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The COVID-19 and Hypertension

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 155 - 159, 30.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.752989

Abstract

On 31 December 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in China, caused COVID-19 infection and a pandemic. Hypertension (HT) appeared as an important comorbidity affecting prognosis in COVID-19 infection. SARSCoV-2’s use of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (‘angiotensin converting enzyme-2’, ACE2) as viral entry receptor in the lung has caused concern in patients diagnosed with hypertension and receiving ACEI / ARB therapy in COVID-19 infection. Studies show that the disease is more serious and more mortal in HT patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Taking ACEI / ARB, does not differ prognosis and mortality in many studies and even has positive effects in some studies. In addition, it seems that other antihypertensive treatments do not make a significant difference in terms of prognosis or mortality. Blood pressure of hypertensive patients must be kept under control. If there is no other reason, antihypertensive treatments of patients should not be changed.

References

  • REFERANSLAR:
  • 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W; China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:727–733.
  • 2. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/ news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic. (30 March 2020)
  • 3. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020; 579:270.
  • 4. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395:1054.
  • 5. Kreutz R, Algharably EAE, Azizi M, et al. Hypertension, the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 15]. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;cvaa097. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa097
  • 6. Gutierrez F, Masia M, Mirete C, Soldan B, Rodriguez JC, Padilla S, Hernandez I, Royo G, Martin-Hidalgo A. The influence of age and gender on the populationbased incidence of community-acquired pneumonia caused by different microbial pathogens. J Infect 2006;53:166–174.
  • 7. Koivula I, Sten M, Makela PH. Risk factors for pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Med 1994;96:313–320.
  • 8. Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Hao G, Zhang Z, Shao L, Tian Y, Dong Y, Zheng C, Wang J, Zhu M, Weintraub WS, Gao R. Status of hypertension in China: results from the China Hypertension Survey, 2012–2015. Circulation 2018;137:2344–2356.
  • 9. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2020;41:145–151.
  • 10. Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 6]. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574‐1581. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5394.
  • 11. Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000547. Published 2020 May 14. doi:10.1183/13993003.00547-2020.
  • 12. Kreutz R, Algharably EAE, Azizi M, et al. Hypertension, the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 15]. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;cvaa097. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa097
  • 13. Hampl V, Herget J, Bíbová J, et al. Intrapulmonary activation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2/angiotensin 1-7/G-protein-coupled Mas receptor axis attenuates pulmonary hypertension in Ren-2 transgenic rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. Physiol Res. 2015;64(1):25–38.
  • 14. Imai Y, Kuba K, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Penninger JM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in disease pathogenesis. Circ J. 2010;74(3):405‐410. doi:10.1253/circj.cj-10-0045.
  • 15. Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS axis of the renin–angiotensin system: focus on angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018;98:505–553.
  • 16. Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B, Yang P, Sarao R, Wada T, Leong-Poi H, Crackower MA, Fukamizu A, Hui CC, Hein L, Uhlig S, Slutsky AS, Jiang C, Penninger JM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature 2005;436:112–116.
  • 17. Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(5):531‐538. doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9.
  • 18. Gao C, Cai Y, Zhang K, et al. Association of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment with COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective observational study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(22):2058‐2066. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa433.
  • 19. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMP, Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020. 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
  • 20. Nadar S, Lip GY. Hypertension and the prothrombotic state. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1847. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00337-1).
  • 21. Meng J, Xiao G, Zhang J, et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with hypertension. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):757‐760. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1746200
  • 22. Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, et al. Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 17]. Circ Res. 2020;10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134.
  • 23. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng A. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 23]. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;e201624. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624.
  • 24. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 22] [published correction appears in doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.7681]. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052‐2059. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775
  • 25. Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Estimation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS)-Inhibitor effect on COVID-19 outcome: A Meta-analysis [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 28]. J Infect. 2020;S0163-4453(20)30329-7. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.052
  • 26. Mancia G, Rea F, Ludergnani M, Apolone G, Corrao G. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockers and the Risk of Covid-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 1]. N Engl J Med. 2020;NEJMoa2006923. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2006923
  • 27. Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Mancia G, Dell'Oro R, Grassi G. COVID-19, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: Should we change the therapy? [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 13]. Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104906. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104906).
  • 28. Hypertension ECo. Position Statement of the ESC Council on Hypertension on ACEInhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. https://www.escardio.org/Councils/ Council-on-Hypertension-(CHT)/News/position-statement-of-the-esc-councilon-hypertension-on-ace-inhibitors-and-ang).

COVID-19 ve Hipertansiyon

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 155 - 159, 30.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.752989

Abstract

Çin’de, ilk kez 31 Aralık 2019’da, yeni bir ciddi akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs 2 (SARS-CoV-2)’nin neden olduğu COVID-19 enfeksiyonu tespit edildi ve pandemiye sebep oldu. Hipertansiyon (HT), COVID-19 enfeksiyonunda prognozu etkileyen önemli bir komorbidite olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. SARS-CoV-2’nin akciğerde viral giriş reseptörü olarak anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim 2’yi (‘angiotensin converting enzyme-2’, ACE2) kullanması, COVID-19 enfeksiyonunda hipertansiyon tanısı olan ve ACEI/ARB tedavisi alan hastalar açısından endişe yaratmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda HT tanısı olan COVID-19 hastalarında hastalığın daha ciddi ve daha mortal seyrettiği görülmektedir. ACEI/ARB kullanım gruplarında birçok çalışmada prognoz açısından farklılık oluşturmadığı hatta bazı çalışmalarda olumlu etki oluşturduğu izlenmektedir. Ayrıca diğer antihipertansif tedavilerin de prognoz veya mortalite açısından anlamlı farklılık yaratmadığı görülmektedir. Hipertansif hastaların kan basıncı mutlaka kontrol altında tutulmalıdır. Başka bir neden yoksa hastaların antihipertansif tedavileri değiştirilmemelidir.

References

  • REFERANSLAR:
  • 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W; China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:727–733.
  • 2. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/ news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic. (30 March 2020)
  • 3. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020; 579:270.
  • 4. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395:1054.
  • 5. Kreutz R, Algharably EAE, Azizi M, et al. Hypertension, the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 15]. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;cvaa097. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa097
  • 6. Gutierrez F, Masia M, Mirete C, Soldan B, Rodriguez JC, Padilla S, Hernandez I, Royo G, Martin-Hidalgo A. The influence of age and gender on the populationbased incidence of community-acquired pneumonia caused by different microbial pathogens. J Infect 2006;53:166–174.
  • 7. Koivula I, Sten M, Makela PH. Risk factors for pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Med 1994;96:313–320.
  • 8. Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Hao G, Zhang Z, Shao L, Tian Y, Dong Y, Zheng C, Wang J, Zhu M, Weintraub WS, Gao R. Status of hypertension in China: results from the China Hypertension Survey, 2012–2015. Circulation 2018;137:2344–2356.
  • 9. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2020;41:145–151.
  • 10. Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 6]. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574‐1581. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5394.
  • 11. Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000547. Published 2020 May 14. doi:10.1183/13993003.00547-2020.
  • 12. Kreutz R, Algharably EAE, Azizi M, et al. Hypertension, the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 15]. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;cvaa097. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa097
  • 13. Hampl V, Herget J, Bíbová J, et al. Intrapulmonary activation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2/angiotensin 1-7/G-protein-coupled Mas receptor axis attenuates pulmonary hypertension in Ren-2 transgenic rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. Physiol Res. 2015;64(1):25–38.
  • 14. Imai Y, Kuba K, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Penninger JM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in disease pathogenesis. Circ J. 2010;74(3):405‐410. doi:10.1253/circj.cj-10-0045.
  • 15. Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS axis of the renin–angiotensin system: focus on angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018;98:505–553.
  • 16. Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B, Yang P, Sarao R, Wada T, Leong-Poi H, Crackower MA, Fukamizu A, Hui CC, Hein L, Uhlig S, Slutsky AS, Jiang C, Penninger JM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature 2005;436:112–116.
  • 17. Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(5):531‐538. doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9.
  • 18. Gao C, Cai Y, Zhang K, et al. Association of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment with COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective observational study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(22):2058‐2066. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa433.
  • 19. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMP, Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020. 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
  • 20. Nadar S, Lip GY. Hypertension and the prothrombotic state. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1847. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00337-1).
  • 21. Meng J, Xiao G, Zhang J, et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with hypertension. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):757‐760. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1746200
  • 22. Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, et al. Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 17]. Circ Res. 2020;10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134.
  • 23. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng A. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 23]. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;e201624. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624.
  • 24. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 22] [published correction appears in doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.7681]. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052‐2059. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775
  • 25. Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Estimation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS)-Inhibitor effect on COVID-19 outcome: A Meta-analysis [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 28]. J Infect. 2020;S0163-4453(20)30329-7. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.052
  • 26. Mancia G, Rea F, Ludergnani M, Apolone G, Corrao G. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockers and the Risk of Covid-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 1]. N Engl J Med. 2020;NEJMoa2006923. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2006923
  • 27. Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Mancia G, Dell'Oro R, Grassi G. COVID-19, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: Should we change the therapy? [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 13]. Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104906. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104906).
  • 28. Hypertension ECo. Position Statement of the ESC Council on Hypertension on ACEInhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. https://www.escardio.org/Councils/ Council-on-Hypertension-(CHT)/News/position-statement-of-the-esc-councilon-hypertension-on-ace-inhibitors-and-ang).
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Işılay Taşkaldıran 0000-0002-1390-7571

Taner Bayraktaroğlu 0000-0003-3159-6663

Publication Date August 30, 2020
Acceptance Date August 4, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Taşkaldıran, I., & Bayraktaroğlu, T. (2020). COVID-19 ve Hipertansiyon. Türkiye Diyabet Ve Obezite Dergisi, 4(2), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.752989
AMA Taşkaldıran I, Bayraktaroğlu T. COVID-19 ve Hipertansiyon. Turk J Diab Obes. August 2020;4(2):155-159. doi:10.25048/tudod.752989
Chicago Taşkaldıran, Işılay, and Taner Bayraktaroğlu. “COVID-19 Ve Hipertansiyon”. Türkiye Diyabet Ve Obezite Dergisi 4, no. 2 (August 2020): 155-59. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.752989.
EndNote Taşkaldıran I, Bayraktaroğlu T (August 1, 2020) COVID-19 ve Hipertansiyon. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi 4 2 155–159.
IEEE I. Taşkaldıran and T. Bayraktaroğlu, “COVID-19 ve Hipertansiyon”, Turk J Diab Obes, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 155–159, 2020, doi: 10.25048/tudod.752989.
ISNAD Taşkaldıran, Işılay - Bayraktaroğlu, Taner. “COVID-19 Ve Hipertansiyon”. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi 4/2 (August 2020), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.752989.
JAMA Taşkaldıran I, Bayraktaroğlu T. COVID-19 ve Hipertansiyon. Turk J Diab Obes. 2020;4:155–159.
MLA Taşkaldıran, Işılay and Taner Bayraktaroğlu. “COVID-19 Ve Hipertansiyon”. Türkiye Diyabet Ve Obezite Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 2, 2020, pp. 155-9, doi:10.25048/tudod.752989.
Vancouver Taşkaldıran I, Bayraktaroğlu T. COVID-19 ve Hipertansiyon. Turk J Diab Obes. 2020;4(2):155-9.

Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity (Turk J Diab Obes) is a scientific publication of Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Obesity and Diabetes Research and Application Center.

This is a refereed journal, which is published in printed and electronic forms. It aims at achieving free knowledge to the related national and international organizations and individuals.

This journal is published annually three times (in April, August and December).

The publication language of the journal is Turkish and English.