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Adapting Brand Trust Scale to Turkish: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2023, Issue: 52, 420 - 434, 27.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1352856

Abstract

The combination of the increasing risk perception in post-modern societies with the intense competitive environment pushes consumers to the brands they trust. During the current era where the significance of brand trust is heightened, the measurement of brand trust is crucial necessary for brands to gain insight into consumer perceptions, and for researchers to disclose other concepts that affect the concept of trust. Despite this importance, no scale in Turkish developed for brand trust has been found in the literature. The aim of the current study is to adapt the “brand trust scale”, one of the most widely used scales for measuring consumer trust in brand and developed by Gurviez and Korchia (2003), into Turkish and to perform the necessary validity and reliability analyses to reveal the suitability of the scale structure. In the context of the study, data are collected from scales administered to 397 participants chosen through convenience sampling. SPSS-21 and AMOS-19 statistical programs were used for analysing of the data. The findings obtained indicate that the Turkish adaptation of the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be utilized in a single factor, first and second level multifactorial structure to measure consumers’ brand trust. The study contributes to the field by presenting researchers and brands with an extensively used scale that encompasses brand trust related factors measured by various scales in the literature.

References

  • Aaker, D. (1991). Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name. Mac Millan Inc.
  • Ab Hamid, M., Sami , W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. (2017). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 890 (s. 1-6). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163
  • Akrout, H., & Nagy, G. (2018). Trust and commitment within a virtual brand community: The mediating role of brand relationship quality. Information & Management, 55(8). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.04.009
  • Bardakçı, S., & Gürbüz, R. (2020). Marka güven ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 1684-1692. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.937
  • Barsell, D., Everhart , R., & Perrin, P. (2020). Refining the factor structure of the all aspects of health literacy scale. Am J Healthy Behav., 44(2), 118-128. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.44.2.1
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (16 b.). Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Can, İ. (2019). Güveni nasıl tanımlayabiliriz? Ya da sosyal bilimlerin konusu olarak güven. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(41), 46-59.
  • Delgado-Ballester, E. (2004). Applicability of a brand trust scale across product categories: A multigroup invariance analysis. European Journal of Marketing, 38(5/6), 573-592. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560410529222
  • Delgado‐Ballester, E., & Munuera‐Alemán , J. (2005). Does brand trust matter to brand equity? Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(3), 187-196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510601058
  • Doney , P., & Cannon, J. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61(2), 35-51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1251829
  • Dragan, D., & Topolšek, D. (2014). Introduction to structural equation modeling: Review, methodology and practical applications. Proceedings of the The International Conference on Logistics & Sustainable Transport. Celje, Slovenia.
  • Ersoy, P., & Gülmüş, B. (2020). Proceedings of the European Marketing Academy, 49th Annual Conference. The mediating effect of risk on trust and behavioral ıntention in durable products. Budapest. http://proceedings.emac-online.org/pdfs/A2020-63758.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, Estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 56-83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540119
  • Fatma, M., & Khan, I. (2023). Integrative framework to explore corporate ability and corporate social responsibility association’s influence on consumer responses in the banking sector. Sustainability, 15(7988), 1-11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107988
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (And Sex And Drugs And Rock’n’ Roll) (3 b.). Sage Publications.
  • Gurviez, P., & Korchia, M. (2003). Proposal for a Multidimensional Brand Trust Scale. 32nd EMAC CONFERENCE - GLASGOW MARKETING: RESPONSIBLE AND RELEVANT, (s. 1-9). Glasgow. http://www.watoowatoo.net/mkgr/papers/pg-mk-emac2003.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage Learning, EMEA.
  • Hiscock, J. (2001). Most trusted brands. Marketing, 1(1), 23-33.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424-453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
  • Kalyoncuoğlu, S. (2017). Markaya duyulan güven ile marka sadakati ilişkisinde marka aşkının aracılık rolü: Starbucks markasi üzerine bir araştirma. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(4), 383-402. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2017.156
  • Karagöz, Y. (2021). Spss Amos Meta Uygulamalı Nitel-Nicel Karma Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri Ve Yayın Etiği (3 b.). Nobel Yayın.
  • Karami, M. (2022). Brand equity, brand loyalty and mediating role of customer satisfaction: Evidence from medical cosmetic brands. Research Journal of Business and Management, 9(3), 156-171. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1627
  • Kline, R. (2005). Principle and Practice of Structural Equation Modelling. Guilford Press.
  • Kurniawan, F. A., & Adiwijaya , M. (2018). The analysis of online brand community, online perceived brand reputation, brand trust, brand loyalty at cafe businesses based in surabaya. International Journal Of Business Studies, 1(1), 12-22.
  • Le Roux, A., Chandon, J., & Strazzieri, A. (1997). Une analyse confirmatoire de la mesure d’implication durable PIA. Actes du 13ème Congrès international de l’AFM. Toulouse.
  • Li, F., Zhou, J., Kashyap, R., & Yang, Z. (2008). Brand trust as a second-order factor: An alternative measurement model. International Journal of Market Research , 50(6), 817-839. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2501/S1470785308200225
  • Marsh, H., Hau, K.-T., Artelt, C., & Baumert, , J. (2006). OECD’s brief self-report measure of educational psychology’s most useful affective bonstructs: Cross- cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311-360. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0604_1
  • Meydan, C., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi AMOS Uygulamaları . Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Morgan , R., & Hunt, S. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20-38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1252308
  • Önen, V. (2018). Marka güveni marka sadakati ve marka tercihi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Kırtasiye sektörü uygulamasi. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 1031-1044. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.510075
  • Raubenheimer, J. (2004). An item selection procedure to maximise scale reliability and validity. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 30(4), 59-64. https://doi.org/DOI:10.4102/sajip.v30i4.168
  • Sağlam Arı, G., & Tunçay, A. (2010). Yöneticiye duyulan güven ve tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiler: Ankara’daki devlet hastanelerinde çalışan idari personel üzerinde bir araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), 113-135.
  • Şahin, E., & Gültekin, C. (2017). Markaya duyulan güven ve etnosentrik eğilimlerin marka sadakatine etkisi: Bir marka örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(4), 993-1012.
  • Şaylan, O., & Tokgöz, E. (2020). Marka güveni ve marka sadakati ilişkisinde marka özdeşleşmesinin düzenleyici rolü. BMIJ, 8(1), 144-163. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i1.1391
  • Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley.
  • Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
  • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2020). Çok Değişkenli Istatistiklerin Kullanımı. (M. Baloğlu, Dü., B. Bıçak, B. Çetin, C. Erdem, G. Şekercioğlu, K. Atalay Kabasakal, M. Özer, . . . T. Totan, Çev.) Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • West, R. F., Meserve , R., & Stanovich, K. (2012). Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 506-519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028857
  • Whittaker, T. A., & Schumacker, R. E. (2022). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (5 b.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781003044017
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Yang, Q. (2020). The Influence of film and television IP on tourism destination ımage perceived by tourists: Taking the shooting location of “the untamed” Duyun, Guizhou as an example. Proceedings of the ICMEL-2020 (International Conference on Management, Economy and Law). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201111.027
  • Yong , A., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
  • Yoo, B., & Donthu, N. (2001). Developing and validating a multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale. Journal of Business Research, 52(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00098-3
  • Zeng, F., Lee, S., & Heung, C. (2019). Consumer attitudes toward downward extensions: an exploration of Giordano’s extension in Hong Kong. Fashion and Textiles, 6(29), 1-24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-019-0185-1

Marka Güven Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2023, Issue: 52, 420 - 434, 27.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1352856

Abstract

Post-modern toplumlarda artan risk algısının, yoğun rekabet ortamıyla birleşmesi, tüketicileri güven duydukları markalara yöneltmektedir. Marka güveninin önem kazandığı bu dönemde markalar; tüketici algılarını ölçebilmek, araştırmacılar da güven kavramının ilişkili olduğu diğer kavramları ortaya çıkarabilmek için marka güveninin ölçülmesine ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Bu önemine karşın literatürde marka güveni ile ilgili Türkçe olarak geliştirilmiş bir ölçeğe rastlanmamıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Gurviez ve Korchia (2003) tarafından İngilizce olarak geliştirilen ve tüketicilerin markaya güveninin ölçülmesi konusunda literatürde yaygın olarak kullanılan ölçeklerden biri olan “marka güven ölçeği”ni Türkçeye uyarlamak, ölçek yapısının uygunluğunu ortaya çıkarabilmek için gerekli olan geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerini gerçekleştirebilmektir. Ölçek, çalışma kapsamında kolayda örneklem ile seçilen 397 katılımcıya uygulanmış, elde edilen veriler; açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile incelenmiştir. Verilerin analizi için SPSS-21 ve AMOS-19 istatistik programları kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, ölçeğin Türkçe formunun, tüketicilerin markaya olan güvenlerini ölçen tek faktörlü, birinci ve ikinci düzey çok faktörlü yapıda kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Çalışma, marka güveni ile ilgili literatürde yer alan farklı ölçeklerdeki faktörleri kapsayacak genişliğe sahip olan ve yaygın olarak kullanılan bir ölçeği araştırmacıların ve markaların kullanımına sunarak alana katkı sağlamaktadır.

References

  • Aaker, D. (1991). Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name. Mac Millan Inc.
  • Ab Hamid, M., Sami , W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. (2017). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 890 (s. 1-6). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163
  • Akrout, H., & Nagy, G. (2018). Trust and commitment within a virtual brand community: The mediating role of brand relationship quality. Information & Management, 55(8). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.04.009
  • Bardakçı, S., & Gürbüz, R. (2020). Marka güven ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 1684-1692. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.937
  • Barsell, D., Everhart , R., & Perrin, P. (2020). Refining the factor structure of the all aspects of health literacy scale. Am J Healthy Behav., 44(2), 118-128. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.44.2.1
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (16 b.). Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Can, İ. (2019). Güveni nasıl tanımlayabiliriz? Ya da sosyal bilimlerin konusu olarak güven. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(41), 46-59.
  • Delgado-Ballester, E. (2004). Applicability of a brand trust scale across product categories: A multigroup invariance analysis. European Journal of Marketing, 38(5/6), 573-592. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560410529222
  • Delgado‐Ballester, E., & Munuera‐Alemán , J. (2005). Does brand trust matter to brand equity? Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(3), 187-196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510601058
  • Doney , P., & Cannon, J. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61(2), 35-51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1251829
  • Dragan, D., & Topolšek, D. (2014). Introduction to structural equation modeling: Review, methodology and practical applications. Proceedings of the The International Conference on Logistics & Sustainable Transport. Celje, Slovenia.
  • Ersoy, P., & Gülmüş, B. (2020). Proceedings of the European Marketing Academy, 49th Annual Conference. The mediating effect of risk on trust and behavioral ıntention in durable products. Budapest. http://proceedings.emac-online.org/pdfs/A2020-63758.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, Estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 56-83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540119
  • Fatma, M., & Khan, I. (2023). Integrative framework to explore corporate ability and corporate social responsibility association’s influence on consumer responses in the banking sector. Sustainability, 15(7988), 1-11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107988
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (And Sex And Drugs And Rock’n’ Roll) (3 b.). Sage Publications.
  • Gurviez, P., & Korchia, M. (2003). Proposal for a Multidimensional Brand Trust Scale. 32nd EMAC CONFERENCE - GLASGOW MARKETING: RESPONSIBLE AND RELEVANT, (s. 1-9). Glasgow. http://www.watoowatoo.net/mkgr/papers/pg-mk-emac2003.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage Learning, EMEA.
  • Hiscock, J. (2001). Most trusted brands. Marketing, 1(1), 23-33.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424-453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
  • Kalyoncuoğlu, S. (2017). Markaya duyulan güven ile marka sadakati ilişkisinde marka aşkının aracılık rolü: Starbucks markasi üzerine bir araştirma. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(4), 383-402. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2017.156
  • Karagöz, Y. (2021). Spss Amos Meta Uygulamalı Nitel-Nicel Karma Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri Ve Yayın Etiği (3 b.). Nobel Yayın.
  • Karami, M. (2022). Brand equity, brand loyalty and mediating role of customer satisfaction: Evidence from medical cosmetic brands. Research Journal of Business and Management, 9(3), 156-171. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1627
  • Kline, R. (2005). Principle and Practice of Structural Equation Modelling. Guilford Press.
  • Kurniawan, F. A., & Adiwijaya , M. (2018). The analysis of online brand community, online perceived brand reputation, brand trust, brand loyalty at cafe businesses based in surabaya. International Journal Of Business Studies, 1(1), 12-22.
  • Le Roux, A., Chandon, J., & Strazzieri, A. (1997). Une analyse confirmatoire de la mesure d’implication durable PIA. Actes du 13ème Congrès international de l’AFM. Toulouse.
  • Li, F., Zhou, J., Kashyap, R., & Yang, Z. (2008). Brand trust as a second-order factor: An alternative measurement model. International Journal of Market Research , 50(6), 817-839. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2501/S1470785308200225
  • Marsh, H., Hau, K.-T., Artelt, C., & Baumert, , J. (2006). OECD’s brief self-report measure of educational psychology’s most useful affective bonstructs: Cross- cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311-360. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0604_1
  • Meydan, C., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi AMOS Uygulamaları . Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Morgan , R., & Hunt, S. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20-38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1252308
  • Önen, V. (2018). Marka güveni marka sadakati ve marka tercihi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Kırtasiye sektörü uygulamasi. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 1031-1044. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.510075
  • Raubenheimer, J. (2004). An item selection procedure to maximise scale reliability and validity. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 30(4), 59-64. https://doi.org/DOI:10.4102/sajip.v30i4.168
  • Sağlam Arı, G., & Tunçay, A. (2010). Yöneticiye duyulan güven ve tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiler: Ankara’daki devlet hastanelerinde çalışan idari personel üzerinde bir araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), 113-135.
  • Şahin, E., & Gültekin, C. (2017). Markaya duyulan güven ve etnosentrik eğilimlerin marka sadakatine etkisi: Bir marka örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(4), 993-1012.
  • Şaylan, O., & Tokgöz, E. (2020). Marka güveni ve marka sadakati ilişkisinde marka özdeşleşmesinin düzenleyici rolü. BMIJ, 8(1), 144-163. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i1.1391
  • Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley.
  • Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
  • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2020). Çok Değişkenli Istatistiklerin Kullanımı. (M. Baloğlu, Dü., B. Bıçak, B. Çetin, C. Erdem, G. Şekercioğlu, K. Atalay Kabasakal, M. Özer, . . . T. Totan, Çev.) Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • West, R. F., Meserve , R., & Stanovich, K. (2012). Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 506-519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028857
  • Whittaker, T. A., & Schumacker, R. E. (2022). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (5 b.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781003044017
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Yang, Q. (2020). The Influence of film and television IP on tourism destination ımage perceived by tourists: Taking the shooting location of “the untamed” Duyun, Guizhou as an example. Proceedings of the ICMEL-2020 (International Conference on Management, Economy and Law). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201111.027
  • Yong , A., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
  • Yoo, B., & Donthu, N. (2001). Developing and validating a multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale. Journal of Business Research, 52(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00098-3
  • Zeng, F., Lee, S., & Heung, C. (2019). Consumer attitudes toward downward extensions: an exploration of Giordano’s extension in Hong Kong. Fashion and Textiles, 6(29), 1-24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-019-0185-1
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Product and Brand Management
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ali Alper Akgün 0000-0002-5350-2915

Emel Sarıtaş 0009-0009-9844-6134

Publication Date December 27, 2023
Submission Date August 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 52

Cite

APA Akgün, A. A., & Sarıtaş, E. (2023). Marka Güven Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(52), 420-434. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1352856

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