Research Article
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Investigation of Internal and External Load Responses of Football Referees During the Match

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 23 - 31, 11.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1190310

Abstract

TThe aim of this study was to determine the internal and external load responses of football referees during the match. Seven amateur referees (Age: 24.44±2.35 years; Height: 181.31±4.79 cm; Body Weight: 74.97±4.63 kg; Experience: 3.86±0.37 years) participated in this study and sixty-two matches from five different categories were evaluated. Internal and external load data were monitored using heart rate (HR) monitors with a global positioning system (GPS) for the referees during the match. For internal load evaluation, HR data in 5 relative categories (HR<%65, HR%65-75, HR%75-85, HR%85-95, HR>95), peak HR (%HRpeak), and mean HR (%HRmean) during the matches were used. The external load data were determined as total distance (TD), average speed (Speedaverage), maximal speed (Speedmax) and 5 different speed categories (Speed≤3,6, Speedu3,6-7,2, Speed7,2-13,0, Speed13,0-18,0, Speed ≥18,0) during the matches. Referees' internal and external load data were analyzed according to 6 periods, 1st and 2nd halves. The paired sample t-test was used for the differences between the halves, and Analysis of Variance with Repeated Measures (ANOVA) was used to determine differences between periods. Internal load analysis results showed that %HRmean, %HRpeak and HR%85-95 values in the 1st half were higher than the 2nd half, on the other hand, HR%65-75 in the 2nd half was higher than the 1st half (p<0.05). When the external load data were evaluated, the 1st half TD, Speedaverage, Speed7,2-13,0 values were higher than the 2nd half, and it was determined that the Speed≤3,6 2nd half values were higher than the 1st half (p<0.05). When the general evaluation is made according to the match periods, it was determined that the external load in the 1st period and the internal load in the 3rd period showed clear differences compared to the other periods. In conclusion, this study showed that referees are exposed to high internal and external loads like football players and in addition, these loads differ according to periods and halves of the match.

References

  • 1. Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F. M., ve Krustrup, P. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Sports Medicine, 38(1), 37-51.
  • 2. Barnes, C., Archer, D., Hogg, B., Bush, M., ve Bradley, P. (2014). The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(13), 1095-1100.
  • 3. Bozdoğan, T. K., Kızılet, A., Çağlayan, A., Erdem, K., ve Demirel, N. (2016). Farklı lig düzeylerindeki müsabakalarda görev yapan üst klasman hakemlerinin fizyolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 97-102.
  • 4. Bradley, P. S., Sheldon, W., Wooster, B., Olsen, P., Boanas, P., ve Krustrup, P. (2009). High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches. Journal of sports sciences, 27(2), 159-168.
  • 5. Castagna, C., Abt, G., ve D Ottavio, S. (2002). The relationship between selected blood lactate thresholds and match performance in elite soccer referees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(4), 623-627.
  • 6. Castagna, C., Abt, G., ve D’Ottavio, S. (2007). Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports medicine, 37(7), 625-646.
  • 7. Castillo-Rodríguez, A., Muñoz-Arjona, C., ve Onetti-Onetti, W. (2021). National vs. non-national soccer referee: Physiological, physical and psychological characteristics. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1-9.
  • 8. Catterall, C., Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., ve Coldwells, A. (1993). Analysis of the work rates and heart rates of association football referees. British journal of sports medicine, 27(3), 193-196.
  • 9. Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
  • 10. Costa, E. C., Vieira, C. M., Moreira, A., Ugrinowitsch, C., Castagna, C., ve Aoki, M. S. (2013). Monitoring external and internal loads of Brazilian soccer referees during official matches. Journal of sports science ve medicine, 12(3), 559.
  • 11. D'ottavıo, S., ve Castagna, C. (2001). Analysis of match activities in elite soccer referees during actual match play. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(2), 167-171.
  • 12. da Silva, A. I., Fernandes, L. C., ve Fernandez, R. (2008). Energy expenditure and intensity of physical activity in soccer referees during match-play. Journal of sports science & medicine, 7(3), 327.
  • 13. Gomez-Carmona, C., ve Pino-Ortega, J. (2016). Kinematic and physiological analysis of the performance of the referee football and its relationship with decision making. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 11(4), 397-414.
  • 14. Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., ve Marcora, S. M. (2005). Physiological assessment of aerobic training in soccer. Journal of sports sciences, 23(6), 583-592.
  • 15. Krustrup, P., ve Bangsbo, J. (2001). Physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing in relation to physical capacity: effect of intense intermittent exercise training. Journal of sports sciences, 19(11), 881-891.
  • 16. Krustrup, P., Helsen, W., Randers, M. B., Christensen, J. F., Macdonald, C., Rebelo, A. N., ve Bangsbo, J. (2009). Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1167-1176.
  • 17. Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 863.
  • 18. Orta, L. (2002). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Futbol Hakemliğinin Başlangıcı ve Gelişimi. Spor Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, 16.
  • 19. Ozaeta, E., Fernández-Lasa, U., Martínez-Aldama, I., Cayero, R., ve Castillo, D. (2022). Match Physical and Physiological Response of Amateur Soccer Referees: A Comparison between Halves and Match Periods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1306.
  • 20. Özdamar, E., Aytar, S. H., ve İşler, A. (2021). Futbol il hakemlerinin müsabaka sırasında ortaya koydukları fizyolojik yükün lig düzeyine göre incelenmesi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(1), 29-38.
  • 21. Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Castagna, C., Sassi, R., ve Impellizzeri, F. (2007). Variation in top level soccer match performance. International journal of sports medicine, 28(12), 1018-1024.
  • 22. Weston, M., Bird, S., Helsen, W., Nevill, A., ve Castagna, C. (2006). The effect of match standard and referee experience on the objective and subjective match workload of English Premier League referees. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9(3), 256-262.
  • 23. Weston, M., Castagna, C., Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., ve Abt, G. (2007). Analysis of physical match performance in English Premier League soccer referees with particular reference to first half and player work rates. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 10(6), 390-397.
  • 24. Weston, M., Drust, B., ve Gregson, W. (2011). Intensities of exercise during match-play in FA Premier League referees and players. Journal of sports sciences, 29(5), 527-532.

Futbol Hakemlerinin Müsabaka Sırasındaki İç ve Dış Yük Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 23 - 31, 11.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1190310

Abstract

Bu çalışma futbol hakemlerinin müsabaka sırasındaki iç ve dış yük yanıtlarının incelenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya 7 bölgesel il (Yaş: 24,44±2,35 yıl; Boy Uzunluğu: 181,31±4,79 cm; Vücut Ağırlığı: 74,97±4,63 kg; Hakem Yaşı: 3,86±0,37 yıl) hakemi katılmış ve 5 ayrı kategoriden 62 müsabaka değerlendirilmiştir. Hakemlere müsabakalar sırasında küresel konumlandırma sistemi (GPS)’ne sahip kalp atım hızı (KAH) monitörü takılarak iç ve dış yük verileri takip edilmiştir. İç yük değerlendirmesinde müsabakalar sırasındaki zirve KAH (%KAHzirve), ortalama KAH (%KAHort) ve 5 farklı relatif kategoride (KAH<%65,KAH%65-75,KAH%75-85,KAH%85-95,KAH>95) geçirdikleri süre dakika olarak kaydedilmiştir. Müsabaka sırasındaki dış yük verileri, toplam koşu mesafesi (Koşutoplam), ortalama koşu hızı (Koşuort), maksimal koşu hızı (Koşumaks) ve 5 farklı hız kategorisinde(Koşu≤3,6, Koşu3,6-7,2, Koşu7,2-13,0, Koşu13,0-18,0, Koşu≥18,0) kat ettikleri mesafe metre cinsinden değerlendirilmiştir. Hakemlere ait iç ve dış yük verileri 6 eşit periyot (0-15dk,15-30dk,30-45dk,45-60dk,60-75dk,75-90dk), 1. ve 2. yarılara göre analiz edilmiştir. Yarılar arasındaki farklılıkların değerlendirilmesinde bağımlı gruplarda t-testi, periyotlar arasındaki farklar için Tekrarlı Ölçümlerde Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. İç yük analiz sonuçları 1. yarı %KAHort, %KAHzirve ve KAH%85-95 değerlerinin 2. yarıdan yüksek, KAH%65-75 2. yarı değerlerinin ise 1. yarıdan yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir (p<0,05). Dış yük verileri değerlendirildiğinde 1. yarı Koşutoplam, Koşuort, ve Koşu7,2-13,0 değerleri 2. yarıdan, Koşu≤3,6 2. yarı verileri ise 1. yarıdan yüksektir (p<0,05). Müsabaka periyotlarına göre genel bir değerlendirme yapıldığında 1. periyottaki dış yük ile 3. periyottaki iç yük verilerinin diğer periyotlara göre açık farklılıklar gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma müsabaka sırasında hakemlerin de futbolcular gibi yüksek iç ve dış yüklenmelere maruz kaldıklarını ve bu yüklenmelerin müsabakanın farklı periyot ve yarılarına göre farklılaştığını göstermiştir.

References

  • 1. Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F. M., ve Krustrup, P. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Sports Medicine, 38(1), 37-51.
  • 2. Barnes, C., Archer, D., Hogg, B., Bush, M., ve Bradley, P. (2014). The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(13), 1095-1100.
  • 3. Bozdoğan, T. K., Kızılet, A., Çağlayan, A., Erdem, K., ve Demirel, N. (2016). Farklı lig düzeylerindeki müsabakalarda görev yapan üst klasman hakemlerinin fizyolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 97-102.
  • 4. Bradley, P. S., Sheldon, W., Wooster, B., Olsen, P., Boanas, P., ve Krustrup, P. (2009). High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches. Journal of sports sciences, 27(2), 159-168.
  • 5. Castagna, C., Abt, G., ve D Ottavio, S. (2002). The relationship between selected blood lactate thresholds and match performance in elite soccer referees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(4), 623-627.
  • 6. Castagna, C., Abt, G., ve D’Ottavio, S. (2007). Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports medicine, 37(7), 625-646.
  • 7. Castillo-Rodríguez, A., Muñoz-Arjona, C., ve Onetti-Onetti, W. (2021). National vs. non-national soccer referee: Physiological, physical and psychological characteristics. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1-9.
  • 8. Catterall, C., Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., ve Coldwells, A. (1993). Analysis of the work rates and heart rates of association football referees. British journal of sports medicine, 27(3), 193-196.
  • 9. Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
  • 10. Costa, E. C., Vieira, C. M., Moreira, A., Ugrinowitsch, C., Castagna, C., ve Aoki, M. S. (2013). Monitoring external and internal loads of Brazilian soccer referees during official matches. Journal of sports science ve medicine, 12(3), 559.
  • 11. D'ottavıo, S., ve Castagna, C. (2001). Analysis of match activities in elite soccer referees during actual match play. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(2), 167-171.
  • 12. da Silva, A. I., Fernandes, L. C., ve Fernandez, R. (2008). Energy expenditure and intensity of physical activity in soccer referees during match-play. Journal of sports science & medicine, 7(3), 327.
  • 13. Gomez-Carmona, C., ve Pino-Ortega, J. (2016). Kinematic and physiological analysis of the performance of the referee football and its relationship with decision making. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 11(4), 397-414.
  • 14. Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., ve Marcora, S. M. (2005). Physiological assessment of aerobic training in soccer. Journal of sports sciences, 23(6), 583-592.
  • 15. Krustrup, P., ve Bangsbo, J. (2001). Physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing in relation to physical capacity: effect of intense intermittent exercise training. Journal of sports sciences, 19(11), 881-891.
  • 16. Krustrup, P., Helsen, W., Randers, M. B., Christensen, J. F., Macdonald, C., Rebelo, A. N., ve Bangsbo, J. (2009). Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1167-1176.
  • 17. Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 863.
  • 18. Orta, L. (2002). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Futbol Hakemliğinin Başlangıcı ve Gelişimi. Spor Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, 16.
  • 19. Ozaeta, E., Fernández-Lasa, U., Martínez-Aldama, I., Cayero, R., ve Castillo, D. (2022). Match Physical and Physiological Response of Amateur Soccer Referees: A Comparison between Halves and Match Periods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1306.
  • 20. Özdamar, E., Aytar, S. H., ve İşler, A. (2021). Futbol il hakemlerinin müsabaka sırasında ortaya koydukları fizyolojik yükün lig düzeyine göre incelenmesi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(1), 29-38.
  • 21. Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Castagna, C., Sassi, R., ve Impellizzeri, F. (2007). Variation in top level soccer match performance. International journal of sports medicine, 28(12), 1018-1024.
  • 22. Weston, M., Bird, S., Helsen, W., Nevill, A., ve Castagna, C. (2006). The effect of match standard and referee experience on the objective and subjective match workload of English Premier League referees. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9(3), 256-262.
  • 23. Weston, M., Castagna, C., Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., ve Abt, G. (2007). Analysis of physical match performance in English Premier League soccer referees with particular reference to first half and player work rates. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 10(6), 390-397.
  • 24. Weston, M., Drust, B., ve Gregson, W. (2011). Intensities of exercise during match-play in FA Premier League referees and players. Journal of sports sciences, 29(5), 527-532.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Gören Köse 0000-0002-8092-0557

Berkay Otuzbiroğlu 0000-0003-0328-3504

Ayşe Kin İşler 0000-0001-9651-2067

Publication Date April 11, 2023
Submission Date October 17, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 34 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Köse, M. G., Otuzbiroğlu, B., & Kin İşler, A. (2023). Futbol Hakemlerinin Müsabaka Sırasındaki İç ve Dış Yük Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 34(1), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1190310

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