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Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 51 - 58, 29.03.2024

Gürsel İşçi

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1460993

Öz

This study presents novel insights into the occurrence of phthalate esters (PAEs) in tea samples consumed in Turkey. Employing multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with precursor-product ion transitions, quantitative and qualitative analyses of PAEs were conducted using an LC-MS/MS system. A dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) technique was utilized to determine the PAE contents in the tea samples. The limit of detection for all PAEs ranged from 0.350 to 1.882 ng/mL, while the limit of quantification ranged from 1.165 to 6.273 ng/mL. Moreover, strong correlations were observed with R2 values exceeding 0.996 for all PAEs, indicating robustness. Recovery studies demonstrated satisfactory results, falling within the range of 92.20% to 97.24%, indicating effective retrieval. The relative standard deviation values for the target PAEs ranged from 3.22% to 5.54%. The study findings indicate that PAE levels in the tea samples generally comply with permissible limits set by EU regulations, except for DBP (1807.70±1478.86 ng/mL). Notably, DBP and DINP (941.44±852.80 ng/mL) were identified as the predominant plasticizers in the tea samples. Health risk assessment, conducted through hazard quotient and hazard index calculations across various age groups, consistently yielded values below 1 for DEP, DEHP, DINP, BBP, and DBP, suggesting minimal non-carcinogenic health risks associated with tea consumption across all age groups. Furthermore, the intake of individual phthalate esters, including DEP, DEHP, DINP, BBP, and DBP, remained below acceptable daily limits defined by the EFSA. Although some tea products exhibited slightly elevated PAE levels, overall, the study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and regulations to ensure the safety of packaged tea and mitigate potential long-term exposure risks linked to PAEs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tea bags Health risk assessment Phthalates LC-MS/MS

Kaynakça

  • [1] Abe, S.K., Inoue, M. (2021). Green tea and cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a review of the current epidemiological evidence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(6), 865–876.
  • [2] Alnaimat, A.S., Barciela-Alonso, M. C., Bermejo-Barrera, P. (2020). Development of a sensitive method for the analysis of four phthalates in tea samples: Tea bag contribution to the total amount in tea infusion. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, 37(10), 1719-1729.
  • [3] Arbuckle, T.E., Davis, K., Marro, L., Fisher, M., Legrand, M., LeBlanc, A., Fraser, W. D. (2014). Phthalate and bisphenol A exposure among pregnant women in Canada - Results from the MIREC study. Environment International, 68, 55-65.
  • [4] Asoudeh, F., Mohammadi, H., Fadel, A., Dashti, F., Jayedi, A., Hemmati, A. (2022). Caffeine, coffee, tea and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 822557.
  • [5] Becerra-Herrera, M., Arismendi, D., Molina-Balmaceda, A., Uslar, J., Manzo, V., Richter, P., Caraballo, M.A. (2022). Initial phthalates fingerprint and hydrochemical signature as key factors controlling phthalates concentration trends in PET-bottled waters during long storage times. Food Chemistry, 372(2022),131248.
  • [6] Benson, R. (2009). Hazard to the developing male reproductive system from cumulative exposure to phthalate esters-dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 53(2), 90-101.
  • [7] Busse, K., Ebner, I., Humpf, H.U., Ivleva, N., Kaeppler, A., Oßmann, B.E., Schymanski, D. (2020). Comment on “plastic teabags release billions of microparticles and nanoparticles into tea”. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(21), 14134–14135.
  • [8] Chormey, D.S., Bakırdere, S. (2023). Enhancing the quantification accuracy for selected endocrine disruptors in different tea samples by GC-MS using matrix matching calibration strategy. Microchemical Journal, 191, 108875.
  • [9] Commission Regulation (EU). (2011). Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Official Journal of the European Union, 220(27),1-89.
  • [10] ECHA. (2013). Evaluation of new scientific evidence concerning DINP and DIDP. European Union: European Chemicals Agency.
  • [11] EFSA. (2019). Update of the risk assessment of di-butylphthalate (DBP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 17.
  • [12] Hernandez, L.M., Xu, E.G., Larsson, H.C., Tahara, R., Maisuria, V.B., Tufenkji, N. (2019). Plastic teabags release billions of microparticles and nanoparticles into tea. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(21), 12300-12310.
  • [13] Isci, G., Topdas, E.F., Dagdemir, E., Genis, H. (2023). Risk assessment of oral exposure to phthalates from coffee samples marketed in Turkey. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 115, 104913.
  • [14] Jacobo Cejudo, M.G., Ochoa-Rosales, C., Ahmadizar, F., Kavousi, M., Geleijnse, J.M., Voortman, T. (2023). The healthy beverage index is not associated with insulin resistance, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes risk in the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Nutrition, 1-11.
  • [15] Jala, A., Adye, D.R., Borkar, R.M. (2023). Occurrence and risk assessments of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in tea bags from India. Food Control, 151, 109812.
  • [16] Jurewicz, j., Hanke, W. (2011). Exposure to phthalates: reproductive outcome and children health. A review of epidemiological studies. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 25,114-141.
  • [17] Li, Y., Wang, J., Bai, H., Ni, K., Liu, K., Lu, P. (2022). Occurrence, sources, and risk assessments of phthalic acid esters in tea plantations in China. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3), 107636.
  • [18] Liang, S., Granato, D., Zou, C., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y. Q. (2021). Processing technologies for manufacturing tea beverages: From traditional to advanced hybrid processes. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 118, 431-446.
  • [19] Liu, P., Chen, H., Gao, G., Hao, Z., Wang, C., Ma, G., Liu, X. (2016). Occurrence and residue pattern of phthalate esters in fresh tea leaves and during tea manufacturing and brewing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(46),8909–8917.
  • [20] Manolis, A.A., Manolis, T.A., Apostolopoulos, E., Melita, H., Manolis, A.S. (2022).The cardiovascular benefits of caffeinated beverages: Real or surreal? “Metron ariston-all in moderation”. Current medicinal chemistr, 29(13), 2235-2260.
  • [21] Tang, Y., Wang, M., Pan, C., Mi, S., Han, B. (2022). Determination of five phthalate esters in tea and their dynamic characteristics during black tea processing. Foods, 11(9), 1266.
  • [22] TBSA. (2019). Turkey nutrition and health survey (TBSA). In Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health.
  • [23] Troisi, J., Richards, S., Symes, S., Ferretti, V., Di Maio, A., Amoresano, A., De Castro, O. (2019). A comparative assessment of metals and phthalates in commercial tea infusions: A starting point to evaluate their tolerance limits. Food chemistry, 288, 193-200.
  • [24] US EPA. (1987). IRIS Toxicological Review of of Diethyl phthalate. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment.
  • [25] US EPA. (2012). Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1-19.
  • [26] US EPA. (2019). Guideline for human exposure assessment. risk assessment forum. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  • [27] Ventrice, P., Ventrice, D., Russo, E., De Sarro, G. (2013). Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 361(1), 88-96.

Çay Örneklerindeki Fitalat Esterlerinin Varlığına İlişkin Sağlık Risklerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Kapsamlı Bir Analiz

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 51 - 58, 29.03.2024

Gürsel İşçi

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1460993

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de tüketilen çay örneklerinde fitalat esterlerinin (PAE’lerin) varlığına ilişkin yeni perspektifler sunmaktadır. Çoklu reaksiyon izleme (MRM) modu ve öncü-ürün iyon geçişleriyle, LC-MS/MS sistemi kullanılarak PAE'lerin nicel ve nitel analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çay örneklerindeki PAE içeriklerini belirlemek için dağıtıcı katı faz ekstraksiyonu (dSPE) tekniği kullanılmıştır. Tüm PAE’ler için saptama limiti (LOD) 0.350 ile 1.882 ng/mL arasında değişirken, nicemleme limiti (LOQ) 1.165 ile 6.273 ng/mL arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca, tüm PAE'ler için 0.996'dan büyük R2 değerleriyle güçlü korelasyonlar gözlemlenmiş, bu da sağlamlığı işaret etmektedir. Kurtarma çalışmaları, etkili kurtarma gösteren %92.20 ila %97.24 aralığında tatmin edici sonuçlar vermiştir. Hedef PAE'ler için göreceli standart sapma değerleri %3.22 ila %5.54 arasında değişmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları, çay örneklerindeki PAE seviyelerinin genellikle AB düzenlemeleri tarafından belirlenen izin verilen sınırlarla uyumlu olduğunu göstermektedir, ancak DBP (1807.70±1478.86 ng/mL) için değil. Özellikle, DBP ve DINP (941.44±852.80 ng/mL) çay örneklerinde belirgin plastikleştiriciler olarak belirlenmiştir. Çeşitli yaş grupları arasında yapılan tehlike oranı (HQ) ve tehlike indeksi (HI) hesaplamalarıyla gerçekleştirilen sağlık riski değerlendirmesi, çay tüketiminin tüm yaş gruplarında minimal kanserojen olmayan sağlık riskleri taşıdığını gösteren DEP, DEHP, DINP, BBP ve DBP için 1'den düşük değerler sağlamıştır. Ayrıca, EFSA tarafından belirlenen kabul edilebilir günlük limitler dahilinde DEP, DEHP, DINP, BBP ve DBP gibi bireysel fitalat esterlerinin alımı devam etmektedir. Bazı çay ürünlerinin hafif yüksek PAE seviyeleri göstermesine rağmen, genel olarak, çalışma, paketli çayın güvenliğini sağlamak ve PAE’lerle ilişkilendirilen potansiyel uzun vadeli maruziyet risklerini en aza indirmek için sürekli izleme ve düzenlemelerin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çay poşetleri Sağlık risk değerlendirmesi Fitalatlar LC-MS/MS

Kaynakça

  • [1] Abe, S.K., Inoue, M. (2021). Green tea and cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a review of the current epidemiological evidence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(6), 865–876.
  • [2] Alnaimat, A.S., Barciela-Alonso, M. C., Bermejo-Barrera, P. (2020). Development of a sensitive method for the analysis of four phthalates in tea samples: Tea bag contribution to the total amount in tea infusion. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, 37(10), 1719-1729.
  • [3] Arbuckle, T.E., Davis, K., Marro, L., Fisher, M., Legrand, M., LeBlanc, A., Fraser, W. D. (2014). Phthalate and bisphenol A exposure among pregnant women in Canada - Results from the MIREC study. Environment International, 68, 55-65.
  • [4] Asoudeh, F., Mohammadi, H., Fadel, A., Dashti, F., Jayedi, A., Hemmati, A. (2022). Caffeine, coffee, tea and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 822557.
  • [5] Becerra-Herrera, M., Arismendi, D., Molina-Balmaceda, A., Uslar, J., Manzo, V., Richter, P., Caraballo, M.A. (2022). Initial phthalates fingerprint and hydrochemical signature as key factors controlling phthalates concentration trends in PET-bottled waters during long storage times. Food Chemistry, 372(2022),131248.
  • [6] Benson, R. (2009). Hazard to the developing male reproductive system from cumulative exposure to phthalate esters-dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 53(2), 90-101.
  • [7] Busse, K., Ebner, I., Humpf, H.U., Ivleva, N., Kaeppler, A., Oßmann, B.E., Schymanski, D. (2020). Comment on “plastic teabags release billions of microparticles and nanoparticles into tea”. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(21), 14134–14135.
  • [8] Chormey, D.S., Bakırdere, S. (2023). Enhancing the quantification accuracy for selected endocrine disruptors in different tea samples by GC-MS using matrix matching calibration strategy. Microchemical Journal, 191, 108875.
  • [9] Commission Regulation (EU). (2011). Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Official Journal of the European Union, 220(27),1-89.
  • [10] ECHA. (2013). Evaluation of new scientific evidence concerning DINP and DIDP. European Union: European Chemicals Agency.
  • [11] EFSA. (2019). Update of the risk assessment of di-butylphthalate (DBP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 17.
  • [12] Hernandez, L.M., Xu, E.G., Larsson, H.C., Tahara, R., Maisuria, V.B., Tufenkji, N. (2019). Plastic teabags release billions of microparticles and nanoparticles into tea. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(21), 12300-12310.
  • [13] Isci, G., Topdas, E.F., Dagdemir, E., Genis, H. (2023). Risk assessment of oral exposure to phthalates from coffee samples marketed in Turkey. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 115, 104913.
  • [14] Jacobo Cejudo, M.G., Ochoa-Rosales, C., Ahmadizar, F., Kavousi, M., Geleijnse, J.M., Voortman, T. (2023). The healthy beverage index is not associated with insulin resistance, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes risk in the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Nutrition, 1-11.
  • [15] Jala, A., Adye, D.R., Borkar, R.M. (2023). Occurrence and risk assessments of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in tea bags from India. Food Control, 151, 109812.
  • [16] Jurewicz, j., Hanke, W. (2011). Exposure to phthalates: reproductive outcome and children health. A review of epidemiological studies. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 25,114-141.
  • [17] Li, Y., Wang, J., Bai, H., Ni, K., Liu, K., Lu, P. (2022). Occurrence, sources, and risk assessments of phthalic acid esters in tea plantations in China. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3), 107636.
  • [18] Liang, S., Granato, D., Zou, C., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y. Q. (2021). Processing technologies for manufacturing tea beverages: From traditional to advanced hybrid processes. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 118, 431-446.
  • [19] Liu, P., Chen, H., Gao, G., Hao, Z., Wang, C., Ma, G., Liu, X. (2016). Occurrence and residue pattern of phthalate esters in fresh tea leaves and during tea manufacturing and brewing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(46),8909–8917.
  • [20] Manolis, A.A., Manolis, T.A., Apostolopoulos, E., Melita, H., Manolis, A.S. (2022).The cardiovascular benefits of caffeinated beverages: Real or surreal? “Metron ariston-all in moderation”. Current medicinal chemistr, 29(13), 2235-2260.
  • [21] Tang, Y., Wang, M., Pan, C., Mi, S., Han, B. (2022). Determination of five phthalate esters in tea and their dynamic characteristics during black tea processing. Foods, 11(9), 1266.
  • [22] TBSA. (2019). Turkey nutrition and health survey (TBSA). In Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health.
  • [23] Troisi, J., Richards, S., Symes, S., Ferretti, V., Di Maio, A., Amoresano, A., De Castro, O. (2019). A comparative assessment of metals and phthalates in commercial tea infusions: A starting point to evaluate their tolerance limits. Food chemistry, 288, 193-200.
  • [24] US EPA. (1987). IRIS Toxicological Review of of Diethyl phthalate. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment.
  • [25] US EPA. (2012). Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1-19.
  • [26] US EPA. (2019). Guideline for human exposure assessment. risk assessment forum. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  • [27] Ventrice, P., Ventrice, D., Russo, E., De Sarro, G. (2013). Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 361(1), 88-96.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gürsel İşçi 0000-0002-3863-8291

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA İşçi, G. (2024). Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis. Akademik Gıda, 22(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1460993
AMA İşçi G. Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis. Akademik Gıda. Mart 2024;22(1):51-58. doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1460993
Chicago İşçi, Gürsel. “Assessment of Health Risks Associated With the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis”. Akademik Gıda 22, sy. 1 (Mart 2024): 51-58. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1460993.
EndNote İşçi G (01 Mart 2024) Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis. Akademik Gıda 22 1 51–58.
IEEE G. İşçi, “Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis”, Akademik Gıda, c. 22, sy. 1, ss. 51–58, 2024, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.1460993.
ISNAD İşçi, Gürsel. “Assessment of Health Risks Associated With the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis”. Akademik Gıda 22/1 (Mart 2024), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1460993.
JAMA İşçi G. Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis. Akademik Gıda. 2024;22:51–58.
MLA İşçi, Gürsel. “Assessment of Health Risks Associated With the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis”. Akademik Gıda, c. 22, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 51-58, doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1460993.
Vancouver İşçi G. Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Phthalate Esters in Tea Samples: A Comprehensive Analysis. Akademik Gıda. 2024;22(1):51-8.
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