Research Article
The effects of solutions of maca (Lepidium meyenii) powder as a food/feed supplement on the viability of murine macrophage cells by digital image analysis
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a tuber root plant and belongs to the Brassicaceae family and recently used as a supplement in human and animal nutrition. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of two solutions (aqueous and ethanol) of maca root powder by digital image analysis. Maca powder was mixed in ultra distilled water and ethanol (1:2 w/v) for 24 h at 4 °C. The mixtures were centrifuged and the supernatants were ten-fold diluted for cytotoxic analysis of Raw 264.7 murine macrophage cells. After seeded the cell cultures in microplates, ten-fold dilutions (from 10-1 to 10-7) of both maca solutions were added as six replicates for 24 h. While the aqueous maca solution increased the number of dead cells at 10-1 (50 mg ml-1), the ethanolic solution statistically increased the number of dead cells at 10-1, 10-2, and 10-3 (50, 5 and 0.5 mg ml-1) (P<0.01). In conclusion, the alcoholic preparation of maca powder caused a higher cytotoxic effect on the murine macrophage cells than the aqueous preparation due to the solvents and the dilution factor in this study.
Supporting Institution
Yok
Project Number
Yok
Thanks
Authors thank the Marmara University.
References
- Aung. S.M.. Kanokwiroon. K.. Phairatana. T.. Chatpun. S. (2019). Live and dead cells counting from microscopic trypan blue staining images using thresholding and morphological operation techniques. International Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering, 9, 2088-8708. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2460-2468
- Bai. N.. He. K.. Roller. M.. Lai. C.S.. Bai. L.. Pan. M.H. (2015). Flavonolignans and other constituents from Lepidium meyenii with activities in anti-inflammation and human cancer cell lines. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 63(9). 2458-2463. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00219
- Bilal. T.. Abas. I.. Korkmaz. S.. Ates. A.. Keser. O., Kumas. C. (2016). Effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) powder on serum indices and metabolic responses in racehorses. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 26(4). 901-8.
- Collins T.J. ImageJ for microscopy. Biotechniques. 4. 25-30. https://doi.org/ 10.2144/000112517.
- Del Valle Mendoza. J.. Pumarola. T.. Gonzales. L.A., Del Valle. L.J. (2014). Antiviral activity of maca (Lepidium meyenii) against human influenza virus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 7. 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60268-6
- Freitag. G.P.. Lima. L.G.F.. Kozicki. L.E.. Felicio. L.C.S.. Weiss. R. R. (2020). Evaluation of stallion sperm motility with ImageJ using a cell phone camera and a light microscope. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 72(6). 2007-2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11934
- Fu. L.. Wei. J.. Gao. Y., Chen. R. (2020). Antioxidant and antitumoral activities of isolated macamide and macaene fractions from Lepidium meyenii (Maca). Talanta. 221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121635
- Gonzales. G.F.. Vasquez-Velasquez. C., Alarcón-Yaquetto. D.E. (2020). Science behind Maca: A Traditional Crop from the Central Andes. In R. K. K.. A. K. S.. R. K. K. (Eds.). Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements: Applications in Health Improvement and Disease Management. (pp. 241). New York: Apple Academic Press.
- Grishagin. I.V. (2015). Automatic cell counting with ImageJ. Analytical Biochemistry. 473. 63-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2014.12.007
- Korkmaz. S. (2018). Antioxidants in Maca (Lepidium meyenii) as a Supplement in Nutrition. In E S. and G. M. A.(Eds.). Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications: London: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75582.
- Korkmaz. S.. Eseceli. H.. Omurtag Korkmaz. I.. Bilal. T. (2016). Effect of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) powder dietary supplementation on performance. egg quality. yolk cholesterol. serum parameters and antioxidant status of laying hens in the post-peak period. European Poultry Science. 80. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2016.147
- Rodríguez-Huamán. Á.. Casimiro-Gonzales. S.. Chávez-Pérez. J.A.. Gonzales-Arimborgo. C.. Cisneros-Fernández. R.. Aguilar-Mendoza. L.Á., Gonzales. G.F. (2017). Antioxidant and neuroprotector effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) methanol leaf extract against 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 27(4). 279-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2016.1275908
- Sandhya N.B. (2011). A Quick & Automated Method for Measuring Cell Area Using ImageJ. The American Biology Teacher. 73(9): 554–556. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2011.73.9.9
- Wang. W.. Zou. Y.. Li. Q.. Mao. R.. Shao. X.. Jin. D., Yang. L. (2016). Immunomodulatory effects of a polysaccharide purified from Lepidium meyenii Walp. on macrophages. Process Biochemistry. 51(4). 542-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.01.003
- Xia. C.. Chen. J.. Deng. J.L.. Zhu. Y.Q.. Li. W.Y.. Jie. B., Chen. T.Y. (2018). Novel macamides from maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) root and their cytotoxicity. Phytochemistry Letters. 25. 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2018.03.001
- Ye. Y. Q.. Ma. Z.H.. Yang. Q.F.. Sun. Y.Q.. Zhang. R.Q.. Wu. R.F., Zhou. M. (2019). Isolation and synthesis of a new benzylated alkamide from the roots of Lepidium meyenii. Natural Product Research. 33(19). 2731-2737. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1499633
- Zhou. M.. Ma. H.Y.. Liu. Z.H.. Yang. G.Y.. Du. G.. Ye. Y.Q., Hu. Q.F. (2017). (+)-Meyeniins A–C. novel hexahydroimidazo [1. 5-c] thiazole derivatives from the tubers of Lepidium meyenii: complete structural elucidation by biomimetic synthesis and racemic crystallization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65(9). 1887-1892. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05805
- Zhou. M.. Zhang. R.Q.. Chen. Y.J.. Liao. L.M.. Sun. Y.Q.. Ma. Z.H., Hu. Q.F. (2018). Three new pyrrole alkaloids from the roots of Lepidium meyenii. Phytochemistry Letters. 23. 137-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2017.12.002
Year 2021,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 116 - 120, 31.08.2021
Abstract
Project Number
Yok
References
- Aung. S.M.. Kanokwiroon. K.. Phairatana. T.. Chatpun. S. (2019). Live and dead cells counting from microscopic trypan blue staining images using thresholding and morphological operation techniques. International Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering, 9, 2088-8708. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2460-2468
- Bai. N.. He. K.. Roller. M.. Lai. C.S.. Bai. L.. Pan. M.H. (2015). Flavonolignans and other constituents from Lepidium meyenii with activities in anti-inflammation and human cancer cell lines. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 63(9). 2458-2463. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00219
- Bilal. T.. Abas. I.. Korkmaz. S.. Ates. A.. Keser. O., Kumas. C. (2016). Effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) powder on serum indices and metabolic responses in racehorses. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 26(4). 901-8.
- Collins T.J. ImageJ for microscopy. Biotechniques. 4. 25-30. https://doi.org/ 10.2144/000112517.
- Del Valle Mendoza. J.. Pumarola. T.. Gonzales. L.A., Del Valle. L.J. (2014). Antiviral activity of maca (Lepidium meyenii) against human influenza virus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 7. 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60268-6
- Freitag. G.P.. Lima. L.G.F.. Kozicki. L.E.. Felicio. L.C.S.. Weiss. R. R. (2020). Evaluation of stallion sperm motility with ImageJ using a cell phone camera and a light microscope. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 72(6). 2007-2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11934
- Fu. L.. Wei. J.. Gao. Y., Chen. R. (2020). Antioxidant and antitumoral activities of isolated macamide and macaene fractions from Lepidium meyenii (Maca). Talanta. 221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121635
- Gonzales. G.F.. Vasquez-Velasquez. C., Alarcón-Yaquetto. D.E. (2020). Science behind Maca: A Traditional Crop from the Central Andes. In R. K. K.. A. K. S.. R. K. K. (Eds.). Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements: Applications in Health Improvement and Disease Management. (pp. 241). New York: Apple Academic Press.
- Grishagin. I.V. (2015). Automatic cell counting with ImageJ. Analytical Biochemistry. 473. 63-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2014.12.007
- Korkmaz. S. (2018). Antioxidants in Maca (Lepidium meyenii) as a Supplement in Nutrition. In E S. and G. M. A.(Eds.). Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications: London: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75582.
- Korkmaz. S.. Eseceli. H.. Omurtag Korkmaz. I.. Bilal. T. (2016). Effect of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) powder dietary supplementation on performance. egg quality. yolk cholesterol. serum parameters and antioxidant status of laying hens in the post-peak period. European Poultry Science. 80. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2016.147
- Rodríguez-Huamán. Á.. Casimiro-Gonzales. S.. Chávez-Pérez. J.A.. Gonzales-Arimborgo. C.. Cisneros-Fernández. R.. Aguilar-Mendoza. L.Á., Gonzales. G.F. (2017). Antioxidant and neuroprotector effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) methanol leaf extract against 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 27(4). 279-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2016.1275908
- Sandhya N.B. (2011). A Quick & Automated Method for Measuring Cell Area Using ImageJ. The American Biology Teacher. 73(9): 554–556. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2011.73.9.9
- Wang. W.. Zou. Y.. Li. Q.. Mao. R.. Shao. X.. Jin. D., Yang. L. (2016). Immunomodulatory effects of a polysaccharide purified from Lepidium meyenii Walp. on macrophages. Process Biochemistry. 51(4). 542-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.01.003
- Xia. C.. Chen. J.. Deng. J.L.. Zhu. Y.Q.. Li. W.Y.. Jie. B., Chen. T.Y. (2018). Novel macamides from maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) root and their cytotoxicity. Phytochemistry Letters. 25. 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2018.03.001
- Ye. Y. Q.. Ma. Z.H.. Yang. Q.F.. Sun. Y.Q.. Zhang. R.Q.. Wu. R.F., Zhou. M. (2019). Isolation and synthesis of a new benzylated alkamide from the roots of Lepidium meyenii. Natural Product Research. 33(19). 2731-2737. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1499633
- Zhou. M.. Ma. H.Y.. Liu. Z.H.. Yang. G.Y.. Du. G.. Ye. Y.Q., Hu. Q.F. (2017). (+)-Meyeniins A–C. novel hexahydroimidazo [1. 5-c] thiazole derivatives from the tubers of Lepidium meyenii: complete structural elucidation by biomimetic synthesis and racemic crystallization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65(9). 1887-1892. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05805
- Zhou. M.. Zhang. R.Q.. Chen. Y.J.. Liao. L.M.. Sun. Y.Q.. Ma. Z.H., Hu. Q.F. (2018). Three new pyrrole alkaloids from the roots of Lepidium meyenii. Phytochemistry Letters. 23. 137-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2017.12.002
There are 18 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Food Engineering, Veterinary Surgery |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | Yok |
| Publication Date | August 31, 2021 |
| Submission Date | May 7, 2021 |
| Acceptance Date | July 29, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 |
Cite
