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ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI COVID-19 HASTALIĞINDA HEMATOLOJİK BULGULAR VE ANTİKOAGÜLAN KULLANIMI

Year 2021, Volume: 28 Issue: COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI, 61 - 66, 01.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.907236

Abstract

Ağır akut respiratuvar sendrom koronavirüs-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ajanının yol açtığı Koronavirüs-2019 hastalığı (COVID-2019), bir solunum yolu hastalığı olarak düşünülmekle birlikte, birçok sistemde etkilenmeye yol açabilir. Bu olgularda hematolojik komplikasyonlar izlenebilir. Erişkin COVID-19 hastalarında lenfopeni ve hiperkoagülabilite bildirilmiştir ve bunların varlığı kötü prognoz ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Pediatrik COVID-19 olgularında izlenen hematolojik bulguların erişkinlerden farklı özellikler gösterebildiği kaydedilmiştir. Gözlemsel çalışmalar, COVID-19 ilişkili hastalık nedeniyle hastaneye yatırılan çocuklarda, erişkinlerdeki gibi, venöz tromboembolizm riskinin arttığına işaret etmektedir. Ancak, etkilenen olgularda antikoagülan tromboprofilaksi önerilerini içeren rehberler ağırlıklı olarak erişkin hastalar için oluşturulmuştur. Bu derlemede SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu olan çocukların hematolojik bulgularının gözden geçirilmesi ve etkilenen çocuklarda kanıta dayalı antikoagülan tromboprofilaksi önerilerinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, Kaforou M, Jones CE, Shah P, et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2020;324(3):259-69.
  • Shekerdemian LS, Mahmood NR, Wolfe KK, Riggs BJ, Ross CE, McKiernan CA, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian pediatric intensive care units. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174(9):868-73.
  • Mantovani A, Rinaldi E, Zusi C, Beatrice G, Saccomani MD, Dalbeni A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children and/or adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Res 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1015-2.
  • Gupta A, Madhavan MV. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26:1017-32.
  • Gavriatopoulou M, Korompoki E, Fotiou D, Fotiou D, Migkou M, Tzanninis IG, et al. Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Clin Exp Med 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00648-x.
  • Debuc B, Smadja DM. Is COVID-19 a new hematologic disease? StemCell Rev Rep 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-09987-4.
  • Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol 2020;95:834-47.
  • Henry BM, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:1135-8.
  • Castagnoli R, Votto M, Licari A, Brambilla I, Bruno R, Perlini S, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174(9):882-9.
  • Xu H, Liu E, Xie J, et al. A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from western China. Ann TranslMed. 2020;8:623.
  • PatelNA. Pediatric COVID-19: systematic review of the literature. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41:102573.
  • Meena J, Yadav J, Saini L, Yadav A, Kumar J. Clinical features and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Pediatr 2020;S097475591600203.
  • Ma X, Liu S, Chen L, Zhuang L, Zhang J, Xin Y. The clinical characteristicsof pediatric inpatientswith SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Med Virol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv. 26208.
  • Raba AA, Abobaker A, Elgenaidi IS, Daoud A. Novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in children younger than one year: a systematic review of symptoms, management and outcomes. Acta Paediatr 2020;109(10):1948-55.
  • Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:1131-4.
  • Kosmeri C, Koumpis E, Tsabouri S, Siomou E, Makis A. Hematological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020;67(12):e28745.
  • Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1663-5.
  • Parri N, Lenge M. Children with Covid-19 in pediatric emergency departments in Italy. N Engl J Med 2020;383:187-90.
  • Chao JY, Derespina KR, Herold BC, Goldman DL, Aldrich M, Weingarten J, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized and critically ill children and adolescents with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at a tertiary care medical center in New York City. J Pediatr 2020;223:14-19.e2.
  • Sun D, Li H, Lu XX, Xiao H, Ren J, Zhang FR, et al. Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World J Pediatr 2020;16:251-9.
  • Toubiana J, Poirault C, Corsia A, Bajolle F, Fourgeaud J, Angoulvant F, et al. Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 pandemic in Paris, France: prospective observational study. BMJ 2020;369:m2094.
  • Wahlster L, Weichert-Leahey N, Trissal M, Grace RF, Sankaran VG. COVID-19 presenting with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the setting of underlying immune dysregulation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020;67(9):e28382.
  • Loi M, Branchford B, Kim J, Self C, Nuss R. COVID-19 anticoagulation recommendations in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020;67(9):e28485.
  • Zhang L, Peres TG, Silva MVF, Camargos P. What we know so far about coronavirus disease 2019 in children: a meta-analysis of 551 laboratory-confirmed cases. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020;55: 2115-27.
  • Romani L, Chiurchiù S, Santilli V, Bernardi S, Haywood Lombardi M, et al. COVID-19 in Italian pediatric patients: the experience of a tertiary children’s hospital. Acta Paediatr 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15465.
  • Bhumbra S, Malin S, Kirkpatrick L, Khaitan A, John CC, Rowan CM, et al. Clinical features of critical coronavirus disease 2019 in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000002511.
  • Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, Martelli L, Ruggeri M, Ciuffreda M, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet 2020;395:1771-8.
  • Belhadjer Z, Méot M, Bajolle F, Legendre A, Abakka S, Auriau J, et al.Acute heart failure in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the context of global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Circulation 2020;142:429-36.
  • Nakra NA, Blumberg DA, Herrera-Guerra A, Lakshminrusimha S. Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) following SARS-CoV-2 infection: review of clinical presentation, hypothetical pathogenesis, and proposed management. Children (Basel) 2020;7(7):69.
  • Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, Collins JP, Newhams MM, Son MBF, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2020;383:334-46.
  • Fialkowski A, Gernez Y, Arya P, Weinacht KG, Bernard Kinane T. Insight into the pediatric and adult dichotomy of COVID-19: agerelated differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020;55(10):2556-64.
  • Capone CA, Subramony A, Sweberg T, Schneider J, Shah S, Rubin L, et al. Characteristics, cardiac involvement, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory disease of childhood (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Pediatr 2020;224:141-5.
  • Ronconi G, Teté G, Kritas SK, Gallenga CE, Caraffa Al, Ross R, et al. SARS-CoV-2, which induces COVID-19, causes kawasaki-like disease in children: role of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2020;34(3):767-73.
  • Grom AA, Horne A, De Benedetti F. Macrophage activation syndrome in the era of biologic therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016;12:259-68.
  • Chesshyre E, Ramanan AV, Roderick MR. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and infections: an update. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019;38:e54-e56.
  • Halyabar O, Chang MH, Schoettler ML, Schwartz MA, Baris EH, Benson LA, et al. Calm in the midst of cytokine storm: a collaborative approach to the diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019;17:7.
  • Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C,Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2020;395:1607-8.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497‐506.
  • Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 507‐13.
  • Middeldorp S, Coppens M, van Haaps TF, Foppen M, Vlaar AP, Müller MCA, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18(8):1995-2002.
  • Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMPJ, Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020; 191:145-7.
  • Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18(5):1094-9.
  • Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lütgehetmann M, Steurer S, Edler C, Heinemann A, et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboemobolism in COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2020;173(4):268-77.
  • https://academy.isth.org/isth/2020/covid19/303680/fionnuala.n.inle.26.jennifer.davila.coagulopathy.and.thromboembolism.in.html?f=listing%3D0%2Abrowseby%3D8%2Asortby%3D1%2Asearch%3D303680.
  • Goldenberg NA, Sochet A, Albisetti M, Biss T, Bonduel M, Jaffray J, et al. Consensus-Based Clinical Recommendations and Research Priorities for Anticoagulant Thromboprophylaxis in Children Hospitalized for COVID-19- Related Illness. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18(11):3099-105.
  • Mahajerin A, Branchford BR, Amankwah EK, Raffini L, Chalmers E, van Ommen CH, Goldenberg NA. Hospital-associated venous thromboembolism in pediatrics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors and risk-assessment models. Haematologica 2015; 100(8):1045-50.
  • Branchford BR, Mahajerin A, Raffini L, Chalmers E, van Ommen CH, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, Subcommittee on Pediatric/Neonatal Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Recommendations for standardized risk factor definitions in pediatric hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism to inform future prevention trials: Communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15(11):2274-8.
  • Mitchell LG, Goldenberg NA, Male C, Kenet G, Monagle P, Nowak-Göttl U; Perinatal and Paediatric Haemostasis Subcommittee of the SSC of the ISTH. Definition of clinical efficacy and safety outcomes for clinical trials in deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in children. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9(9):1856–8.

HEMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND ANTICOAGULANT USE IN CHILDREN WITH COVID-19 DISEASE

Year 2021, Volume: 28 Issue: COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI, 61 - 66, 01.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.907236

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), though mainly affecting the respiratory system, may cause manifestations in multiple organ systems, e.g. hematological complications may be observed in affected individuals. Lymphopenia and hypercoagulability have been reported in adult COVID-19 patients, and have been associated with a poor prognosis. Hematological findings observed in pediatric COVID-19 cases have been reported to differ from those seen in adults. Observational studies in children with a COVID-19-related illness have pointed, like in adults, to an increased risk for venous thromboembolism. However, guidelines including recommendations for anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 patients have mainly been developed for adult population. This review summarizes the hematological manifestations of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and presents evidence-based recommendations for anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis in affected children.

References

  • Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, Kaforou M, Jones CE, Shah P, et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2020;324(3):259-69.
  • Shekerdemian LS, Mahmood NR, Wolfe KK, Riggs BJ, Ross CE, McKiernan CA, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian pediatric intensive care units. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174(9):868-73.
  • Mantovani A, Rinaldi E, Zusi C, Beatrice G, Saccomani MD, Dalbeni A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children and/or adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Res 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1015-2.
  • Gupta A, Madhavan MV. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26:1017-32.
  • Gavriatopoulou M, Korompoki E, Fotiou D, Fotiou D, Migkou M, Tzanninis IG, et al. Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Clin Exp Med 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00648-x.
  • Debuc B, Smadja DM. Is COVID-19 a new hematologic disease? StemCell Rev Rep 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-09987-4.
  • Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol 2020;95:834-47.
  • Henry BM, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:1135-8.
  • Castagnoli R, Votto M, Licari A, Brambilla I, Bruno R, Perlini S, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174(9):882-9.
  • Xu H, Liu E, Xie J, et al. A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from western China. Ann TranslMed. 2020;8:623.
  • PatelNA. Pediatric COVID-19: systematic review of the literature. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41:102573.
  • Meena J, Yadav J, Saini L, Yadav A, Kumar J. Clinical features and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Pediatr 2020;S097475591600203.
  • Ma X, Liu S, Chen L, Zhuang L, Zhang J, Xin Y. The clinical characteristicsof pediatric inpatientswith SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Med Virol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv. 26208.
  • Raba AA, Abobaker A, Elgenaidi IS, Daoud A. Novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in children younger than one year: a systematic review of symptoms, management and outcomes. Acta Paediatr 2020;109(10):1948-55.
  • Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:1131-4.
  • Kosmeri C, Koumpis E, Tsabouri S, Siomou E, Makis A. Hematological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020;67(12):e28745.
  • Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1663-5.
  • Parri N, Lenge M. Children with Covid-19 in pediatric emergency departments in Italy. N Engl J Med 2020;383:187-90.
  • Chao JY, Derespina KR, Herold BC, Goldman DL, Aldrich M, Weingarten J, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized and critically ill children and adolescents with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at a tertiary care medical center in New York City. J Pediatr 2020;223:14-19.e2.
  • Sun D, Li H, Lu XX, Xiao H, Ren J, Zhang FR, et al. Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World J Pediatr 2020;16:251-9.
  • Toubiana J, Poirault C, Corsia A, Bajolle F, Fourgeaud J, Angoulvant F, et al. Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 pandemic in Paris, France: prospective observational study. BMJ 2020;369:m2094.
  • Wahlster L, Weichert-Leahey N, Trissal M, Grace RF, Sankaran VG. COVID-19 presenting with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the setting of underlying immune dysregulation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020;67(9):e28382.
  • Loi M, Branchford B, Kim J, Self C, Nuss R. COVID-19 anticoagulation recommendations in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020;67(9):e28485.
  • Zhang L, Peres TG, Silva MVF, Camargos P. What we know so far about coronavirus disease 2019 in children: a meta-analysis of 551 laboratory-confirmed cases. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020;55: 2115-27.
  • Romani L, Chiurchiù S, Santilli V, Bernardi S, Haywood Lombardi M, et al. COVID-19 in Italian pediatric patients: the experience of a tertiary children’s hospital. Acta Paediatr 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15465.
  • Bhumbra S, Malin S, Kirkpatrick L, Khaitan A, John CC, Rowan CM, et al. Clinical features of critical coronavirus disease 2019 in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000002511.
  • Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, Martelli L, Ruggeri M, Ciuffreda M, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet 2020;395:1771-8.
  • Belhadjer Z, Méot M, Bajolle F, Legendre A, Abakka S, Auriau J, et al.Acute heart failure in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the context of global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Circulation 2020;142:429-36.
  • Nakra NA, Blumberg DA, Herrera-Guerra A, Lakshminrusimha S. Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) following SARS-CoV-2 infection: review of clinical presentation, hypothetical pathogenesis, and proposed management. Children (Basel) 2020;7(7):69.
  • Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, Collins JP, Newhams MM, Son MBF, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2020;383:334-46.
  • Fialkowski A, Gernez Y, Arya P, Weinacht KG, Bernard Kinane T. Insight into the pediatric and adult dichotomy of COVID-19: agerelated differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020;55(10):2556-64.
  • Capone CA, Subramony A, Sweberg T, Schneider J, Shah S, Rubin L, et al. Characteristics, cardiac involvement, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory disease of childhood (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Pediatr 2020;224:141-5.
  • Ronconi G, Teté G, Kritas SK, Gallenga CE, Caraffa Al, Ross R, et al. SARS-CoV-2, which induces COVID-19, causes kawasaki-like disease in children: role of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2020;34(3):767-73.
  • Grom AA, Horne A, De Benedetti F. Macrophage activation syndrome in the era of biologic therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016;12:259-68.
  • Chesshyre E, Ramanan AV, Roderick MR. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and infections: an update. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019;38:e54-e56.
  • Halyabar O, Chang MH, Schoettler ML, Schwartz MA, Baris EH, Benson LA, et al. Calm in the midst of cytokine storm: a collaborative approach to the diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019;17:7.
  • Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C,Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2020;395:1607-8.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497‐506.
  • Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 507‐13.
  • Middeldorp S, Coppens M, van Haaps TF, Foppen M, Vlaar AP, Müller MCA, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18(8):1995-2002.
  • Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMPJ, Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020; 191:145-7.
  • Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18(5):1094-9.
  • Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lütgehetmann M, Steurer S, Edler C, Heinemann A, et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboemobolism in COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2020;173(4):268-77.
  • https://academy.isth.org/isth/2020/covid19/303680/fionnuala.n.inle.26.jennifer.davila.coagulopathy.and.thromboembolism.in.html?f=listing%3D0%2Abrowseby%3D8%2Asortby%3D1%2Asearch%3D303680.
  • Goldenberg NA, Sochet A, Albisetti M, Biss T, Bonduel M, Jaffray J, et al. Consensus-Based Clinical Recommendations and Research Priorities for Anticoagulant Thromboprophylaxis in Children Hospitalized for COVID-19- Related Illness. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18(11):3099-105.
  • Mahajerin A, Branchford BR, Amankwah EK, Raffini L, Chalmers E, van Ommen CH, Goldenberg NA. Hospital-associated venous thromboembolism in pediatrics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors and risk-assessment models. Haematologica 2015; 100(8):1045-50.
  • Branchford BR, Mahajerin A, Raffini L, Chalmers E, van Ommen CH, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, Subcommittee on Pediatric/Neonatal Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Recommendations for standardized risk factor definitions in pediatric hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism to inform future prevention trials: Communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15(11):2274-8.
  • Mitchell LG, Goldenberg NA, Male C, Kenet G, Monagle P, Nowak-Göttl U; Perinatal and Paediatric Haemostasis Subcommittee of the SSC of the ISTH. Definition of clinical efficacy and safety outcomes for clinical trials in deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in children. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9(9):1856–8.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Ebru Yılmaz 0000-0002-1462-9876

Publication Date May 1, 2021
Submission Date April 1, 2021
Acceptance Date April 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 28 Issue: COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI

Cite

Vancouver Yılmaz E. ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI COVID-19 HASTALIĞINDA HEMATOLOJİK BULGULAR VE ANTİKOAGÜLAN KULLANIMI. Med J SDU. 2021;28(COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI):61-6.

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