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Ege bölgesi neonatal kuzu ölümlerinde Escherichia coli septisemisinin ve antibiyotik duyarlılığının araştırılması

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 305 - 312, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.1135125

Abstract

Bu çalışmada 2019-2021 yılları arasında Ege bölgesine ait 7 ilde (Aydın, Denizli, İzmir, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Uşak) görülen neonatal (0-28 gün) kuzu ölümlerinde Escherichia coli (E. coli) septisemisi araştırıldı ve etkenin antimikrobiyal duyarlılıkları tespit edildi. Araştırmanın materyalini 150 adet kuzu viseral organ ve dokusu (akciğer, karaciğer, dalak, lenf, kemik iliği ve barsak) oluşturdu. Örnekler, nutrient broth 37°C’de 24 saat aerobik şartlarda inkube edildi ve daha sonra %7 kanlı agara ve MacConkey agara ekimler yapılarak 37oC'de 24-48 saat inkubasyona bırakıldı. Kanlı agarda grimsi S tipli, MacConkey agarda pembe, mukoid olmayan koloni oluşturan Gram negatif basiller E. coli olarak değerlendirildi ve Vitek 2 sistemi ile de doğrulandı. Örneklerin %88,66 (133/150)'sında E. coli etkeni tespit edildi. Etken izolasyonu en çok İzmir (31/133; %23,30) ve Aydın (25/133; %18,80)'da yapıldı. Diğer illerde bulgular birbirine yakın seyir gösterdi. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testinde amoksisilin- klavulanik asit (30 µg), sefoperazon (30 µg), eritromisin (15 µg), penisilin G (10 units), gentamisin (10 µg), tetrasiklin (30 µg), trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol (25 µg) ve enrofloksasin (5 µg) ticari diskleri kullanıldı. İzolatların 110’u (%73,33) gentamisin'e, 80'i sefoperazon'a (%53,33) ve 70'i (%46,66) amoksisilin-klavulanik asit'e duyarlı bulundu. Ek olarak, izolatların tüm'ü penisilin G' ye (%100), 146'sı (%97,33) eritromisin'e, 122'si tetrasiklin'e (%81,33) ve 119'u (%79,33) sulfametaksazol-trimethoprim'e dirençli bulundu. Sonuç olarak Ege bölgesinde iç organlar tutulumu ile karakterize E. coli septisemisi görülmektedir. Mortalite'nin antibiyogram ile akılcı antibiyotik kullanımı, doğru tedavi yaklaşımları ve koruyucu hekimlik uygulamaları ile azalma göstereceği ve ekonomiye olumlu katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

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  • Acosta-Dibarrat, J., Enriquez-Gómez, E., Talavera-Rojas, M., Soriano-Vargas, E., Navarro, A., & Morales-Espinosa, R. (2021). Characterization of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Slaughtered Sheep in México (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-573147/v1.
  • Ahmed, A., Egwu, G.O., Garba, H.S., & Magaji, A.A. (2010a). Studies on risk factors of mortality in lambs in Sokoto, Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 31(1).
  • Ahmed, A., Egwu, G.O., Garba, H.S., & Magaji, A.A. (2010b). Prevalence of bacterial pathogens and serotyping of E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic lambs in Sokoto state, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 8(1&2).
  • Arslan, S., Öncel, T., Malal, M.E., Satır, E., Sait, A., Baca, A.Ü., & Aydoğan, D.Y. (2016). Bacteriological, Virological, and Parasitological Etiology in Diarrhea Cases in Determined in Post-mortem Lambs and Kids in Marmara Region. Van Veterinary Journal, 27(3).
  • Battisti, A., Lovari, S., Franco, A., Di Egidio, A., Tozzoli, R., Caprioli, A., Morabito, S. (2006). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in lambs at slaughter in Rome, central Italy. Epidemiology and Infection, 134, 415-419.
  • Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493.
  • Bélanger, L., Garenaux, A., Harel, J., Boulianne, M., Nadeau, E., & Dozois, C.M. (2011). Escherichia coli from animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 62(1), 1-10.
  • Blanco Crivelli, X., Bonino, M.P., Sanin, M.S., Petrina, J.F., Disalvo, V.N., Massa, R., ... & Bentancor, A. (2021). Potential Zoonotic Pathovars of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Detected in Lambs for Human Consumption from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Microorganisms, 9(8), 1710.
  • Brien, F.D., Cloete, S.W.P., Fogarty, N.M., Greeff, J.C., Hebart, M.L., Hiendleder, S., ... & Miller, D.R. (2014). A review of the genetic and epigenetic factors affecting lamb survival. Animal Production Science, 54(6), 667-693.
  • Chaarani, B., Robinson, R.A., & Johnson, D.W. (1991). Lamb mortality in Meknes province (Morocco). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 10(4), 283-298.
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  • Fouad, H., Saleh, H., Elazazy, H., Hamed, A., & Samir, S. (2022). Prevalence of pathogenic E. coli in diarrhoeic cattle calves and antibiotic resistance genes. Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Medical Journal, 20(1), 12-18.
  • Ghanbarpour, R., Askari, N., Ghorbanpour, M., Tahamtan, Y., Mashayekhi, K., Afsharipour, N., & Darijani, N. (2017). Genotypic analysis of virulence genes and antimicrobial profile of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from diseased lambs in Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 49(3), 591-597.
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  • Gökçe, E., Ünver, A., & Erdoğan, H. M. (2010). İshalli neonatal kuzularda enterik patojenlerin belirlenmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(5), 717-722.
  • Gökçe, E., Kırmızıgül, A. H., Erdoğan, H. M., & Çitil, M. (2013). Risk factors associated with passive immunity, health, birth weight and growth performance in lambs: I. effect of parity, dam’s health, birth weight, gender, type of birth and lambing season on morbidity and Mortality. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (Supplement A).
  • Gülhan, T. (2003). Sağlıklı görünen hayvanların dışkılarından izole edilen Escherichia coli suşlarının biyokimyasal, enterotoksijenik ve verotoksijenik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 102-109.
  • Haulisah, N.A., Hassan, L., Bejo, S.K., Jajere, S.M., & Ahmad, N.I. (2021). High levels of antibiotic resistance in isolates from diseased livestock. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 652351.
  • Holmøy, I.H., Waage, S., Granquist, E.G., L’Abée-Lund, T.M., Ersdal, C., Hektoen, L., & Sørby, R. (2017). Early neonatal lamb mortality: postmortem findings. Animal, 11(2), 295-305.
  • Khawaskar, D.P., Sinha, D.K., Lalrinzuala, M.V., Athira, V., Kumar, M., Chhakchhuak, L., ... & Thomas, P. (2022). Pathotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli isolates from neonatal calves. Veterinary Research Communications, 46(2), 353-362.
  • Kidsley, A.K., Abraham, S., Bell, J.M., O'Dea, M., Laird, T.J., Jordan, D., ... & Trott, D.J. (2018). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates from healthy pigs in Australia: results of a pilot national survey. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1207.
  • Kiponza, R., Balandya, B., Majigo, M.V., & Matee, M. (2019). Laboratory confirmed puerperal sepsis in a national referral hospital in Tanzania: etiological agents and their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1-7.
  • Kolář, M., Bardoň, J., Vagnerova, I., Sauer, P., Koukalova, D., Petrželová, J., ... & Pospíšil, R. (2008). Resistance to antibiotics in strains of Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from rectal swabs of pigs. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 77(1), 103-110.
  • Kumar, K., Sharma, N.S., Kaur, P., & Arora, A.K. (2022). Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Virulence Genes in E. coli Isolated from Sheep and Goat Faecal Samples. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 56(2), 208-214.
  • Lee, J. H. (2009). Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O26 and O111 isolates from cattle and their characteristics. Veterinary microbiology, 135(3-4), 401-405.
  • LeJeune, J. T., Zhou, K., Kopko, C., & Igarashi, H. (2021). FAO/WHO Joint Expert Meeting on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA): Twenty Years of International Microbiological Risk Assessment. Foods, 10(8), 1873.
  • Mahboub, H.D., Ramadan, S.G., Helal, M. A., & Aziz, E.A. (2013). Effect of maternal feeding in late pregnancy on behaviour and performance of Egyptian goat and sheep and their offspring. Global Veterinaria, 11(2), 168-176.
  • Martins, F. H., Guth, B. E., Piazza, R. M., Elias, W. P., Leão, S. C., Marzoa, J., ... & Pelayo, J. S. (2016). Lambs are an important source of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in southern Brazil. Veterinary microbiology, 196, 72-77.
  • Mousa-Balabel, T.M. (2010). The relationship between sheep management and lamb mortality. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 41, 1201-1206.
  • Munoz, M., Alvarez, M., Lanza, I., & Carmenes, P. (1996). Role of enteric pathogens in the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea in lambs and goat kids in Spain. Epidemiology & Infection, 117(1), 203-211.
  • Musa, L., Casagrande Proietti, P., Branciari, R., Menchetti, L., Bellucci, S., Ranucci, D., ... & Franciosini, M. P. (2020). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli diffusion in conventional, organic and antibiotic-free meat chickens at slaughter. Animals, 10(7), 1215.
  • Nasr, E.M., & Meghawery, M.A. (2007). Studies on diarrhea in calves with emphasis on the role of clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2, 28-33.
  • Özçelik, A. (2018). Elazığ yöresinde ishalli neonatal kuzu ve oğlakların bazı ishal etkenlerinin hızlı test kitleri ile teşhisi/Diagnosis of some diarrhea factor with rapid test kits in lambs and kids with neonatal diarrhea in Elazig province [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi].
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  • Tadesse, D.A., Zhao, S., Tong, E., Ayers, S., Singh, A., Bartholomew, M.J., & McDermott, P. F. (2012). Antimicrobial drug resistance in Escherichia coli from humans and food animals, United States, 1950–2002. Emerging infectious diseases, 18(5), 741.
  • Tenaillon, O., Skurnik, D., Picard, B., & Denamur, E. (2010). The population genetics of commensal Escherichia coli. Nature reviews microbiology, 8(3), 207-217.
  • TÜİK, (2022, Şubat 09). Hayvansal Üretim İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hayvansal-%C3%9Cretim-%C4%B0statistikleri Aral%C4%B1k-2021-45593&dil=1
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Investigation of Escherichia coli septicemia and antibiotic susceptibility in neonatal lamb deaths in the Aegean region

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 305 - 312, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.1135125

Abstract

In this study, Escherichia coli (E. coli) septicemia was investigated in neonatal (0-28 days) lamb deaths in 7 provinces of the Aegean region (Aydın, Denizli, İzmir, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Uşak) between 2019-2021, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. The material of the study consisted of 150 lamb visceral organs and tissues (lung, liver, spleen, lymph, bone marrow and intestine). The samples were incubated in nutrient broth under aerobic conditions and then inoculated on 7% blood agar and Macconkey agar, and incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Gram-negative bacilli that form grayish S-type on blood agar and pink, non-mucoid colony on Macconkey agar were evaluated as E. coli and were also confirmed by the Vitek 2 system. E. coli agent was detected in 88.66% (133/150) of the samples. Agent isolation was most common in İzmir (31/133; 23.30%) and Aydın (25/133; 18.80%). Findings in other provinces showed a similar trend. In antibiotic susceptibility test, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoperazone, erythromycin, penicillin G, gentamicin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole and enrofloxacin commercial discs were used. Of the isolates, 110 (73.33%) were sensitive to gentamicin, 80 (53.33%) to cefoperazone, and 70 (46.66%) to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. In addition, all of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G (100%), erythromycin (97.33%), tetracycline (81.33%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (79.33%). As a result, E. coli septicemia characterized by visceral involvement is seen in the Aegean region. It is thought that mortality will decrease with the right treatment approaches and rational antibiotic use and will contribute positively to the economy.

References

  • Abdou, N., Majeed, Q., El-Azazy, O., Tahrani, L., AlAzemi, M. S., & Alajmi, A. (2021). Risk factors of diarrhea in small ruminants in Kuwait. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 22(2), 146–149.
  • Acosta-Dibarrat, J., Enriquez-Gómez, E., Talavera-Rojas, M., Soriano-Vargas, E., Navarro, A., & Morales-Espinosa, R. (2021). Characterization of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Slaughtered Sheep in México (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-573147/v1.
  • Ahmed, A., Egwu, G.O., Garba, H.S., & Magaji, A.A. (2010a). Studies on risk factors of mortality in lambs in Sokoto, Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 31(1).
  • Ahmed, A., Egwu, G.O., Garba, H.S., & Magaji, A.A. (2010b). Prevalence of bacterial pathogens and serotyping of E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic lambs in Sokoto state, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 8(1&2).
  • Arslan, S., Öncel, T., Malal, M.E., Satır, E., Sait, A., Baca, A.Ü., & Aydoğan, D.Y. (2016). Bacteriological, Virological, and Parasitological Etiology in Diarrhea Cases in Determined in Post-mortem Lambs and Kids in Marmara Region. Van Veterinary Journal, 27(3).
  • Battisti, A., Lovari, S., Franco, A., Di Egidio, A., Tozzoli, R., Caprioli, A., Morabito, S. (2006). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in lambs at slaughter in Rome, central Italy. Epidemiology and Infection, 134, 415-419.
  • Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493.
  • Bélanger, L., Garenaux, A., Harel, J., Boulianne, M., Nadeau, E., & Dozois, C.M. (2011). Escherichia coli from animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 62(1), 1-10.
  • Blanco Crivelli, X., Bonino, M.P., Sanin, M.S., Petrina, J.F., Disalvo, V.N., Massa, R., ... & Bentancor, A. (2021). Potential Zoonotic Pathovars of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Detected in Lambs for Human Consumption from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Microorganisms, 9(8), 1710.
  • Brien, F.D., Cloete, S.W.P., Fogarty, N.M., Greeff, J.C., Hebart, M.L., Hiendleder, S., ... & Miller, D.R. (2014). A review of the genetic and epigenetic factors affecting lamb survival. Animal Production Science, 54(6), 667-693.
  • Chaarani, B., Robinson, R.A., & Johnson, D.W. (1991). Lamb mortality in Meknes province (Morocco). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 10(4), 283-298.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), (2016). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-sixth informational supplement. Wayne, PA: M100-S26.
  • Fouad, H., Saleh, H., Elazazy, H., Hamed, A., & Samir, S. (2022). Prevalence of pathogenic E. coli in diarrhoeic cattle calves and antibiotic resistance genes. Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Medical Journal, 20(1), 12-18.
  • Ghanbarpour, R., Askari, N., Ghorbanpour, M., Tahamtan, Y., Mashayekhi, K., Afsharipour, N., & Darijani, N. (2017). Genotypic analysis of virulence genes and antimicrobial profile of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from diseased lambs in Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 49(3), 591-597.
  • Gökçe, E., Erdoğan, & H.M. (2009).An epidemiological study on neonatal lamb healty. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 15, 225236.
  • Gökçe, E., Ünver, A., & Erdoğan, H. M. (2010). İshalli neonatal kuzularda enterik patojenlerin belirlenmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(5), 717-722.
  • Gökçe, E., Kırmızıgül, A. H., Erdoğan, H. M., & Çitil, M. (2013). Risk factors associated with passive immunity, health, birth weight and growth performance in lambs: I. effect of parity, dam’s health, birth weight, gender, type of birth and lambing season on morbidity and Mortality. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (Supplement A).
  • Gülhan, T. (2003). Sağlıklı görünen hayvanların dışkılarından izole edilen Escherichia coli suşlarının biyokimyasal, enterotoksijenik ve verotoksijenik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 102-109.
  • Haulisah, N.A., Hassan, L., Bejo, S.K., Jajere, S.M., & Ahmad, N.I. (2021). High levels of antibiotic resistance in isolates from diseased livestock. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 652351.
  • Holmøy, I.H., Waage, S., Granquist, E.G., L’Abée-Lund, T.M., Ersdal, C., Hektoen, L., & Sørby, R. (2017). Early neonatal lamb mortality: postmortem findings. Animal, 11(2), 295-305.
  • Khawaskar, D.P., Sinha, D.K., Lalrinzuala, M.V., Athira, V., Kumar, M., Chhakchhuak, L., ... & Thomas, P. (2022). Pathotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli isolates from neonatal calves. Veterinary Research Communications, 46(2), 353-362.
  • Kidsley, A.K., Abraham, S., Bell, J.M., O'Dea, M., Laird, T.J., Jordan, D., ... & Trott, D.J. (2018). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates from healthy pigs in Australia: results of a pilot national survey. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1207.
  • Kiponza, R., Balandya, B., Majigo, M.V., & Matee, M. (2019). Laboratory confirmed puerperal sepsis in a national referral hospital in Tanzania: etiological agents and their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1-7.
  • Kolář, M., Bardoň, J., Vagnerova, I., Sauer, P., Koukalova, D., Petrželová, J., ... & Pospíšil, R. (2008). Resistance to antibiotics in strains of Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from rectal swabs of pigs. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 77(1), 103-110.
  • Kumar, K., Sharma, N.S., Kaur, P., & Arora, A.K. (2022). Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Virulence Genes in E. coli Isolated from Sheep and Goat Faecal Samples. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 56(2), 208-214.
  • Lee, J. H. (2009). Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O26 and O111 isolates from cattle and their characteristics. Veterinary microbiology, 135(3-4), 401-405.
  • LeJeune, J. T., Zhou, K., Kopko, C., & Igarashi, H. (2021). FAO/WHO Joint Expert Meeting on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA): Twenty Years of International Microbiological Risk Assessment. Foods, 10(8), 1873.
  • Mahboub, H.D., Ramadan, S.G., Helal, M. A., & Aziz, E.A. (2013). Effect of maternal feeding in late pregnancy on behaviour and performance of Egyptian goat and sheep and their offspring. Global Veterinaria, 11(2), 168-176.
  • Martins, F. H., Guth, B. E., Piazza, R. M., Elias, W. P., Leão, S. C., Marzoa, J., ... & Pelayo, J. S. (2016). Lambs are an important source of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in southern Brazil. Veterinary microbiology, 196, 72-77.
  • Mousa-Balabel, T.M. (2010). The relationship between sheep management and lamb mortality. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 41, 1201-1206.
  • Munoz, M., Alvarez, M., Lanza, I., & Carmenes, P. (1996). Role of enteric pathogens in the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea in lambs and goat kids in Spain. Epidemiology & Infection, 117(1), 203-211.
  • Musa, L., Casagrande Proietti, P., Branciari, R., Menchetti, L., Bellucci, S., Ranucci, D., ... & Franciosini, M. P. (2020). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli diffusion in conventional, organic and antibiotic-free meat chickens at slaughter. Animals, 10(7), 1215.
  • Nasr, E.M., & Meghawery, M.A. (2007). Studies on diarrhea in calves with emphasis on the role of clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2, 28-33.
  • Özçelik, A. (2018). Elazığ yöresinde ishalli neonatal kuzu ve oğlakların bazı ishal etkenlerinin hızlı test kitleri ile teşhisi/Diagnosis of some diarrhea factor with rapid test kits in lambs and kids with neonatal diarrhea in Elazig province [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi].
  • Öztürk, G. (1996). Etiopathology of Enterotoxaemia in Small Ruminants in Elazig and Surrounding Cities I. The Group in Which Cl. perfringens was Isolated from Enterotoxaemia Suspected Cases. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 20(1), 63-68.
  • Quinn, P.J. Carter ME, Markey B, Carter G.R. (1994). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. pp. 21-67. Mosby-Wolfe, London, U.K.
  • Sharif, L., Obeidat, J., & Al-Ani, F. (2005). Risk factors for lamb and kid mortality in sheep and goat farms in Jordan. Bulgarian journal of veterinary medicine, 8(2), 99-108.
  • Sowunmi, K., Olamiji, O.M., Adesola, D.Y., Lawal, A.A., Adejoke, O.K., Emmanuel, K.A., ... & Seun, O.O. (In press) (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from a Variety of Meats in Sabo Market, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria. Research Square. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1350579/v1.
  • Tadesse, D.A., Zhao, S., Tong, E., Ayers, S., Singh, A., Bartholomew, M.J., & McDermott, P. F. (2012). Antimicrobial drug resistance in Escherichia coli from humans and food animals, United States, 1950–2002. Emerging infectious diseases, 18(5), 741.
  • Tenaillon, O., Skurnik, D., Picard, B., & Denamur, E. (2010). The population genetics of commensal Escherichia coli. Nature reviews microbiology, 8(3), 207-217.
  • TÜİK, (2022, Şubat 09). Hayvansal Üretim İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hayvansal-%C3%9Cretim-%C4%B0statistikleri Aral%C4%B1k-2021-45593&dil=1
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There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Volkan Özavcı 0000-0003-3511-3008

Çağatay Nuhay 0000-0002-1475-3041

Mehmet Özden 0000-0001-9989-2624

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date June 24, 2022
Acceptance Date November 11, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özavcı, V., Nuhay, Ç., & Özden, M. (2022). Investigation of Escherichia coli septicemia and antibiotic susceptibility in neonatal lamb deaths in the Aegean region. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 7(3), 305-312. https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.1135125

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