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CAD-CAM sisteminde üretilen monolitik seramik restorasyonlarda uygulanan yüzey bitirme işlemleri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 492 - 502, 25.09.2023

Esra Kaynak Öztürk Merve Bankoğlu Güngör

https://doi.org/10.54617/adoklinikbilimler.1261774

Öz

CAD-CAM sistemlerinde üretilen tam seramik ve seramik benzeri malzemeler yapılan sınıflandırma sistemine göre; cam maktriks seramikler, polikristalin seramikler ve rezin matriks seramikler olarak üç gruba ayrılmaktadır. Geliştirilen yeni seramik materyallerden monolitik olarak tasarlanıp üretilen restorasyonlar, yüksek dayanıklılığa sahip bir altyapı tarafından desteklenip ışık geçirgenliği fazla olan bir seramikle veneerlenen tabakalı restorasyonlara göre önemli avantajlara sahiptir. Geleneksel olarak veneerlenen veya hasta başında tek seansta üretilen monolitik tam seramik restorasyonlarda, restorasyonun üretimi sonrasında simantasyona hazır düzgün bir yüzey oluşmamaktadır. Bu nedenle restorasyonlar, hastaya teslim edilmeden önce mekanik olarak parlatılmalı veya glaze işlemi uygulanmalıdır. Glaze veya mekanik polisaj ile bitirme işlemleri, restorasyonların üretimi sonrasında meydana gelen yüzey pürüzlülüğünü azaltmak ve optik özellikleri geliştirmek için kullanılabilmektedir. Kullanılan seramik türüne ve üretim yöntemine göre yüzey bitirme işlemleri değişmektedir. Bu literatür derlemesinin amacı, CAD-CAM sisteminde üretilen monolitik seramik restorasyonlarda uygulanan yüzey bitirme işlemleriyle ilgili güncel bilgileri ve konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaları sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CAD-CAM dental porselen parlatma seramikler

Kaynakça

  • 1. Bajraktarova-Valjakova E, Korunoska-Stevkovska V, Kapusevska B, Gigovski N, Bajraktarova-Misevska C, Grozdanov A. Contemporary Dental Ceramic Materials, A Review: Chemical Composition, Physical and Mechanical Properties, Indications for Use. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018;6:1742-55.
  • 2. Gracis S, Thompson VP, Ferencz JL, Silva NRFA, Bonfante EA. A New Classification System for All-Ceramic and Ceramic-like Restorative Materials. Int J Prosthodont 2015;28:227-35.
  • 3. Garza LA, Thompson G, Cho SH, Berzins DW. Effect of toothbrushing on shade and surface roughness of extrinsically stained pressable ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 2016;115:489-94.
  • 4. Reich S. Tooth-colored CAD/CAM monolithic restorations. Int J Comput Dent 2015;18:131-46.
  • 5. Kurt M, Güngör M, Nemli S, Bal B. Effects of glazing methods on the optical and surface properties of silicate ceramics. J Prosthodont Res 2020;64:202-9.
  • 6. Fasbinder DJ, Neiva GF. Surface evaluation of polishing techniques for new resilient CAD/CAM restorative materials. J Esthet Restor Dent 2016;28:56-66.
  • 7. Silva TM, Salvia ACRD, Carvalho RF, Silva EG, Pagani C. Effects of Different Polishing Protocols on Lithium Disilicate Ceramics. Braz J Oral Sci 2015;26:478-83.
  • 8. Lawson NC, Burgess JO. Gloss and stain resistance of ceramic‐polymer CAD/CAM restorative blocks J Esthet Restor Dent 2021;28:40-5.
  • 9. Kara D, Tekçe N, Fidan S, Demirci M, Tuncer S, Balcı S. The effects of various polishing procedures on surface topography of CAD/CAM resin restoratives. J Prosthet Dent 2021;30:481-9.
  • 10. Dilber E, Yavuz T, Kara HB, Ozturk AN. Comparison of the Effects of Surface Treatments on Roughness of Two Ceramic Systems. Photomed Laser Surg 2021;30:6.
  • 11. Al Hamad KQ, Al Quran FA, Jwaied SZ, Al-Dwariri ZN, Al-Rashdan BA, Baba NZ. Effect of CAD/CAM Bur Deterioration on the Surface Roughness of Ceramic Crowns. J Prosthodont 2021;31:320-5.
  • 12. Akan E, Colgecen O, Meşe IT, Bağiş B. Effects of Different Finishing Procedures on Surface Roughness of Hybrid CAD/CAM Materials. J Dent Indones 2021;28:185-91.
  • 13. Yuan JCC, Barão VA, Wee AG, Alfaro MF, Afshari FS, Skotjo C. Effect of brushing and thermocycling on the shade and surface roughness of CAD-CAM ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent 2018;119:1000-6.
  • 14. Flury S, Diebold E, Peutzfeldt A, Lussi A. Effect of artificial toothbrushing and water storage on the surface roughness and micromechanical properties of tooth-colored CAD-CAM materials. J Prosthet Dent 2017;117:767-74.
  • 15. Alao A, Stoll R, Song X, Miyazaki T, Hotta Y, Shibata Y, Yin L. Surface quality of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal in CAD/CAM milling, sintering, polishing and sandblasting processes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017;65:102-16.
  • 16. Manziuc M, Gasparik C, Burde AV, Colosi HA, Negucioiu M, Dudea D. Effect of glazing on translucency, color, and surface roughness of monolithic zirconia materials. J Esthet Restor Dent 2019;31:478-85.
  • 17. Alhabdan AA, El-Hejazi AA. Comparison of surface roughness of ceramics after polishing with different intraoral polishing systems using profilometer and SEM. J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther 2015;2:00050.
  • 18. Yılmaz K, Özkan P. Profilometer evaluation of the effect of various polishing methods on the surface roughness in dental ceramics of different structures subjected to repeated firings. Quintessence Int 2010;41:e125-e131.
  • 19. Motro P, Kursoglu P, Kazazoglu E. Effects of different surface treatments on stainability of ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 2012;108:231-7.
  • 20. Rani V, Mittal S, Sukhija U. An In vitro Evaluation to Compare the Surface Roughness of Glazed, Reglazed and Chair Side Polished Surfaces of Dental Porcelain. Contemp Clin Dent 2021;12:164-8.
  • 21. Marchesi G, Piloni AC, Nicolin V, Turco G, Di Lenarda R. Chairside CAD/CAM Materials: Current Trends of Clinical Uses. Biology 2021;10:1170.
  • 22. Lambert H, Durand JC, Jacquot B, Fages M. Dental biomaterials for chairside CAD/CAM: State of the art. J Adv Prosthodont 2017;9:486-95.
  • 23. Kökat AM, Kökat AD. Monolithic CAD/CAM restorations-Esthetic zone applications. J Exp Clin Med 2021;38:180-7.
  • 24. vita-zahnfabrik.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/VITA-SUPRINITY-PC-44049.html
  • 25. ivoclar.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.ivoclar.com/en_li/products/digital-processes/ips-e.max-cad-crystall
  • 26. Brodine BA, Korioth TV, Morrow B, Shafter MA, Hollis WC, Cagna DR. Surface roughness of milled lithium disilicate with and without reinforcement after finishing and polishing: an in vitro study. J Prosthodont 2021;30:245-51.
  • 27. Kilinc H, Turgut S. Optical behaviors of esthetic CAD-CAM restorations after different surface finishing and polishing procedures and UV aging: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2017;120:107-13.
  • 28. vita-zahnfabrik.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/VITA-AKZENT-Plus-24670,27568.html
  • 29. Vichi A, Fonzar RF, Goracci C, Carabba M, Ferrari M. Effect of finishing and polishing on roughness and gloss of lithium disilicate and lithium silicate zirconia reinforced glass ceramic for CAD/CAM systems. Oper Dent 2018;43:90-100.
  • 30. Korkut B, Bud M, Kukey P, Sancaklı H. Effect of surface sealants on color stability of different resin composites. Med Pharm Rep 2022;95:71-9.
  • 31. Çakmak G, Subaşı MG, Yilmaz B. Effect of thermocycling on the surface properties of resin-matrix CAD-CAM ceramics after different surface treatments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021;117:104401.
  • 32. Ruschel VC, Bona VS, Baratieri LN, Maia HP. Effect of surface sealants and polishing time on composite surface roughness and microhardness. Oper Dent 2018;43:408-15.
  • 33. gcamerica.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.gcamerica.com/products/digital/CERASMART/
  • 34. 3m.com.tr [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.3m.com.tr/3M/tr_TR/p/d/v000095766/
  • 35. vita-zahnfabrik.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/VITA-ENAMIC-24970.html
  • 36. Melo de Matos JD, Lopes GRS, Queiroz DA, Nakano LJN, Ribeiro NCR, Barbosa AB, et al. Dental Ceramics: Fabrication Methods and Aesthetic Characterization. Coatings 2022;12:1228.
  • 37. gcamerica.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.gcamerica.com/products/digital/OPTIGLAZE_Color/
  • 38. Tekçe N, Fidan S, Tuncer S, Kara D, Demirci M. The effect of glazing and aging on the surface properties of CAD/CAM resin blocks. J Adv Prosthodont 2018;10:50-7.
  • 39. Lee WF, Takahashi H, Iwasaki N, Peng PW. Efect of thickness of externally characterized stains on optical properties of high translucency zirconia. Clin Oral Investig 2023;27:165-71.
  • 40. Kanat-Ertürk B. Color Stability of CAD/CAM Ceramics Prepared with Different Surface Finishing Procedures. J Prosthodont 2020;166-72.
  • 41. Steinbrenner H. Multichromatic and highly translucent hybrid ceramic Vita Enamic. Int J Comput Dent 2018;21:239-50.
  • 42. Sagsoz O, Demirci T, Demirci G, Sagsoz N, Yildiz M. The effects of different polishing techniques on the staining resistance of CAD/CAM resin-ceramics. J Adv Prosthodont 2016;8:417-22.
  • 43. Bissasu SM, Al-Houri NA. Replacement of missing lateral incisors with lithium disilicate glass-ceramic veneer-fixed dental prostheses: a clinical report. Clin Case Rep 2014;2:128.
  • 44. eve-rotary.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.eve-rotary.com/en/product-group/diapol-hp/
  • 45. Vila-Novaa TEL, de Carvalho IHG, Mourac DMD, Batistad AUD, Zhange Y, Paskocimasf CA, et al. Effect of finishing/polishing techniques and low temperature degradation on the surface topography, phase transformation and flexural strength of ultra-translucent ZrO2 ceramic. Dent Mater 2020;36:e126-e139.
  • 46. Scherner D, Bragger U, Ferrari M, Mocker A, Joda T. In-vitro polishing of CAD/CAM ceramic restorations: An evaluation with SEM and confocal profilometry J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020;107:103761.
  • 47. Irusa KF, Albouy JP, Cook R, Amaya-Pajares S, Donovan T. The Effect of Finishing and Polishing with Proprietary Vs Interchanged Polishing Kits on the Surface Roughness of Different Ceramic Materials. J Prosthodont 2022;1-6.
  • 48. Özarslan M, Can DB, Avcioglu NH, Çalışkan S. Efect of diferent polishing techniques on surface properties and bacterial adhesion on resin ceramic CAD/CAM materials. Clin Oral Investig 2022;26:5289-99.
  • 49. Ertuğrul S, Yıldırım S, Yüzügüllü B. Ekstraoral parlatma işlemlerinin translüsent monolitik zirkonyanın yüzey pürüzlülüğüne etkisi. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi 2022;11:123-31.

Surface finishing procedures of CAD-CAM produced monolithic ceramic restorations

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 492 - 502, 25.09.2023

Esra Kaynak Öztürk Merve Bankoğlu Güngör

https://doi.org/10.54617/adoklinikbilimler.1261774

Öz

CAD-CAM produced all ceramic and ceramic-like materials are classified as glassy matrix ceramics, polycrystalline ceramics, and resin matrix ceramics. Monolithic restorations which are designed and manufactured from newly developed ceramic materials have some advantages compared to conventionally veneered restorations. Neither conventionally veneered nor monolithic ceramic restorations do not have smooth restotation surfaces which is ready to cementation after the production procedure. Therefore, ceramic restorations should be mechanically polished or glazed before cementation. Thus, surface finishing procedures are necessary. Finishing the ceramic surface with glazing or mechanical polishing are used to reduce surface roughness and improve optical properties of the ceramic materials. Surface finishing procedures differ according to both ceramic type and ceramic production method. The aim of this review is to present current information and related studies on surface finishing procedures of CAD-CAM produced monolithic ceramic restorations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CAD-CAM dental porcelain polishing ceramics

Kaynakça

  • 1. Bajraktarova-Valjakova E, Korunoska-Stevkovska V, Kapusevska B, Gigovski N, Bajraktarova-Misevska C, Grozdanov A. Contemporary Dental Ceramic Materials, A Review: Chemical Composition, Physical and Mechanical Properties, Indications for Use. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018;6:1742-55.
  • 2. Gracis S, Thompson VP, Ferencz JL, Silva NRFA, Bonfante EA. A New Classification System for All-Ceramic and Ceramic-like Restorative Materials. Int J Prosthodont 2015;28:227-35.
  • 3. Garza LA, Thompson G, Cho SH, Berzins DW. Effect of toothbrushing on shade and surface roughness of extrinsically stained pressable ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 2016;115:489-94.
  • 4. Reich S. Tooth-colored CAD/CAM monolithic restorations. Int J Comput Dent 2015;18:131-46.
  • 5. Kurt M, Güngör M, Nemli S, Bal B. Effects of glazing methods on the optical and surface properties of silicate ceramics. J Prosthodont Res 2020;64:202-9.
  • 6. Fasbinder DJ, Neiva GF. Surface evaluation of polishing techniques for new resilient CAD/CAM restorative materials. J Esthet Restor Dent 2016;28:56-66.
  • 7. Silva TM, Salvia ACRD, Carvalho RF, Silva EG, Pagani C. Effects of Different Polishing Protocols on Lithium Disilicate Ceramics. Braz J Oral Sci 2015;26:478-83.
  • 8. Lawson NC, Burgess JO. Gloss and stain resistance of ceramic‐polymer CAD/CAM restorative blocks J Esthet Restor Dent 2021;28:40-5.
  • 9. Kara D, Tekçe N, Fidan S, Demirci M, Tuncer S, Balcı S. The effects of various polishing procedures on surface topography of CAD/CAM resin restoratives. J Prosthet Dent 2021;30:481-9.
  • 10. Dilber E, Yavuz T, Kara HB, Ozturk AN. Comparison of the Effects of Surface Treatments on Roughness of Two Ceramic Systems. Photomed Laser Surg 2021;30:6.
  • 11. Al Hamad KQ, Al Quran FA, Jwaied SZ, Al-Dwariri ZN, Al-Rashdan BA, Baba NZ. Effect of CAD/CAM Bur Deterioration on the Surface Roughness of Ceramic Crowns. J Prosthodont 2021;31:320-5.
  • 12. Akan E, Colgecen O, Meşe IT, Bağiş B. Effects of Different Finishing Procedures on Surface Roughness of Hybrid CAD/CAM Materials. J Dent Indones 2021;28:185-91.
  • 13. Yuan JCC, Barão VA, Wee AG, Alfaro MF, Afshari FS, Skotjo C. Effect of brushing and thermocycling on the shade and surface roughness of CAD-CAM ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent 2018;119:1000-6.
  • 14. Flury S, Diebold E, Peutzfeldt A, Lussi A. Effect of artificial toothbrushing and water storage on the surface roughness and micromechanical properties of tooth-colored CAD-CAM materials. J Prosthet Dent 2017;117:767-74.
  • 15. Alao A, Stoll R, Song X, Miyazaki T, Hotta Y, Shibata Y, Yin L. Surface quality of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal in CAD/CAM milling, sintering, polishing and sandblasting processes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017;65:102-16.
  • 16. Manziuc M, Gasparik C, Burde AV, Colosi HA, Negucioiu M, Dudea D. Effect of glazing on translucency, color, and surface roughness of monolithic zirconia materials. J Esthet Restor Dent 2019;31:478-85.
  • 17. Alhabdan AA, El-Hejazi AA. Comparison of surface roughness of ceramics after polishing with different intraoral polishing systems using profilometer and SEM. J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther 2015;2:00050.
  • 18. Yılmaz K, Özkan P. Profilometer evaluation of the effect of various polishing methods on the surface roughness in dental ceramics of different structures subjected to repeated firings. Quintessence Int 2010;41:e125-e131.
  • 19. Motro P, Kursoglu P, Kazazoglu E. Effects of different surface treatments on stainability of ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 2012;108:231-7.
  • 20. Rani V, Mittal S, Sukhija U. An In vitro Evaluation to Compare the Surface Roughness of Glazed, Reglazed and Chair Side Polished Surfaces of Dental Porcelain. Contemp Clin Dent 2021;12:164-8.
  • 21. Marchesi G, Piloni AC, Nicolin V, Turco G, Di Lenarda R. Chairside CAD/CAM Materials: Current Trends of Clinical Uses. Biology 2021;10:1170.
  • 22. Lambert H, Durand JC, Jacquot B, Fages M. Dental biomaterials for chairside CAD/CAM: State of the art. J Adv Prosthodont 2017;9:486-95.
  • 23. Kökat AM, Kökat AD. Monolithic CAD/CAM restorations-Esthetic zone applications. J Exp Clin Med 2021;38:180-7.
  • 24. vita-zahnfabrik.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/VITA-SUPRINITY-PC-44049.html
  • 25. ivoclar.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.ivoclar.com/en_li/products/digital-processes/ips-e.max-cad-crystall
  • 26. Brodine BA, Korioth TV, Morrow B, Shafter MA, Hollis WC, Cagna DR. Surface roughness of milled lithium disilicate with and without reinforcement after finishing and polishing: an in vitro study. J Prosthodont 2021;30:245-51.
  • 27. Kilinc H, Turgut S. Optical behaviors of esthetic CAD-CAM restorations after different surface finishing and polishing procedures and UV aging: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2017;120:107-13.
  • 28. vita-zahnfabrik.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/VITA-AKZENT-Plus-24670,27568.html
  • 29. Vichi A, Fonzar RF, Goracci C, Carabba M, Ferrari M. Effect of finishing and polishing on roughness and gloss of lithium disilicate and lithium silicate zirconia reinforced glass ceramic for CAD/CAM systems. Oper Dent 2018;43:90-100.
  • 30. Korkut B, Bud M, Kukey P, Sancaklı H. Effect of surface sealants on color stability of different resin composites. Med Pharm Rep 2022;95:71-9.
  • 31. Çakmak G, Subaşı MG, Yilmaz B. Effect of thermocycling on the surface properties of resin-matrix CAD-CAM ceramics after different surface treatments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021;117:104401.
  • 32. Ruschel VC, Bona VS, Baratieri LN, Maia HP. Effect of surface sealants and polishing time on composite surface roughness and microhardness. Oper Dent 2018;43:408-15.
  • 33. gcamerica.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.gcamerica.com/products/digital/CERASMART/
  • 34. 3m.com.tr [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.3m.com.tr/3M/tr_TR/p/d/v000095766/
  • 35. vita-zahnfabrik.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com/en/VITA-ENAMIC-24970.html
  • 36. Melo de Matos JD, Lopes GRS, Queiroz DA, Nakano LJN, Ribeiro NCR, Barbosa AB, et al. Dental Ceramics: Fabrication Methods and Aesthetic Characterization. Coatings 2022;12:1228.
  • 37. gcamerica.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.gcamerica.com/products/digital/OPTIGLAZE_Color/
  • 38. Tekçe N, Fidan S, Tuncer S, Kara D, Demirci M. The effect of glazing and aging on the surface properties of CAD/CAM resin blocks. J Adv Prosthodont 2018;10:50-7.
  • 39. Lee WF, Takahashi H, Iwasaki N, Peng PW. Efect of thickness of externally characterized stains on optical properties of high translucency zirconia. Clin Oral Investig 2023;27:165-71.
  • 40. Kanat-Ertürk B. Color Stability of CAD/CAM Ceramics Prepared with Different Surface Finishing Procedures. J Prosthodont 2020;166-72.
  • 41. Steinbrenner H. Multichromatic and highly translucent hybrid ceramic Vita Enamic. Int J Comput Dent 2018;21:239-50.
  • 42. Sagsoz O, Demirci T, Demirci G, Sagsoz N, Yildiz M. The effects of different polishing techniques on the staining resistance of CAD/CAM resin-ceramics. J Adv Prosthodont 2016;8:417-22.
  • 43. Bissasu SM, Al-Houri NA. Replacement of missing lateral incisors with lithium disilicate glass-ceramic veneer-fixed dental prostheses: a clinical report. Clin Case Rep 2014;2:128.
  • 44. eve-rotary.com [İnternet]. [23 Ocak 2023'ten alıntı]. Şu adresten edinilebilir: https://www.eve-rotary.com/en/product-group/diapol-hp/
  • 45. Vila-Novaa TEL, de Carvalho IHG, Mourac DMD, Batistad AUD, Zhange Y, Paskocimasf CA, et al. Effect of finishing/polishing techniques and low temperature degradation on the surface topography, phase transformation and flexural strength of ultra-translucent ZrO2 ceramic. Dent Mater 2020;36:e126-e139.
  • 46. Scherner D, Bragger U, Ferrari M, Mocker A, Joda T. In-vitro polishing of CAD/CAM ceramic restorations: An evaluation with SEM and confocal profilometry J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020;107:103761.
  • 47. Irusa KF, Albouy JP, Cook R, Amaya-Pajares S, Donovan T. The Effect of Finishing and Polishing with Proprietary Vs Interchanged Polishing Kits on the Surface Roughness of Different Ceramic Materials. J Prosthodont 2022;1-6.
  • 48. Özarslan M, Can DB, Avcioglu NH, Çalışkan S. Efect of diferent polishing techniques on surface properties and bacterial adhesion on resin ceramic CAD/CAM materials. Clin Oral Investig 2022;26:5289-99.
  • 49. Ertuğrul S, Yıldırım S, Yüzügüllü B. Ekstraoral parlatma işlemlerinin translüsent monolitik zirkonyanın yüzey pürüzlülüğüne etkisi. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi 2022;11:123-31.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Esra Kaynak Öztürk 0000-0003-3798-2661

Merve Bankoğlu Güngör 0000-0002-4002-6390

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Kaynak Öztürk E, Bankoğlu Güngör M. CAD-CAM sisteminde üretilen monolitik seramik restorasyonlarda uygulanan yüzey bitirme işlemleri. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;12(3):492-50.
 Kapak Resmi İndir