Gıdalarda Doğal Olarak Oluşan Nitrat ve Nitrit: Kapiler Elektroforez ile Anadolu Arı Polenlerindeki Tayini
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu'nun farklı bölgelerinden toplanan bir seri arı poleninde nitrat ve nitritin kapiler elektroforetik bir teknik kullanılarak bir arada tayin edilmesidir. Ayırma ortamı olarak 30 mM formik asit / format tamponu (pH: 4.0) kullanılmıştır. Ön çalışmalarda polen örneklerinde yalnızca nitrat anyonu tespit edilmiştir. Polen numunelerinde her iki anyonun deteksiyon hassasiyetini artırmak için bir örnek sıkıştırma yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Örnek sıkıştırma yönteminde, ayırma tamponunun iletkenliği numune bölgesinden daha yüksek olmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, ayırma tamponunun iletkenliği, 30 mM sodyum sülfat ilavesiyle artırılmıştır. Enjeksiyon koşulu, 50 mbar'da 160 saniyedir. Kalibrasyon eğrileri, nitrat ve nitrit iyonları için sırasıyla 0.989 ve 0.999 korelasyon katsayıları ile 1.5-30 μmol / L ve 1.5-10 μmol / L arasında doğrusallık göstermiştir. Tüm polen örneklerinin önemli miktarda nitrat içerdiği görülmüştür (2.880 ± 0.055 - 18.72 ± 0.457 mg/kg). Nitrit içeren örneklerdeki nitrit seviyeleri ise 0.048 ± 0.008 ile 0.301 ± 0.001 mg/kg arasındadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aylanc, V., Falcao, S.I., Ertosun, Ş., and Vilas-Boas, M. 2021. From the hive to the table: Nutrition value, digestibility and bioavailability of the dietary phytochemicals present in the bee pollen and bee bread. Trends in Food Science and Technology (109), 464-481.
- Beretta, G., Gelmini, F., Lodi, V., Piazzalunga, A., and Maffei Facino, R. 2010. Profile of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites (nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso groups) in honeys of different botanical origins: Nitrate accumulation as index of origin, quality and of therapeutic opportunities. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (53), 343–349.
- Bondonno, C.P., Croft, K.D., and Hodgson, J.M. 2016. Dietary nitrate, nitric oxide, and cardiovascular health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (56), 2036−2052.
- Bryan, N.S. and Ivy, J.L. 2015. Inorganic nitrite and nitrate: evidence to support consideration as dietary nutrients. Nutrition Research (35), 643– 654.
- d’El-Rei, J., Cunha, A.R., Trindade, M., and Neves, M.F. 2016. Beneficial effects of dietary nitrate on endothelial function and blood pressure levels. International Journal of Hypertensions (2016), 6791519.
- Dias, L.G., Tolentino, G., Pascoal, A., and Estevinho, L.M. 2016. Effect of processing conditions on the bioactive compounds and biological properties of bee pollen. Journal of Apicultural Research (55), 357-365.
- Gao, M., Fang, W., Ren, J., Shen, A., and Hu, J. 2016. Reliable SERS detection of nitrite based on pH and laser irradiance-dependent diazotization through a convenient sampling micro-chamber. Analyst (141), 5195–5201.
- Kalaycıoğlu, Z. and Erim, F.B. 2016. Simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in fish products with improved sensitivity by sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis. Food Analytical Methods (9), 706-711.
- Kalaycıoğlu, Z. and Erim, F.B. 2019. Nitrate and nitrites in foods: worldwide regional distribution in view of their risks and benefits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (67), 7205-7222.
- Kalaycıoğlu, Z., Kaygusuz, H., Döker, S., Kolaylı, S., and Erim, F.B. 2017. Characterization of Turkish honeybee pollens by principal component analysis based on their individual organic acids, sugars, minerals, and antioxidant activities. LWT-Food Science and Technology (84), 402-408.
- Kaygusuz, H., Tezcan, F., Erim, F.B., Yıldız, O., Şahin, H., Can, Z., and Kolaylı, S. 2016. Characterization of Anatolian honeys based on minerals, bioactive components and principal component analysis. LWT-Food Science and Technology (68), 273-279.
- Kaygusuz, H. 2020. Analysis of a rare honey sample from Tuzluca/Iğdır region. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi (10), 1139-1145.
- Kapil, V., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J.O., and Ahluwalia, A. 2014. Clinical evidence demonstrating the utility of inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health. Nitric Oxide (38), 45–57.
- Machha, A. and Schechter, A. N. 2011. Dietary nitrite and nitrate: a review of potential mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits. European Journal of Nutrition (50), 293–303.
- Öztekin, N., Nutku, M.S., and Erim, F. B. 2002. Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in meat products and vegetables by capillary electrophoresis. Food Chemistry (76), 103-106.
- Su, J., Yang, X., Lu, Q., and Liu, R. 2021. Antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of bee pollen and identification of active components. Journal of Apicultural Research (60), 297-307.
- Suarez-Luque, S., Mato, I., Huidobro, J.F., Simal-Lozano, J., and Sancho, M.T. 2006. Capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of inorganic anions and formic acid in honey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (54), 9292-9296.
Naturally Occuring Nitrate and Nitrite in Nutrients: Determination in Anatolian Honey-bee Pollens by Capillary Electrophoresis
Öz
The aim of this work is the simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in a set of bee-pollens of Anatolia using a capillary electrophoretic technique. Separation and determination conditions were 30 mM formic acid/formate buffer at pH 4.0. In earlier steps with pollen samples, only nitrate anion was detected. Consequently, a sample stacking method was applied to increase the detection sensitivity of both anions for the pollen samples. In a stacking operation, the conductivity of separation buffer should be higher than the sample zone. The conductivity of the separation buffer was increased by the addition of 30 mM sodium sulfate. Injection condition was 160 s at 50 mbar. The calibration curves show linear dynamic ranges from 1.5 to 30 μmol/L and 1.5 to 10 μmol/L with correlation coefficients of 0.989 and 0.999 for nitrate and nitrite ions, respectively. All the pollen samples contained appreciable amounts of nitrate (from 2.880 ± 0.055 to 18.72 ± 0.457 mg/kg). Low levels of nitrite were found in all samples (from 0.048 ± 0.008 to 0.301 ± 0.001 mg/kg).
Anahtar Kelimeler
Capillary electrophoresis Pollen Nitrate Nitrite Sample stacking
Destekleyen Kurum
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi
Teşekkür
The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Sevgi Kolaylı for supplying the pollen samples.
Kaynakça
- Aylanc, V., Falcao, S.I., Ertosun, Ş., and Vilas-Boas, M. 2021. From the hive to the table: Nutrition value, digestibility and bioavailability of the dietary phytochemicals present in the bee pollen and bee bread. Trends in Food Science and Technology (109), 464-481.
- Beretta, G., Gelmini, F., Lodi, V., Piazzalunga, A., and Maffei Facino, R. 2010. Profile of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites (nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso groups) in honeys of different botanical origins: Nitrate accumulation as index of origin, quality and of therapeutic opportunities. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (53), 343–349.
- Bondonno, C.P., Croft, K.D., and Hodgson, J.M. 2016. Dietary nitrate, nitric oxide, and cardiovascular health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (56), 2036−2052.
- Bryan, N.S. and Ivy, J.L. 2015. Inorganic nitrite and nitrate: evidence to support consideration as dietary nutrients. Nutrition Research (35), 643– 654.
- d’El-Rei, J., Cunha, A.R., Trindade, M., and Neves, M.F. 2016. Beneficial effects of dietary nitrate on endothelial function and blood pressure levels. International Journal of Hypertensions (2016), 6791519.
- Dias, L.G., Tolentino, G., Pascoal, A., and Estevinho, L.M. 2016. Effect of processing conditions on the bioactive compounds and biological properties of bee pollen. Journal of Apicultural Research (55), 357-365.
- Gao, M., Fang, W., Ren, J., Shen, A., and Hu, J. 2016. Reliable SERS detection of nitrite based on pH and laser irradiance-dependent diazotization through a convenient sampling micro-chamber. Analyst (141), 5195–5201.
- Kalaycıoğlu, Z. and Erim, F.B. 2016. Simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in fish products with improved sensitivity by sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis. Food Analytical Methods (9), 706-711.
- Kalaycıoğlu, Z. and Erim, F.B. 2019. Nitrate and nitrites in foods: worldwide regional distribution in view of their risks and benefits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (67), 7205-7222.
- Kalaycıoğlu, Z., Kaygusuz, H., Döker, S., Kolaylı, S., and Erim, F.B. 2017. Characterization of Turkish honeybee pollens by principal component analysis based on their individual organic acids, sugars, minerals, and antioxidant activities. LWT-Food Science and Technology (84), 402-408.
- Kaygusuz, H., Tezcan, F., Erim, F.B., Yıldız, O., Şahin, H., Can, Z., and Kolaylı, S. 2016. Characterization of Anatolian honeys based on minerals, bioactive components and principal component analysis. LWT-Food Science and Technology (68), 273-279.
- Kaygusuz, H. 2020. Analysis of a rare honey sample from Tuzluca/Iğdır region. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi (10), 1139-1145.
- Kapil, V., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J.O., and Ahluwalia, A. 2014. Clinical evidence demonstrating the utility of inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health. Nitric Oxide (38), 45–57.
- Machha, A. and Schechter, A. N. 2011. Dietary nitrite and nitrate: a review of potential mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits. European Journal of Nutrition (50), 293–303.
- Öztekin, N., Nutku, M.S., and Erim, F. B. 2002. Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in meat products and vegetables by capillary electrophoresis. Food Chemistry (76), 103-106.
- Su, J., Yang, X., Lu, Q., and Liu, R. 2021. Antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of bee pollen and identification of active components. Journal of Apicultural Research (60), 297-307.
- Suarez-Luque, S., Mato, I., Huidobro, J.F., Simal-Lozano, J., and Sancho, M.T. 2006. Capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of inorganic anions and formic acid in honey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (54), 9292-9296.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 1 Mayıs 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 14 Haziran 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1 |
