Genç Basketbol Oyuncularında İzometrik Orta Uyluk Çekme Testinin Güvenirliği

Hüseyin Çelik; Caner Mavili; Ekrem Yılmaz; Evrim Ünver; Ferhat Öztürk; Süleyman Bulut; Pınar Arpınar Avsar; Ş. Alpan Cinemre

doi:10.17644/sbd.1180205

Research Article

Reliability of the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Test in Young Basketball Players

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 59 - 70, 05.09.2023

Hüseyin Çelik Caner Mavili Ekrem Yılmaz Evrim Ünver Ferhat Öztürk Süleyman Bulut Pınar Arpınar Avsar Ş. Alpan Cinemre

https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1180205

Abstract

The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the reliability of muscular strength measures obtained during the isometric mid-thigh pull test in young basketball players. Fifteen participants took the isometric mid-thigh pull test in two sessions, one week apart. Each measurement was performed on a portable force plate. As a result of the measurements, three different measures of muscular strength were calculated: absolute peak force, normalized peak force, and allometrically scaled peak force. For each measurement, four different intra-day and inter-day reliability statistics, intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation, standard error of measurement, and minimal metrically detectable change were calculated. For the absolute peak force, both intra-day (0.96) and inter-day (0.91) intraclass correlation coefficient values were above 0.90 and the coefficient of variation was below 10%. While the intra-day coefficient of variation value for all measures was 3.14%, it was 8.67% for the inter-day measurements. The intra-day and inter-day standard error of measurement was 62.03 and 71.97 N respectively. The absolute peak force yielded high intra-day and inter-day intraclass correlation coefficient, low standard error of measurement, and low coefficient of variation levels. In young basketball players, the absolute peak force obtained during the isometric mid-thigh pull test could be used to evaluate muscular strength in terms of both acute and long-term monitoring and training effect. Normalized and allometrically scaled peak force measures may not have the same level of reliability even if they are derived from the absolute peak force.

Keywords

basketball, strength, test, reliability

Project Number

219S813

References

1. Allison, D. B., Paultre, F., Goran, M. I., Poehlman, E. T., & Heymsfield, S. B. (1995). Statistical considerations regarding the use of ratios to adjust data. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 19(9), 644–652.
2. Alpar, R. (2001). Spor bilimlerinde uygulamalı istatistik. Ankara:Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
3. Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (1998). Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Medicine, 26(4), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002
4. Beattie, K., Carson, B. P., Lyons, M., & Kenny, I. C. (2017). The relationship between maximal strength and reactive strength. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(4), 548–553. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0216
5. Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J., & Comfort, P. (2021). A framework to guide practitioners for selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength & Conditioning Journal. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000677
6. Carter, R. E., & Lubinsky, J. (2016). Rehabilitation research: Principles and applications (Fifth edition). Elsevier.
7. Comfort, P., Jones, P., & McMahon, J. J. (Eds.). (2019). Performance assessment in strength and conditioning. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
8. Cormack, S. J., Newton, R. U., McGuigan, M. R., & Doyle, T. L. A. (2008). Reliability of measures obtained during single and repeated countermovement jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.2.131
9. Corriveau, H., Hébert, R., Prince, F., & Raîche, M. (2000). Intrasession reliability of the “center of pressure minus center of mass” variable of postural control in the healthy elderly. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(1), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(00)90220-X
10. French, D. N., Torres Ronda, L., & National Strength & Conditioning Association (U.S.) (Eds.). (2022). NSCA’s essentials of sport science (First). Human Kinetics, Incorporated.
11. Gabbett, T. J. (2016). Influence of fatigue on tackling ability in rugby league players: role of muscular strength, endurance, and aerobic qualities. PLOS ONE, 11(10), e0163161. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163161
12. Guppy, S. N., Kotani, Y., Brady, C. J., Connolly, S., Comfort, P., & Haff, G. G. (2022). The reliability and magnitude of time-dependent force-time characteristics during the isometric midthigh pull are affected by both testing protocol and analysis choices. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(5), 1191–1199. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004229
13. Haff, G. G., & Stone, M. H. (2015). Methods of developing power with special reference to football players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 37(6), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000153
14. Haff, G. G., Stone, M., O’Bryant, H. S., Harman, E., Dinan, C., Johnson, R., & Han, K.-H. (1997). Force-time dependent characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 11(4), 269–272.
15. Jaric, S., Mirkov, D., & Markovic, G. (2005). Normalizing physical performance tests for body size: A proposal for standardization. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-15064.1
16. Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2022). Physiology of sport and exercise (Eighth edition). Human Kinetic.
17. Kibele, A. (1998). Possibilities and limitations in the biomechanical analysis of countermovement jumps: a methodological study. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14(1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.1.105
18. Kittilsen, H. T., Goleva-Fjellet, S., Freberg, B. I., Nicolaisen, I., Støa, E. M., Bratland-Sanda, S., Helgerud, J., Wang, E., Sæbø, M., & Støren, Ø. (2021). Responses to maximal strength training in different age and gender groups. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 636972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.636972
19. Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
20. Lehance, C., Binet, J., Bury, T., & Croisier, J. L. (2009). Muscular strength, functional performances and injury risk in professional and junior elite soccer players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(2), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00780.x
21. Liljequist, D., Elfving, B., & Skavberg Roaldsen, K. (2019). Intraclass correlation – A discussion and demonstration of basic features. PLOS ONE, 14(7), e0219854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219854
22. McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996). Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.30
23. Nuzzo, J. L., McBride, J. M., Cormie, P., & McCaulley, G. O. (2008). Relationship between countermovement jump performance and multijoint isometric and dynamic tests of strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(3), 699–707. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816d5eda
24. Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (2015). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice (3rd edition, [revised]). Pearson/Prentice Hall.
25. Rouis, M., Coudrat, L., Jaafar, H., Filliard, J.-R., Vandewalle, H., Barthelemy, Y., & Driss, T. (2015). Assessment of isokinetic knee strength in elite young female basketball players: Correlation with vertical jump. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(12), 1502–1508.
26. Shechtman, O. (2013). The coefficient of variation as an index of measurement reliability. In S. A. R. Doi & G. M. Williams (Eds.), Methods of Clinical Epidemiology (pp. 39–49). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37131-8_4
27. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
28. Sole, C. J., Kavanaugh, A. A., Reed, J. P., Israetel, M. A., Devine, L. E., Ramsey, M. W., Sands, W. A., & Stone, M. H. (2013). The sport performance enhancement group: A five-year analysis of interdisciplinary athlete development. 28.
29. Stone, M. H., Sands, W. A., Pierce, K. C., Carlock, J., Cardinale, M., & Newton, R. U. (2005). Relationship of maximum strength to weightlifting performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(6), 1037–1043.
30. Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1419–1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0
31. Thomas, C., Comfort, P., Chiang, C.-Y., & A. Jones, P. (2015). Relationship between isometric mid-thigh pull variables and sprint and change of direction performance in collegiate athletes. Journal of Trainology, 4(1), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.17338/trainology.4.1_6
32. Uzelac-Sciran, T., Sarabon, N., & Mikulic, P. (2020). Effects of 8-week jump training program on sprint and jump performance and leg strength in pre- and post-peak height velocity aged boys. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(3), 547–555.
33. Wang, R., Hoffman, J. R., Tanigawa, S., Miramonti, A. A., La Monica, M. B., Beyer, K. S., Church, D. D., Fukuda, D. H., & Stout, J. R. (2016). Isometric mid-thigh pull correlates with strength, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(11), 3051–3056. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001416

Genç Basketbol Oyuncularında İzometrik Orta Uyluk Çekme Testinin Güvenirliği

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 59 - 70, 05.09.2023

Hüseyin Çelik Caner Mavili Ekrem Yılmaz Evrim Ünver Ferhat Öztürk Süleyman Bulut Pınar Arpınar Avsar Ş. Alpan Cinemre

https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1180205

Abstract

Bu deneysel çalışmanın amacı genç basketbol oyuncularında izometrik orta uyluk çekme testi sırasında elde edilen maksimal kassal kuvvet değerlerinin güvenirliğini araştırmaktır. 15 katılımcı birer hafta arayla iki seansta, izometrik orta uyluk çekme testine katıldı. Her ölçüm, taşınabilir bir kuvvet platformu üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Ölçümler sonucunda üç farklı maksimal kassal kuvvet ölçütü hesaplandı: mutlak zirve kuvvet, normalize zirve kuvvet ve allometrik olarak ölçeklendirilmiş zirve kuvvet. Her bir ölçüt için gün içi ve günler arası dört farklı güvenirlik istatistiği, korelasyon katsayısı, değişim katsayısı, standart ölçüm hatası ve ölçümsel olarak saptanabilir minimum değişiklik, hesaplandı. Mutlak zirve kuvvet için hem gün içi (0,96) hem de günler arası (0,91) korelasyon katsayısı değeri 0,90 üzerinde ve değişim katsayısı %10’un altındadır. Her bir ölçüt için gün içi değişim katsayısı %3,14 iken günler arası için %8,67 seviyesinde oldu. Gün için standart ölçüm hatası 62,03 N iken günler arası için 71,97 N’dur. Önerilen izometrik orta uyluk çekme testi sonuç ölçütlerinden mutlak zirve kuvvet, yüksek gün içi ve günler arası korelasyon katsayısı ve düşük standart ölçüm hatası ve değişim katsayısı seviyeleri verdi. Genç basketbol oyuncularında, izometrik orta uyluk çekme testi sırasında elde edilen mutlak zirve kuvvet, maksimal kassal kuvveti, hem akut hem de uzun süreli izleme ve antrenman etkisi bakımından değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir. Normalize ve allometrik olarak ölçeklendirilmiş zirve kuvvet ölçütleri mutlak zirve değerden türetilse bile güvenirlikleri aynı seviyede olmayabilir.

Keywords

basketbol, kuvvet, test, güvenilirlik

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK

Project Number

219S813

Thanks

References

1. Allison, D. B., Paultre, F., Goran, M. I., Poehlman, E. T., & Heymsfield, S. B. (1995). Statistical considerations regarding the use of ratios to adjust data. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 19(9), 644–652.
2. Alpar, R. (2001). Spor bilimlerinde uygulamalı istatistik. Ankara:Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
3. Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (1998). Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Medicine, 26(4), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002
4. Beattie, K., Carson, B. P., Lyons, M., & Kenny, I. C. (2017). The relationship between maximal strength and reactive strength. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(4), 548–553. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0216
5. Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J., & Comfort, P. (2021). A framework to guide practitioners for selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength & Conditioning Journal. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000677
6. Carter, R. E., & Lubinsky, J. (2016). Rehabilitation research: Principles and applications (Fifth edition). Elsevier.
7. Comfort, P., Jones, P., & McMahon, J. J. (Eds.). (2019). Performance assessment in strength and conditioning. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
8. Cormack, S. J., Newton, R. U., McGuigan, M. R., & Doyle, T. L. A. (2008). Reliability of measures obtained during single and repeated countermovement jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.2.131
9. Corriveau, H., Hébert, R., Prince, F., & Raîche, M. (2000). Intrasession reliability of the “center of pressure minus center of mass” variable of postural control in the healthy elderly. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(1), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(00)90220-X
10. French, D. N., Torres Ronda, L., & National Strength & Conditioning Association (U.S.) (Eds.). (2022). NSCA’s essentials of sport science (First). Human Kinetics, Incorporated.
11. Gabbett, T. J. (2016). Influence of fatigue on tackling ability in rugby league players: role of muscular strength, endurance, and aerobic qualities. PLOS ONE, 11(10), e0163161. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163161
12. Guppy, S. N., Kotani, Y., Brady, C. J., Connolly, S., Comfort, P., & Haff, G. G. (2022). The reliability and magnitude of time-dependent force-time characteristics during the isometric midthigh pull are affected by both testing protocol and analysis choices. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(5), 1191–1199. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004229
13. Haff, G. G., & Stone, M. H. (2015). Methods of developing power with special reference to football players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 37(6), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000153
14. Haff, G. G., Stone, M., O’Bryant, H. S., Harman, E., Dinan, C., Johnson, R., & Han, K.-H. (1997). Force-time dependent characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 11(4), 269–272.
15. Jaric, S., Mirkov, D., & Markovic, G. (2005). Normalizing physical performance tests for body size: A proposal for standardization. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-15064.1
16. Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2022). Physiology of sport and exercise (Eighth edition). Human Kinetic.
17. Kibele, A. (1998). Possibilities and limitations in the biomechanical analysis of countermovement jumps: a methodological study. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14(1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.1.105
18. Kittilsen, H. T., Goleva-Fjellet, S., Freberg, B. I., Nicolaisen, I., Støa, E. M., Bratland-Sanda, S., Helgerud, J., Wang, E., Sæbø, M., & Støren, Ø. (2021). Responses to maximal strength training in different age and gender groups. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 636972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.636972
19. Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
20. Lehance, C., Binet, J., Bury, T., & Croisier, J. L. (2009). Muscular strength, functional performances and injury risk in professional and junior elite soccer players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(2), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00780.x
21. Liljequist, D., Elfving, B., & Skavberg Roaldsen, K. (2019). Intraclass correlation – A discussion and demonstration of basic features. PLOS ONE, 14(7), e0219854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219854
22. McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996). Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.30
23. Nuzzo, J. L., McBride, J. M., Cormie, P., & McCaulley, G. O. (2008). Relationship between countermovement jump performance and multijoint isometric and dynamic tests of strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(3), 699–707. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816d5eda
24. Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (2015). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice (3rd edition, [revised]). Pearson/Prentice Hall.
25. Rouis, M., Coudrat, L., Jaafar, H., Filliard, J.-R., Vandewalle, H., Barthelemy, Y., & Driss, T. (2015). Assessment of isokinetic knee strength in elite young female basketball players: Correlation with vertical jump. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(12), 1502–1508.
26. Shechtman, O. (2013). The coefficient of variation as an index of measurement reliability. In S. A. R. Doi & G. M. Williams (Eds.), Methods of Clinical Epidemiology (pp. 39–49). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37131-8_4
27. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
28. Sole, C. J., Kavanaugh, A. A., Reed, J. P., Israetel, M. A., Devine, L. E., Ramsey, M. W., Sands, W. A., & Stone, M. H. (2013). The sport performance enhancement group: A five-year analysis of interdisciplinary athlete development. 28.
29. Stone, M. H., Sands, W. A., Pierce, K. C., Carlock, J., Cardinale, M., & Newton, R. U. (2005). Relationship of maximum strength to weightlifting performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(6), 1037–1043.
30. Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1419–1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0
31. Thomas, C., Comfort, P., Chiang, C.-Y., & A. Jones, P. (2015). Relationship between isometric mid-thigh pull variables and sprint and change of direction performance in collegiate athletes. Journal of Trainology, 4(1), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.17338/trainology.4.1_6
32. Uzelac-Sciran, T., Sarabon, N., & Mikulic, P. (2020). Effects of 8-week jump training program on sprint and jump performance and leg strength in pre- and post-peak height velocity aged boys. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(3), 547–555.
33. Wang, R., Hoffman, J. R., Tanigawa, S., Miramonti, A. A., La Monica, M. B., Beyer, K. S., Church, D. D., Fukuda, D. H., & Stout, J. R. (2016). Isometric mid-thigh pull correlates with strength, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(11), 3051–3056. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001416

There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Sports Medicine, Sports Training
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Hüseyin Çelik 0000-0001-8316-6468 Caner Mavili 0000-0002-2651-8751 Ekrem Yılmaz 0000-0002-3645-3947 Evrim Ünver 0000-0002-2127-9640 Ferhat Öztürk 0000-0003-4070-8831 Süleyman Bulut 0000-0001-6831-6608 Pınar Arpınar Avsar 0000-0001-5318-3494 Ş. Alpan Cinemre 0000-0003-4955-2394
Project Number	219S813
Publication Date	September 5, 2023
Submission Date	September 26, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 34 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Çelik, H., Mavili, C., Yılmaz, E., Ünver, E., et al. (2023). Genç Basketbol Oyuncularında İzometrik Orta Uyluk Çekme Testinin Güvenirliği. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 34(2), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1180205