Abstract
Kara kavak Türkiye’nin Doğu ve İç Anadolu bölgelerinde yayılış gösteren ve odun üretiminde yoğun bir şekilde kullanılan ekonomik açıdan önemli bir ağaç türüdür. Tüm dünyada ıslah programlarında ham madde üretimi için model organizma olarak kullanılmasının yanı sıra çevresel plastisitesi ve biyoçeşitliliğe sağladığı katkı vasıtasıyla başta Avrupa olmak üzere tüm dünyada doğal popülasyonları ve plantasyonları yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Doğal olarak yayılış gösterdikleri nehir kıyılarında tarla açma ve hidroelektrik santrali kurma gibi insan faaliyetlerinin artmasına paralel olarak türün habitatı günden güne azalmakta ve türün devamlılığı tehdit edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Aras nehri boyunca yayılış gösteren kara kavak popülasyonlarındaki bireylere 16 mikrosatellit markör ile genetik kimlik verilmiştir. Popülasyonlar içerisinde yüksek oranda beklenen ve gözlenen heterozigotluk bulunmuştur. Aras nehrinin Iğdır-Kars ve Erzurum-Kars arasındaki kısımlarından örneklenen popülasyonların iki genetik gruptan köken aldığı açığa çıkarılmıştır. Bu iki genetik grup arasında yüksek oranda gen akışı sebebiyle düşük oranda genetik farklılaşma olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen genetik veriler Aras nehri boyunca yayılış gösteren kara kavak popülasyonları için in-situ/ex-situ koruma programlarının geliştirilmesinin yanı sıra tür ile gerçekleştirilecek ıslah programlarında da kullanılabilir.
Thanks
Bu çalışmanın deney aşamaları Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Biyolojik Bilimler Bölümünde, Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya’nın yöneticiliğindeki Bitki Genetiği ve Doku Kültürü laboratuvarında yapılmıştır. Desteklerinden ötürü Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya’ya teşekkür ederiz.
References
- Allendorf, F.W., Luikart, G., 2007. Conservation and the genetics of populations. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Oxford.
- Arnaud-Haond, S., Duarte, C.M., Alberto, F., Serrao, E.A., 2007. Standardizing methods to address clonality in population studies. Molecular Ecology, 16: 5115–5139.
- Birler, A.S., 2010. Türkiye’de Kavak Yetiştirme (Fidanlık Ağaçlandırma Koruma Hasılat Ekonomi Odun Özellikleri). Kavak ve Hızlı Gelişen Orman Ağaçları Araştırma Müdürlüğü Yayınları, İzmit.
- Čortan, D., Schroeder, H., Šijačić-Nikolić, M., Wehenkel, C., Fladung, M., 2016. Genetic structure of remnant black poplar (Populus nigra L.) populations along biggest rivers in Serbia assessed by SSR markers. Silvae Genetica, 65(1):12–19. https://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2016-0002.
- Çiftçi, A., Karatay, H., Kücükosmanoğlu, F., Karahan, A., Kaya, Z., 2017. Genetic differentiation between clone collections and natural populations of European black poplar (Populus nigra L.) in Turkey. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 13(69): 1-12.
- Çiftçi, A., Kaya, Z., 2019. Genetic diversity and structure of Populus nigra populations in two highly fragmented river ecosystems from Turkey. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 15(4): 66.
- Değirmenci, F.O., Acar, P., Kaya, Z., 2019. Consequences ofhabitat fragmentation on genetic diversity and structureof Salix alba L. populations in two major river systems of Turkey. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 15(4):59.
- Değirmenci, F.Ö., Uluğ, A., Acar, P., Kaya, Z., 2022. Genetic diversity and population structure of Salix alba across river systems in Turkey and their importance in conservation management. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 14(3): 283-291. DeWoody, J., Trewin, H., Taylor, G., 2015. Genetic and morphological differentiation in Populus nigra L: Isolation by colonization or isolation by adaptation. Molecular Ecology, 24(11): 2641-2655.
- Doyle, J.J, Doyle, J.L., 1990. A rapid total DNA preparation procedure for fresh plant tissue. Focus, 12: 13–15.
- Efloras, 2022. Populus nigra. http:// www.efloras.org, Accessed: 03.03.2023.
- EUFORGEN, 2022. Populus nigra. https://www.euforgen.org/species/ populus-nigra/, Accessed: 20.02.2023.
- Garza, J., Williamson, E., 2001. Detection of reduction in population size using data from microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology, 10: 305–318.
- Imbert, E., Lefevre, F., 2003. Dispersal and gene flow of Populus nigra (Salicaceae) along a dynamic river system. Journal of Ecology, 91: 447–456.
- Jelic, M., Patenkovic, A., Skoric, M., Misic, D., Kurbalija Novicic, Z., Bordacs, S., Varhidi, F., Vasic, I., Benke, A., Frank, G., Siler, B., 2015. Indigenous Forest of European black poplar along the Danube River: Genetic structure and reliable detection of introgression. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 11: 1-14.
- Kamvar, Z.N., Tabima, J.F., Grünwald, N.J., 2014. PopprPoppr: An R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/ or sexual reproduction. PeerJ, 2: e281, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj. 281.
- Lewandowski, A., Litkowiec, M., 2017. Genetic structure of the old black poplar population along the bank of the Vistula River in Poland. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 86(1): 3524 https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.3524
- Peakall, R., Smouse, P.E., 2012. GenALEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics, 28(19): 2537–2539.
- Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M., Donnelly, P., 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155: 945–959.
- Rathmacher, G., Niggemann, M., Kohnen, M., Ziegenhagen, B., Bialozyt, R., 2010. Short distance gene flow in Populus nigra L. accounts for small scale spatial genetic structures: Implications for in situ conservation measures. Conservation Genetics, 11: 1327-1338.
- Smulders, M.J.M., Cottrell, J.E., Lefevre, F., Van Der Schoot, J., Arens, P. et al., 2008. Structure of the genetic diversity in black poplar (Populus nigra L.) populations across European river systems: Consequences for conservation and restoration. Forest Ecology and Management, 255(5):1388– 1399.
- Tabbener, H.E., Cottrell, J.E., 2003. The use of PCR based DNA markers to study the paternity of poplar seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management, 179: 363– 376.
- Vanden Broeck, A., 2003. Genetic conservation and use for European black poplar (Populus nigra). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines, Rome.
- Velioğlu, E., Bostanci, Y.S., Akgül, S., 2020. Poplars and willows in Turkey. Poplar and fast-growing Forest Trees Research Institute, Country progress report of the National Poplar Commission Time period: 2016-2019, Kocaeli.
Abstract
Black poplar is an economically important tree species that spreads in the Eastern and Central Anatolian regions of Türkiye and is used extensively in wood production. In addition to being used as a model organism for raw material production in breeding programs all over the world, its natural populations and plantations are used extensively, especially in Europe, due to its environmental plasticity and contribution to biodiversity. The habitat of the species is decreasing day by day and the continuity of the species is threatened in parallel with the increase in human activities such as planting fields and establishing hydroelectric power plants on the riverbanks where they naturally spread. In this study, genetic identity was given to individuals in black poplar populations distributed in the Aras River with 16 microsatellite markers. A high level of expected and observed heterozygosity was found in the populations. It turned out that the populations sampled from the sections of the Aras River between Iğdır-Kars and Erzurum-Kars originated from two genetic groups. It has been observed that there is a low rate of genetic differentiation between these two genetic groups due to high gene flow. The genetic data obtained can be used in the development of in-situ/ex-situ conservation programs and breeding programs for black poplar populations distributed in the Aras River.
References
- Allendorf, F.W., Luikart, G., 2007. Conservation and the genetics of populations. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Oxford.
- Arnaud-Haond, S., Duarte, C.M., Alberto, F., Serrao, E.A., 2007. Standardizing methods to address clonality in population studies. Molecular Ecology, 16: 5115–5139.
- Birler, A.S., 2010. Türkiye’de Kavak Yetiştirme (Fidanlık Ağaçlandırma Koruma Hasılat Ekonomi Odun Özellikleri). Kavak ve Hızlı Gelişen Orman Ağaçları Araştırma Müdürlüğü Yayınları, İzmit.
- Čortan, D., Schroeder, H., Šijačić-Nikolić, M., Wehenkel, C., Fladung, M., 2016. Genetic structure of remnant black poplar (Populus nigra L.) populations along biggest rivers in Serbia assessed by SSR markers. Silvae Genetica, 65(1):12–19. https://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2016-0002.
- Çiftçi, A., Karatay, H., Kücükosmanoğlu, F., Karahan, A., Kaya, Z., 2017. Genetic differentiation between clone collections and natural populations of European black poplar (Populus nigra L.) in Turkey. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 13(69): 1-12.
- Çiftçi, A., Kaya, Z., 2019. Genetic diversity and structure of Populus nigra populations in two highly fragmented river ecosystems from Turkey. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 15(4): 66.
- Değirmenci, F.O., Acar, P., Kaya, Z., 2019. Consequences ofhabitat fragmentation on genetic diversity and structureof Salix alba L. populations in two major river systems of Turkey. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 15(4):59.
- Değirmenci, F.Ö., Uluğ, A., Acar, P., Kaya, Z., 2022. Genetic diversity and population structure of Salix alba across river systems in Turkey and their importance in conservation management. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 14(3): 283-291. DeWoody, J., Trewin, H., Taylor, G., 2015. Genetic and morphological differentiation in Populus nigra L: Isolation by colonization or isolation by adaptation. Molecular Ecology, 24(11): 2641-2655.
- Doyle, J.J, Doyle, J.L., 1990. A rapid total DNA preparation procedure for fresh plant tissue. Focus, 12: 13–15.
- Efloras, 2022. Populus nigra. http:// www.efloras.org, Accessed: 03.03.2023.
- EUFORGEN, 2022. Populus nigra. https://www.euforgen.org/species/ populus-nigra/, Accessed: 20.02.2023.
- Garza, J., Williamson, E., 2001. Detection of reduction in population size using data from microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology, 10: 305–318.
- Imbert, E., Lefevre, F., 2003. Dispersal and gene flow of Populus nigra (Salicaceae) along a dynamic river system. Journal of Ecology, 91: 447–456.
- Jelic, M., Patenkovic, A., Skoric, M., Misic, D., Kurbalija Novicic, Z., Bordacs, S., Varhidi, F., Vasic, I., Benke, A., Frank, G., Siler, B., 2015. Indigenous Forest of European black poplar along the Danube River: Genetic structure and reliable detection of introgression. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 11: 1-14.
- Kamvar, Z.N., Tabima, J.F., Grünwald, N.J., 2014. PopprPoppr: An R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/ or sexual reproduction. PeerJ, 2: e281, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj. 281.
- Lewandowski, A., Litkowiec, M., 2017. Genetic structure of the old black poplar population along the bank of the Vistula River in Poland. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 86(1): 3524 https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.3524
- Peakall, R., Smouse, P.E., 2012. GenALEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics, 28(19): 2537–2539.
- Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M., Donnelly, P., 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155: 945–959.
- Rathmacher, G., Niggemann, M., Kohnen, M., Ziegenhagen, B., Bialozyt, R., 2010. Short distance gene flow in Populus nigra L. accounts for small scale spatial genetic structures: Implications for in situ conservation measures. Conservation Genetics, 11: 1327-1338.
- Smulders, M.J.M., Cottrell, J.E., Lefevre, F., Van Der Schoot, J., Arens, P. et al., 2008. Structure of the genetic diversity in black poplar (Populus nigra L.) populations across European river systems: Consequences for conservation and restoration. Forest Ecology and Management, 255(5):1388– 1399.
- Tabbener, H.E., Cottrell, J.E., 2003. The use of PCR based DNA markers to study the paternity of poplar seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management, 179: 363– 376.
- Vanden Broeck, A., 2003. Genetic conservation and use for European black poplar (Populus nigra). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines, Rome.
- Velioğlu, E., Bostanci, Y.S., Akgül, S., 2020. Poplars and willows in Turkey. Poplar and fast-growing Forest Trees Research Institute, Country progress report of the National Poplar Commission Time period: 2016-2019, Kocaeli.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Silviculture |
| Journal Section | Orijinal Araştırma Makalesi |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 28, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | May 3, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 2 |
