi.org/10.53394/akd.1164423

Öz

Otoimmün tiroid hastalıkları, kadınlar ağırlıklı olmak üzere, nüfusun %2-5’ini etkilemektedir. Sırasıyla hipotiroidi ve hipertiroidiye yol açan, Hashimoto tiroiditi ve Graves hastalığı, en yaygın görülen otoimmün tiroid hastalıklarıdır. Hashimoto tiroiditi, foliküler hücrelerin lenfositik infiltrat ve fibrozis ile yer değiştirmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır ve tiroid antikorlarından özellikle tiroid peroksidaz antikorları, tiroglobulin antikorları ve azalmış tiroid bezi ekojenitesi ile karakterizedir. Tiroid parankimasının sürekli yıkımı, hipotiroidizme neden olur ve levotiroksin gibi sentetik tiroid hormonları kronik tedavide yaygın olarak kullanılır. Son yıllarda Hashimoto tiroiditinde gluten tüketiminden kaçınmak, popüler bir eğilim haline gelmiştir. Glutensiz diyetin ana ilkesi, içerisinde gluten bulunan buğday, arpa, çavdar, yulaf ve bunları içeren bütün yiyecek, içecek, ilaç ve besin takviyelerinin diyetten çıkarılmasıdır. Ancak glutensiz diyet aslında bir ince bağırsak enteropatisi olan çölyak hastalığı için mevcut bir tedavi şeklidir. Ayrıca gluten eliminasyonundan sonra hastalar, selenyum, iyot, magnezyum, çinko ve bakır eksikliği açısından risk altında olmaktadır. Bunun yanında glutensiz diyetler, sürdürülmesi zor ve pahalı diyetlerdir. Yapılan çalışmalarda glutensiz diyetin, Hashimoto tiroiditi gibi otoimmün tiroid hastalıklarının progresyonu ve potansiyel komplikasyonları açısından fayda sağlayabileceği bildirilmektedir. Hashimoto tiroiditi hastaları değerlendirilirken, mutlaka eşlik eden çölyak hastalığının varlığı da sorgulanmalıdır. Glutensiz diyetin Hashimoto tiroiditi hastalığının yönetiminde kullanılmasına dair yapılan çalışmalar yetersizdir ve glutensiz diyetin Hashimoto tiroiditi olan hastalara önerilmesi için yeterli kanıt bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, otoimmün tiroid hastalıklarından Hashimoto tiroiditinin yönetiminde glutensiz diyet uygulamaları ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaları derlemek, bilimsel açıdan değerlendirmek ve literatüre yeni bilgiler kazandırmak amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Otoimmün Hashimoto tiroiditi Glutensiz diyet

Kaynakça

  • 1. McLeod DS, Cooper DS. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine. 2012;42(2):252-65.
  • 2. Ziegler A-G, Schmid S, Huber D, Hummel M, Bonifacio E. Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetes–associated autoantibodies. Jama. 2003;290(13):1721-8.
  • 3. Krysiak R, Szkróbka W, Okopień B. The effect of gluten-free diet on thyroid autoimmunity in drug-naïve women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a pilot study. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 2019;127(07):417-22.
  • 4. Pobłocki J, Pańka T, Szczuko M, Telesiński A, Syrenicz A. Whether a Gluten-Free Diet Should Be Recommended in Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis or Not?—A 12-Month Follow-Up. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(15):3240.
  • 5. Hashimoto H. Zur Kenntniss der lymphomatösen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma. Archiv für klinische Chirurgie. 1912;97:219.
  • 6. Effraimidis G, Wiersinga WM. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(6):R241-R52.
  • 7. Brand OJ, Barrett JC, Simmonds MJ, Newby PR, McCabe CJ, Bruce CK, Kysela B, Carr-Smith JD, Brix T, Hunt PJ. Association of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR) with Graves’ disease. Human molecular genetics. 2009;18(9):1704-13.
  • 8. Colobran R, Armengol MdP, Faner R, Gärtner M, Tykocinski L-O, Lucas A, Ruiz M, Juan M, Kyewski B, Pujol-Borrell R. Association of an SNP with intrathymic transcription of TSHR and Graves' disease: a role for defective thymic tolerance. Human molecular genetics. 2011;20(17):3415-23.
  • 9. Hasham A, Tomer Y. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in thyroid autoimmunity. Immunologic research. 2012;54(1):204-13.
  • 10. Ji R, Feng Y, Zhan W. Updated analysis of studies on the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 gene A49G polymorphism and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis risk. Genet Mol Res. 2013;12(2):1421-30.
  • 11. Li M, Sun H, Liu S, Yu J, Li Q, Liu P, Shen H, Sun D. CD40 C/T-1 polymorphism plays different roles in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a meta-analysis. Endocrine journal. 2012;59(12):1041-50.
  • 12. Xiao L, Muhali F-S, Cai T-t, Song R-h, Hu R, Shi X-h, Jiang W-j, Li D-F, He S-t, Xu J. Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the STAT3 gene with autoimmune thyroid disease in Chinese individuals. Functional & integrative genomics. 2013;13(4):455-61.
  • 13. Santos LR, Durães C, Mendes A, Prazeres H, Alvelos MI, Moreira CS, Canedo P, Esteves C, Neves C, Carvalho D. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the selenoprotein S gene (SEPS1) contributes to Hashimoto's thyroiditis susceptibility. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(4):E719-E23.
  • 14. Wu Q, Rayman MP, Lv H, Schomburg L, Cui B, Gao C, Chen P, Zhuang G, Zhang Z, Peng X. Low population selenium status is associated with increased prevalence of thyroid disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(11):4037-47.
  • 15. Rayman MP. Multiple nutritional factors and thyroid disease, with particular reference to autoimmune thyroid disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2019;78(1):34-44.
  • 16. Bülow Pedersen I, Knudsen N, Carlé A, Schomburg L, Köhrle J, Jørgensen T, Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Lauberg P. Serum selenium is low in newly diagnosed G raves’ disease: a population‐based study. Clinical endocrinology. 2013;79(4):584-90.
  • 17. Xu M-Y, Cao B, Yin J, Wang D-F, Chen K-L, Lu Q-B. Vitamin D and Graves’ disease: a meta-analysis update. Nutrients. 2015;7(5):3813-27.
  • 18. Cepon TJ, Snodgrass JJ, Leonard WR, Tarskaia LA, Klimova TM, Fedorova VI, Baltakhinova ME, Krivoshapkin VG. Circumpolar adaptation, social change, and the development of autoimmune thyroid disorders among the Yakut (Sakha) of Siberia. American Journal of Human Biology. 2011;23(5):703-9.
  • 19. Glick AB, Wodzinski A, Fu P, Levine AD, Wald DN. Impairment of regulatory T-cell function in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid. 2013;23(7):871-8.
  • 20. Koehler P, Wieser H, Konitzer K. Celiac disease and gluten: multidisciplinary challenges and opportunities: Academic Press; 2014.
  • 21. Wade L. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Organic Chemistry; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. 2010:1153-99.
  • 22. Schalk K, Lexhaller B, Koehler P, Scherf KA. Isolation and characterization of gluten protein types from wheat, rye, barley and oats for use as reference materials. PloS one. 2017;12(2):e0172819.
  • 23. Scherf KA, Koehler P, Wieser H. Gluten and wheat sensitivities–an overview. Journal of Cereal Science. 2016;67:2-11.
  • 24. CODEX S. Codex Alimentarius, International Food Standards. Standard for Edible Fats and Oils not Covered by Individual Standards FAO Rome. 1981:1-5.
  • 25. Diamanti A, Capriati T, Bizzarri C, Ferretti F, Ancinelli M, Romano F, Perilli A, Laureti F, Locatelli M. Autoimmune diseases and celiac disease which came first: genotype or gluten? Expert review of clinical immunology. 2016;12(1):67-77.
  • 26. Hoffenberg EJ, MacKenzie T, Barriga KJ, Eisenbarth GS, Bao F, Haas JE, Erlich H, Bugawan T, Sokol R, Taki I. A prospective study of the incidence of childhood celiac disease. The Journal of pediatrics. 2003;143(3):308-14.
  • 27. Szałowska-Woźniak DA, Bąk-Romaniszyn L, Cywińska-Bernas A, Zeman K. Evaluation of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype in patients with celiac disease hospitalised in 2012 at the Department of Paediatrics. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny. 2014;9(1):32-7.
  • 28. Hollon J, Puppa EL, Greenwald B, Goldberg E, Guerrerio A, Fasano A. Effect of gliadin on permeability of intestinal biopsy explants from celiac disease patients and patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):1565-76.
  • 29. Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M, Grazia Clemente M, Sapone ATA, Thakar M, Iacono G, Carroccio A, D'Agete C, Not T. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. 2006;41(4):408-19.
  • 30. Aydin BK, Yildiz M, Akgun A, Topal N, Adal E, Onal H. Children with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Have Increased Intestinal Permeability: Results of a Pilot Study. J Clin Res Pediatric Endocrinol. 2020.
  • 31. Smyth DJ, Plagnol V, Walker NM, Cooper JD, Downes K, Yang JH, et al. Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;359(26):2767-77.
  • 32. Liontiris MI, Mazokopakis EE. A concise review of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and the importance of iodine, selenium, vitamin D and gluten on the autoimmunity and dietary management of HT patients. Points that need more investigation. Hell J Nucl Med. 2017;20(1):51-6.
  • 33. Ihnatowicz P, Wątor P, Drywień ME. The importance of gluten exclusion in the management of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2021;28(4):558-68.
  • 34. Roy A, Laszkowska M, Sundström J, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Kämpe O, Ludvigsson JF. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: a meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2016;26(7):880-90.
  • 35. El Khoury D, Balfour-Ducharme S, Joye IJ. A review on the gluten-free diet: Technological and nutritional challenges. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1410.
  • 36. Colombo F, Di Lorenzo C, Biella S, Bani C, Restani P. Ancient and modern cereals as ingredients of the gluten-free diet: are they safe enough for celiac consumers? Foods. 2021;10(4):906.
  • 37. Bascuñán KA, Vespa MC, Araya M. Celiac disease: understanding the gluten-free diet. European Journal of Nutrition. 2017;56(2):449-59.
  • 38. Kus K, Zielińska K, Zaprutko T, Ratajczak P, Nowakowska E. Choroba Hashimoto–efektywność diety bezglutenowej. Pol Prz Nauk Zdr. 2016;4(49):370-6.
  • 39. Mainardi E, Montanelli A, Dotti M, Nano R, Moscato G. Thyroid-related autoantibodies and celiac disease: a role for a gluten-free diet? Journal of clinical gastroenterology. 2002;35(3):245-8.
  • 40. Metso S, Hyytiä-Ilmonen H, Kaukinen K, Huhtala H, Jaatinen P, Salmi J, Taurio J, Collin P. Gluten-free diet and autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with celiac disease. A prospective controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;47(1):43-8.
  • 41. Sategna-Guidetti C, Volta U, Ciacci C, Usai P, Carlino A, De Franceschi L, Camera A, Pelli A, Brossa C. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in untreated adult celiac disease patients and effect of gluten withdrawal: an Italian multicenter study. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2001;96(3):751-7.
  • 42. Konieczny S, Lange E, Krusiec J. Wpływ diet eliminacyjnych na jakość życia osób z wybranymi chorobami autoimmunologicznymi. Kosmos. 2019;68(2):215-26.
  • 43. Valentino R, Savastano S, Tommaselli AP, Dorato M, Scarpitta MT, Gigante M, Micillo M, Paparo F, Petrone E, Lombardi G. Prevalence of coeliac disease in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 1999;51(3):124-7.
  • 44. Ventura A, Neri E, Ughi C, Leopaldi A, Città A, Not T. Gluten-dependent diabetes-related and thyroid-related autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease. The Journal of pediatrics. 2000;137(2):263-5.
  • 45. Zubarik R, Nathan M, Vahora H, Ganguly EK, Vecchio J. Su1435 Hypothyroid Patients Requiring Elevated Doses of Levothyroxine to Maintain a Euthyroid State Should Be Tested for Celiac Disease (CD). Gastroenterology. 2014;5(146):S-468.
  • 46. Sharma BR, Joshi AS, Varthakavi PK, Chadha MD, Bhagwat NM, Pawal PS. Celiac autoimmunity in autoimmune thyroid disease is highly prevalent with a questionable impact. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2016;20(1):97.
  • 47. Szczuko M, Syrenicz A, Szymkowiak K, Przybylska A, Szczuko U, Pobłocki J, Kulpa D. Doubtful Justification of the Gluten-Free Diet in the Course of Hashimoto’s Disease. Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1727.

THE PLACE OF A GLUTEN-FREE DIET IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 181 - 187, 01.01.2024

Zeynep Kalaycı Hülya Kamarlı Altun

https://doi.org/10.53394/akd.1164423

Öz

Autoimmune thyroid diseases affect 2-5% of the population, predominantly women. Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, causing hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively, are the most common autoimmune thyroid diseases. Hashimoto's thyroiditis results from replacement of follicular cells by lymphocytic infiltrate and fibrosis and is characterized by thyroid antibodies, particularly thyroid peroxidase antibodies, thyroglobulin antibodies, and decreased thyroid gland echogenicity. Persistent destruction of the thyroid parenchyma causes hypothyroidism, and synthetic thyroid hormones such as levothyroxine are widely used in chronic therapy. In recent years, avoiding gluten consumption in Hashimoto's thyroiditis has become a popular trend. The main principle of the gluten-free diet is the elimination of wheat, barley, rye, oats and all foods, beverages, medicines and nutritional supplements containing gluten from the diet. But the gluten-free diet is actually an existing form of treatment for celiac disease, a small intestinal enteropathy. In addition, after gluten elimination, patients are at risk for selenium, iodine, magnesium, zinc and copper deficiencies. In addition, gluten-free diets are difficult and expensive to maintain. Studies have reported that gluten-free diet may provide benefits in terms of progression and potential complications of autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. When evaluating patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the presence of concomitant celiac disease should also be questioned. Studies on the use of a gluten-free diet in the management of Hashimoto's thyroiditis are insufficient and there is insufficient evidence to recommend a gluten-free diet to patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In this study, it was aimed to compile the studies on gluten-free diet practices in the management of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, one of the autoimmune thyroid diseases, to evaluate them scientifically and to bring new information to the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Autoimmune; Hashimoto Gluten free diet

Kaynakça

  • 1. McLeod DS, Cooper DS. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine. 2012;42(2):252-65.
  • 2. Ziegler A-G, Schmid S, Huber D, Hummel M, Bonifacio E. Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetes–associated autoantibodies. Jama. 2003;290(13):1721-8.
  • 3. Krysiak R, Szkróbka W, Okopień B. The effect of gluten-free diet on thyroid autoimmunity in drug-naïve women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a pilot study. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 2019;127(07):417-22.
  • 4. Pobłocki J, Pańka T, Szczuko M, Telesiński A, Syrenicz A. Whether a Gluten-Free Diet Should Be Recommended in Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis or Not?—A 12-Month Follow-Up. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(15):3240.
  • 5. Hashimoto H. Zur Kenntniss der lymphomatösen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma. Archiv für klinische Chirurgie. 1912;97:219.
  • 6. Effraimidis G, Wiersinga WM. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(6):R241-R52.
  • 7. Brand OJ, Barrett JC, Simmonds MJ, Newby PR, McCabe CJ, Bruce CK, Kysela B, Carr-Smith JD, Brix T, Hunt PJ. Association of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR) with Graves’ disease. Human molecular genetics. 2009;18(9):1704-13.
  • 8. Colobran R, Armengol MdP, Faner R, Gärtner M, Tykocinski L-O, Lucas A, Ruiz M, Juan M, Kyewski B, Pujol-Borrell R. Association of an SNP with intrathymic transcription of TSHR and Graves' disease: a role for defective thymic tolerance. Human molecular genetics. 2011;20(17):3415-23.
  • 9. Hasham A, Tomer Y. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in thyroid autoimmunity. Immunologic research. 2012;54(1):204-13.
  • 10. Ji R, Feng Y, Zhan W. Updated analysis of studies on the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 gene A49G polymorphism and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis risk. Genet Mol Res. 2013;12(2):1421-30.
  • 11. Li M, Sun H, Liu S, Yu J, Li Q, Liu P, Shen H, Sun D. CD40 C/T-1 polymorphism plays different roles in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a meta-analysis. Endocrine journal. 2012;59(12):1041-50.
  • 12. Xiao L, Muhali F-S, Cai T-t, Song R-h, Hu R, Shi X-h, Jiang W-j, Li D-F, He S-t, Xu J. Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the STAT3 gene with autoimmune thyroid disease in Chinese individuals. Functional & integrative genomics. 2013;13(4):455-61.
  • 13. Santos LR, Durães C, Mendes A, Prazeres H, Alvelos MI, Moreira CS, Canedo P, Esteves C, Neves C, Carvalho D. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the selenoprotein S gene (SEPS1) contributes to Hashimoto's thyroiditis susceptibility. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(4):E719-E23.
  • 14. Wu Q, Rayman MP, Lv H, Schomburg L, Cui B, Gao C, Chen P, Zhuang G, Zhang Z, Peng X. Low population selenium status is associated with increased prevalence of thyroid disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(11):4037-47.
  • 15. Rayman MP. Multiple nutritional factors and thyroid disease, with particular reference to autoimmune thyroid disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2019;78(1):34-44.
  • 16. Bülow Pedersen I, Knudsen N, Carlé A, Schomburg L, Köhrle J, Jørgensen T, Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Lauberg P. Serum selenium is low in newly diagnosed G raves’ disease: a population‐based study. Clinical endocrinology. 2013;79(4):584-90.
  • 17. Xu M-Y, Cao B, Yin J, Wang D-F, Chen K-L, Lu Q-B. Vitamin D and Graves’ disease: a meta-analysis update. Nutrients. 2015;7(5):3813-27.
  • 18. Cepon TJ, Snodgrass JJ, Leonard WR, Tarskaia LA, Klimova TM, Fedorova VI, Baltakhinova ME, Krivoshapkin VG. Circumpolar adaptation, social change, and the development of autoimmune thyroid disorders among the Yakut (Sakha) of Siberia. American Journal of Human Biology. 2011;23(5):703-9.
  • 19. Glick AB, Wodzinski A, Fu P, Levine AD, Wald DN. Impairment of regulatory T-cell function in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid. 2013;23(7):871-8.
  • 20. Koehler P, Wieser H, Konitzer K. Celiac disease and gluten: multidisciplinary challenges and opportunities: Academic Press; 2014.
  • 21. Wade L. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Organic Chemistry; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. 2010:1153-99.
  • 22. Schalk K, Lexhaller B, Koehler P, Scherf KA. Isolation and characterization of gluten protein types from wheat, rye, barley and oats for use as reference materials. PloS one. 2017;12(2):e0172819.
  • 23. Scherf KA, Koehler P, Wieser H. Gluten and wheat sensitivities–an overview. Journal of Cereal Science. 2016;67:2-11.
  • 24. CODEX S. Codex Alimentarius, International Food Standards. Standard for Edible Fats and Oils not Covered by Individual Standards FAO Rome. 1981:1-5.
  • 25. Diamanti A, Capriati T, Bizzarri C, Ferretti F, Ancinelli M, Romano F, Perilli A, Laureti F, Locatelli M. Autoimmune diseases and celiac disease which came first: genotype or gluten? Expert review of clinical immunology. 2016;12(1):67-77.
  • 26. Hoffenberg EJ, MacKenzie T, Barriga KJ, Eisenbarth GS, Bao F, Haas JE, Erlich H, Bugawan T, Sokol R, Taki I. A prospective study of the incidence of childhood celiac disease. The Journal of pediatrics. 2003;143(3):308-14.
  • 27. Szałowska-Woźniak DA, Bąk-Romaniszyn L, Cywińska-Bernas A, Zeman K. Evaluation of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype in patients with celiac disease hospitalised in 2012 at the Department of Paediatrics. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny. 2014;9(1):32-7.
  • 28. Hollon J, Puppa EL, Greenwald B, Goldberg E, Guerrerio A, Fasano A. Effect of gliadin on permeability of intestinal biopsy explants from celiac disease patients and patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):1565-76.
  • 29. Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M, Grazia Clemente M, Sapone ATA, Thakar M, Iacono G, Carroccio A, D'Agete C, Not T. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. 2006;41(4):408-19.
  • 30. Aydin BK, Yildiz M, Akgun A, Topal N, Adal E, Onal H. Children with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Have Increased Intestinal Permeability: Results of a Pilot Study. J Clin Res Pediatric Endocrinol. 2020.
  • 31. Smyth DJ, Plagnol V, Walker NM, Cooper JD, Downes K, Yang JH, et al. Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;359(26):2767-77.
  • 32. Liontiris MI, Mazokopakis EE. A concise review of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and the importance of iodine, selenium, vitamin D and gluten on the autoimmunity and dietary management of HT patients. Points that need more investigation. Hell J Nucl Med. 2017;20(1):51-6.
  • 33. Ihnatowicz P, Wątor P, Drywień ME. The importance of gluten exclusion in the management of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2021;28(4):558-68.
  • 34. Roy A, Laszkowska M, Sundström J, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Kämpe O, Ludvigsson JF. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: a meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2016;26(7):880-90.
  • 35. El Khoury D, Balfour-Ducharme S, Joye IJ. A review on the gluten-free diet: Technological and nutritional challenges. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1410.
  • 36. Colombo F, Di Lorenzo C, Biella S, Bani C, Restani P. Ancient and modern cereals as ingredients of the gluten-free diet: are they safe enough for celiac consumers? Foods. 2021;10(4):906.
  • 37. Bascuñán KA, Vespa MC, Araya M. Celiac disease: understanding the gluten-free diet. European Journal of Nutrition. 2017;56(2):449-59.
  • 38. Kus K, Zielińska K, Zaprutko T, Ratajczak P, Nowakowska E. Choroba Hashimoto–efektywność diety bezglutenowej. Pol Prz Nauk Zdr. 2016;4(49):370-6.
  • 39. Mainardi E, Montanelli A, Dotti M, Nano R, Moscato G. Thyroid-related autoantibodies and celiac disease: a role for a gluten-free diet? Journal of clinical gastroenterology. 2002;35(3):245-8.
  • 40. Metso S, Hyytiä-Ilmonen H, Kaukinen K, Huhtala H, Jaatinen P, Salmi J, Taurio J, Collin P. Gluten-free diet and autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with celiac disease. A prospective controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;47(1):43-8.
  • 41. Sategna-Guidetti C, Volta U, Ciacci C, Usai P, Carlino A, De Franceschi L, Camera A, Pelli A, Brossa C. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in untreated adult celiac disease patients and effect of gluten withdrawal: an Italian multicenter study. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2001;96(3):751-7.
  • 42. Konieczny S, Lange E, Krusiec J. Wpływ diet eliminacyjnych na jakość życia osób z wybranymi chorobami autoimmunologicznymi. Kosmos. 2019;68(2):215-26.
  • 43. Valentino R, Savastano S, Tommaselli AP, Dorato M, Scarpitta MT, Gigante M, Micillo M, Paparo F, Petrone E, Lombardi G. Prevalence of coeliac disease in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 1999;51(3):124-7.
  • 44. Ventura A, Neri E, Ughi C, Leopaldi A, Città A, Not T. Gluten-dependent diabetes-related and thyroid-related autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease. The Journal of pediatrics. 2000;137(2):263-5.
  • 45. Zubarik R, Nathan M, Vahora H, Ganguly EK, Vecchio J. Su1435 Hypothyroid Patients Requiring Elevated Doses of Levothyroxine to Maintain a Euthyroid State Should Be Tested for Celiac Disease (CD). Gastroenterology. 2014;5(146):S-468.
  • 46. Sharma BR, Joshi AS, Varthakavi PK, Chadha MD, Bhagwat NM, Pawal PS. Celiac autoimmunity in autoimmune thyroid disease is highly prevalent with a questionable impact. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2016;20(1):97.
  • 47. Szczuko M, Syrenicz A, Szymkowiak K, Przybylska A, Szczuko U, Pobłocki J, Kulpa D. Doubtful Justification of the Gluten-Free Diet in the Course of Hashimoto’s Disease. Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1727.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Zeynep Kalaycı 0000-0002-9148-4164

Hülya Kamarlı Altun 0000-0001-9878-9297

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kalaycı, Z., & Kamarlı Altun, H. (2024). HASHIMOTO TİROİDİTİ YÖNETİMİNDE GLUTENSİZ BESLENMENİN YERİ. Akdeniz Tıp Dergisi, 10(1), 181-187. https://doi.org/10.53394/akd.1164423
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