Research Article
Year 2018,
Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 27 - 37, 30.04.2018
Abstract
References
- Reference 1 Banack HR , Sabiston CM, Bloom GA. Coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation of Paralympic athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4):722-730, 2011. Reference 2 Blumenstein B, Orbach I. Psychological preparation for Paralympic athletes: A preliminary study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 32(3):241-255, 2015. Reference 3 Burton D, Naylor S, Holliday B. Goal-setting in sport: Investigating the goal effectiveness paradox. In:Singer R, Hausenblas HA and Janelle CM (eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology. New York: Wiley, 2001. Reference 4 Burton D, Pickering M, Weinberg R, Yukelson D, Weigand D. The competitive goal effectiveness paradox revisited: Examining the goal practices of prospective Olympic athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1):72–86, 2010. Reference 5 Calmels C, Berthoumieux C, d’Arripe LF. Effects of an imagery training program on selective attention of national softball players. Sport Psychology, 18(3):272–296, 2004. Reference 6 Calmels C, Holmes P, Berthoumieux C, Singer RN. The development of movement imagery vividness through a structured intervention in softball. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27(4):307-322, 2004. Reference 7 Cronbach LJ. Test validation. In RL Thorndike (ed.), Educational measurement. Washington, DC: American Council on Education,1971. Reference 8 Eddy KAT, Mellalieu SD. Mental imagery in athletes with visual impairments. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 20(4):347-368, 2003. Reference 9 Gregg MJ, Hrycaiko D, Mactavish JB, Martin GL. A mental skills package for special Olympic athletes: A preliminary study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(1);4-18, 2004. Reference 10 Hanrahan SJ, Grove JG, Lockwood RJ. Psychological skills training for the blind athlete: a pilot program. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 7(2):143-155, 1990. Reference 11 Hanrahan SJ. (2004). Sport psychology and athletes with disabilities. In: Morris T and Summers J (eds). Sport Psychology: theory, applications and issues. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd; 2004. Reference 12 Hanrahan SJ. Psychological skills training for athletes with disabilities. Australian Psychologist, 50(2):102-105, 2015. Reference 13 Hardy L, Roberst R, Thomas PR, Murphy SM. Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS): Instrument refinement using confirmatory factor analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(1):27-35, 2010. Reference 14 Harwood C, Cumming J, Fletcher D. Motivational profiles and psychological skills use within elite youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(4); 318–332, 2004. Reference 15 Horn CM, Gilbert JN, Gilbert W, Lewis DK. Psychological skills training with community college athletes: The UNIFORM approach. Sport Psychologist, 25(3):321-340, 2011. Reference 16 Johnson JJM, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. Sport Psychologist, 18(1):44-59, 2004. Reference 17 Jordet G. When superstars flop: Public status and choking under pressure in international soccer penalty shootouts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2):125-130, 2009. Reference 18 Lane MA, Harwood C, Terry PC, Karageorghis. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) among adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Science, 22(9):803-812, 2004. Reference 19 Larsen CH. Preparing for the European Championships: A six-step mental skills training program in disability sports. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 5(4):186-197, 2014 Reference 20 Loewenthal, KM. An introduction to psychological tests and scales. London: UCL Press, 2001. Reference 21 Lowther J, Lane A and Lane H. Self-efficacy and psychological skills during the Amputee Soccer World Cup. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 4(2): 23-34, 2002. Reference 22 Martin JJ, Malone L. Elite wheelchair rugby players’ mental skills and sport engagement. Journal of Clinic Sports Psychology, 7(4):253–263, 2013. Reference 23 Martin JJ. Determinants of elite disability sport performance. Kinesiology Review, 4(1): 91-98, 2015. Reference 24 Mellalieu SD, Hanton S, Fletcher D. A competitive anxiety review: recent directions in sport psychology research. In: Hanton S and Mellalieu SD (eds.). Literature reviews in sport psychology New York: Nova Science, 2006. Reference 25 Mesagno C, Marchant D, Morris T. Alleviating choking: The sounds of distraction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2):131–147, 2009. Reference 26 Neil R, Mellalieu SD, Hanton S. Psychological skills usage and the competitive anxiety response as a function of skill level in rugby union. Journal of Sports Sciencer and Medicine, 5(3):415-423, 2006. Reference 27 Nisbett RE, Wilson TD. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychology Review, 84(3): 231–259, 1997. Reference 28 Pallant J. SPSS, Survival Manual. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007. Reference 29 Stamou E, Theodorakis Y, Kokaridas D, Perkos S, Kessanopoulou M. The effect of self-talk on the penalty execution in goalball. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 25(3):233–247, 2007. Reference 30 Taylor MK, Gould D, Rolo C. Performance strategies of US Olympians in practice and competition. High Ability Studies, 19(1); 19-36, 2008. Reference 31 Thomas PR, Murphy MS, Hardy L. Test of performance strategies: Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes’ psychological skills. Journal of Sports Science, 17(9):697-711,1999. Reference 32 Wanlin CM, Hrycaiko DW, Martin GL, Mahon, M. The effects of a goal-setting package on the performance of speed skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(2):212-228, 1997. Reference 33 Weinberg RS, Williams JM. Integrating and implementing a psychological skills training program. In: Williams JM (ed). Applied Sport Psychology. New York, The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2010. Reference 34 Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign ,IL: Human Kinetics; 2011. Reference 35 Williams JM. Relaxation and energizing techniques for regulation of arousal. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth for peak performance. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2010.
Year 2018,
Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 27 - 37, 30.04.2018
Abstract
Mental skills training strategies should be
beneficial for a variety of different skills, age groups and special
populations. The purpose of the present research were twofold; initially to
examine performance strategies in various sport situations used by volleyball,
sitting volleyball and amputee soccer players, and comparing it among the
sports; and secondly, whether the current performance level of athletes and the
years participating in sport would show a significant difference in their
application o f psychological skills during practice and competition. The
refined version of Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) was administrated to
athletes (N=309) competing across a range of performance standards in
volleyball, sitting volleyball and amputee soccer sports. Results revealed
that, relative to competition strategies, participants scored highest on
activation and lowest on relaxation (4.10±0.52; 3.03±0=1.04, respectively) and
in practice environment they scored highest on self-talk and lowest on relaxation
(3.84±0=.91; 2.80±0.98, respectively). Examination of the results showed
moderately strong correlations among many of the strategies in both competition
and practice environments (P<0.01). Additionally, comparison of mental
skills and strategies usage according to sports, discovered significant sport
specific variations both in competition and practice settings (P<0.01).
Investigation of current performance level differences in psychological skills
and strategies explored differences among international, national and club
level athletes (P<0.01). Exploration of years participating in sport
comparison has also discovered differences among groups (P<0.01). These
findings provide a unique insight into the mental skill usage of athletes with
physical disabilities and their application to practise and environment
settings.
References
- Reference 1 Banack HR , Sabiston CM, Bloom GA. Coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation of Paralympic athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4):722-730, 2011. Reference 2 Blumenstein B, Orbach I. Psychological preparation for Paralympic athletes: A preliminary study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 32(3):241-255, 2015. Reference 3 Burton D, Naylor S, Holliday B. Goal-setting in sport: Investigating the goal effectiveness paradox. In:Singer R, Hausenblas HA and Janelle CM (eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology. New York: Wiley, 2001. Reference 4 Burton D, Pickering M, Weinberg R, Yukelson D, Weigand D. The competitive goal effectiveness paradox revisited: Examining the goal practices of prospective Olympic athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1):72–86, 2010. Reference 5 Calmels C, Berthoumieux C, d’Arripe LF. Effects of an imagery training program on selective attention of national softball players. Sport Psychology, 18(3):272–296, 2004. Reference 6 Calmels C, Holmes P, Berthoumieux C, Singer RN. The development of movement imagery vividness through a structured intervention in softball. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27(4):307-322, 2004. Reference 7 Cronbach LJ. Test validation. In RL Thorndike (ed.), Educational measurement. Washington, DC: American Council on Education,1971. Reference 8 Eddy KAT, Mellalieu SD. Mental imagery in athletes with visual impairments. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 20(4):347-368, 2003. Reference 9 Gregg MJ, Hrycaiko D, Mactavish JB, Martin GL. A mental skills package for special Olympic athletes: A preliminary study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(1);4-18, 2004. Reference 10 Hanrahan SJ, Grove JG, Lockwood RJ. Psychological skills training for the blind athlete: a pilot program. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 7(2):143-155, 1990. Reference 11 Hanrahan SJ. (2004). Sport psychology and athletes with disabilities. In: Morris T and Summers J (eds). Sport Psychology: theory, applications and issues. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd; 2004. Reference 12 Hanrahan SJ. Psychological skills training for athletes with disabilities. Australian Psychologist, 50(2):102-105, 2015. Reference 13 Hardy L, Roberst R, Thomas PR, Murphy SM. Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS): Instrument refinement using confirmatory factor analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(1):27-35, 2010. Reference 14 Harwood C, Cumming J, Fletcher D. Motivational profiles and psychological skills use within elite youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(4); 318–332, 2004. Reference 15 Horn CM, Gilbert JN, Gilbert W, Lewis DK. Psychological skills training with community college athletes: The UNIFORM approach. Sport Psychologist, 25(3):321-340, 2011. Reference 16 Johnson JJM, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. Sport Psychologist, 18(1):44-59, 2004. Reference 17 Jordet G. When superstars flop: Public status and choking under pressure in international soccer penalty shootouts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2):125-130, 2009. Reference 18 Lane MA, Harwood C, Terry PC, Karageorghis. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) among adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Science, 22(9):803-812, 2004. Reference 19 Larsen CH. Preparing for the European Championships: A six-step mental skills training program in disability sports. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 5(4):186-197, 2014 Reference 20 Loewenthal, KM. An introduction to psychological tests and scales. London: UCL Press, 2001. Reference 21 Lowther J, Lane A and Lane H. Self-efficacy and psychological skills during the Amputee Soccer World Cup. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 4(2): 23-34, 2002. Reference 22 Martin JJ, Malone L. Elite wheelchair rugby players’ mental skills and sport engagement. Journal of Clinic Sports Psychology, 7(4):253–263, 2013. Reference 23 Martin JJ. Determinants of elite disability sport performance. Kinesiology Review, 4(1): 91-98, 2015. Reference 24 Mellalieu SD, Hanton S, Fletcher D. A competitive anxiety review: recent directions in sport psychology research. In: Hanton S and Mellalieu SD (eds.). Literature reviews in sport psychology New York: Nova Science, 2006. Reference 25 Mesagno C, Marchant D, Morris T. Alleviating choking: The sounds of distraction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2):131–147, 2009. Reference 26 Neil R, Mellalieu SD, Hanton S. Psychological skills usage and the competitive anxiety response as a function of skill level in rugby union. Journal of Sports Sciencer and Medicine, 5(3):415-423, 2006. Reference 27 Nisbett RE, Wilson TD. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychology Review, 84(3): 231–259, 1997. Reference 28 Pallant J. SPSS, Survival Manual. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007. Reference 29 Stamou E, Theodorakis Y, Kokaridas D, Perkos S, Kessanopoulou M. The effect of self-talk on the penalty execution in goalball. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 25(3):233–247, 2007. Reference 30 Taylor MK, Gould D, Rolo C. Performance strategies of US Olympians in practice and competition. High Ability Studies, 19(1); 19-36, 2008. Reference 31 Thomas PR, Murphy MS, Hardy L. Test of performance strategies: Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes’ psychological skills. Journal of Sports Science, 17(9):697-711,1999. Reference 32 Wanlin CM, Hrycaiko DW, Martin GL, Mahon, M. The effects of a goal-setting package on the performance of speed skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(2):212-228, 1997. Reference 33 Weinberg RS, Williams JM. Integrating and implementing a psychological skills training program. In: Williams JM (ed). Applied Sport Psychology. New York, The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2010. Reference 34 Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign ,IL: Human Kinetics; 2011. Reference 35 Williams JM. Relaxation and energizing techniques for regulation of arousal. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth for peak performance. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2010.
There are 1 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2018 |
| Acceptance Date | May 4, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 20 Issue: 1 |
Cite
Cited By
Psychological preparation and coping strategies: reflections from Paralympians
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2044369
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