Research Article
Üç Boyutlu Konumsal Verinin Web Tabanlı Yönetiminde, OGC Standardı 3D Tiles’ın Hiyerarşik Veri Yapılarıyla Gerçekleştirimi
Abstract
3B Kent Modelleri (3BKM) pek çok kent objesinden oluşan yüksek veri hacmine sahip verilerdir. Bu durum 3BKM’lerinin web tabanlı olarak yönetilmesi ve görüntülenmesinde performans sorunları yaratmaktadır. Bu nedenle 3BKM’lerinin bölümlenerek (tiling) daha küçük bölümlere ayrılmaları gerekmektedir. 3D Tiles büyük boyutlardaki 3B veri kümelerinin web üzerinden transferi için tasarlanmış bir spesifikasyon ve OGC standardıdır. 3D Tiles’ın temeli, yalnızca görüntüde görünecek olan bölümlerin web üzerinden transfer edilmesini sağlayan hiyerarşik detay seviyelerine dayanmaktadır. 3BKM’lerinin 3D Tiles spesifikasyonuna göre bölümlenmesini sağlayan herhangi bir açık kaynak kodlu (AKK) web tabanlı yazılım bileşeni bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada 3D Tiles spesifikasyonuna uygun olarak 3B bölümleme yapan web tabanlı açık kaynak kodlu (AKK) yazılım bileşeni geliştirilmiştir. Bölümleme için R-Tree ve Adaptive QuadTree hiyerarşik veri yapıları kullanılmıştır. Üretilen 3B bölümler Cesium.js AKK JavaScript kütüphanesi kullanılarak görselleştirilmiştir. Adaptive Quadtree ve R-Tree veri yapıları 3B bölümleme açısından irdelenmiş, oluşturulma süreleri, veri güncelleme süreleri ve konumsal sorgu performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Böylelikle geliştirilecek uygulamanın genel özelliklerine göre hangi veri yapısının seçilmesi gerektiği belirlenmiştir.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
TÜBİTAK
Project Number
118Y452
Thanks
Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK 1001 projesi olan 118Y452 kodlu proje tarafından desteklenmiştir
References
- Chaturvedi, K., Yao, Z., & Kolbe, T. H. (2015). Web-based Exploration of and interaction with large and deeply structured semantic 3D city models using HTML5 and WebGL. In Wissenschaftlich-Technische Jahrestagung der DGPF und Workshop on Laser Scanning Applications. 2015. (pp. 296-306). DGPF Tagungsband 24/2015.
- Gaillard, J., Vienne, A., Baume, R., Pedrinis, F., Peytavie, A., & Gesquière, G. (2015, June). Urban data visualisation in a web browser. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on 3D Web Technology. 2015. (pp. 81-88). Web3D '15.
- Gaillard, J, Peytavie, A., & Gesguiere G., (2020). Visualization and perdonalization of multi-representations city models. International Journal of Digital Earth, 13(5), 627-644.
- Gesquiere, G., & Manin, A. (2012). 3D Visualization of Urban Data Based on CityGML with WebGL. International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling (IJ3DIM), 1(3), 1-15.
- GitHub. (2021, Aralık 10). CesiumGS 3D-Tiles. Retrieved from https://github.com/CesiumGS/3d-tiles
- Guttman, A. (1984). R-trees: A dynamic index structure for spatial searching. In Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data, 1984. (pp. 47-57). SIGMOD'84.
- Koukofikis, A., Coors, V., & Gutbell, R. (2018). Interoperable visualization of 3d city models using OGC's standard 3D portrayal service. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 4(4), 113-118.
- Kramer, M, & Gutbell R., (2015). A case study on 3D geospatial applications in the Web using state-of-the-art WebGL frameworks. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on 3D Web Technology, 2015. (pp. 189-197). Web3D '15.
- Lu, M., Wang, X., Liu, X., Chen, M., Bi, S., Zhang, Y., and Lao, T. (2020). Web-based real-time visualization of large-scale weather radar data using 3D tiles. Transactions in GIS, 25(1), 25-43.
- Pajarola, R., Antonijuan, M., & Lario, R. (2002). Quadtin: Quadtree based triangulated irregular networks. In IEEE Visualization, 2002, VIS 2002. (pp. 395-402). IEEE.
- Prandi, F., De Amicis, R., Piffer, S., Soave, M., Cadzow, S., Boix, E. G., & D’Hondt, E. (2013). Using CityGML to deploy smart-city services for urban ecosystems. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-4/W1(2013), 87-92.
- Xu, Z., Zhang, L., Li, H., Lin, Y. H., & Yin, S. (2020). Combining IFC and 3D tiles to create 3D visualization for building information modeling. Automation in Construction, 109, 102995, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102995.
Implementation of the OGC Standard 3D Tiles with Hierarchical Data Structures in Web Based Management of 3D Spatial Data
Abstract
3D City Models (3DCMs) consisting of many city objects are huge in size. This situation causes performance problems in web-based management and displaying of 3DCMs. 3DCMs must be decomposed to smaller data chunks called ”tiles”. 3D Tiles is a specification and OGC standard designed for transferring large 3D datasets over the web. 3D Tiles is based on hierarchical detail levels that allow only the parts that will appear in the image to be transferred over the web. There is no open-source web-based component for tiling 3DCMs according to 3D Tiles. In this study, a web-based 3D Tiling component that tiles 3DCMs according to 3D Tiles has been developed. R-Tree and Adaptive QuadTree hierarchical data structures have been used to decompose 3DCM. Generated 3D tiles have been rendered using open source Cesium.js JavaScript library. Adaptive QuadTree and R-Tree data structures have been investigated in the context of tiling and their performance have been compared in terms of construction times, data update times and spatial query performances. Thus, which data structure should be selected has been determined according to the general characteristics of the application to be developed.
Project Number
118Y452
References
- Chaturvedi, K., Yao, Z., & Kolbe, T. H. (2015). Web-based Exploration of and interaction with large and deeply structured semantic 3D city models using HTML5 and WebGL. In Wissenschaftlich-Technische Jahrestagung der DGPF und Workshop on Laser Scanning Applications. 2015. (pp. 296-306). DGPF Tagungsband 24/2015.
- Gaillard, J., Vienne, A., Baume, R., Pedrinis, F., Peytavie, A., & Gesquière, G. (2015, June). Urban data visualisation in a web browser. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on 3D Web Technology. 2015. (pp. 81-88). Web3D '15.
- Gaillard, J, Peytavie, A., & Gesguiere G., (2020). Visualization and perdonalization of multi-representations city models. International Journal of Digital Earth, 13(5), 627-644.
- Gesquiere, G., & Manin, A. (2012). 3D Visualization of Urban Data Based on CityGML with WebGL. International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling (IJ3DIM), 1(3), 1-15.
- GitHub. (2021, Aralık 10). CesiumGS 3D-Tiles. Retrieved from https://github.com/CesiumGS/3d-tiles
- Guttman, A. (1984). R-trees: A dynamic index structure for spatial searching. In Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data, 1984. (pp. 47-57). SIGMOD'84.
- Koukofikis, A., Coors, V., & Gutbell, R. (2018). Interoperable visualization of 3d city models using OGC's standard 3D portrayal service. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 4(4), 113-118.
- Kramer, M, & Gutbell R., (2015). A case study on 3D geospatial applications in the Web using state-of-the-art WebGL frameworks. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on 3D Web Technology, 2015. (pp. 189-197). Web3D '15.
- Lu, M., Wang, X., Liu, X., Chen, M., Bi, S., Zhang, Y., and Lao, T. (2020). Web-based real-time visualization of large-scale weather radar data using 3D tiles. Transactions in GIS, 25(1), 25-43.
- Pajarola, R., Antonijuan, M., & Lario, R. (2002). Quadtin: Quadtree based triangulated irregular networks. In IEEE Visualization, 2002, VIS 2002. (pp. 395-402). IEEE.
- Prandi, F., De Amicis, R., Piffer, S., Soave, M., Cadzow, S., Boix, E. G., & D’Hondt, E. (2013). Using CityGML to deploy smart-city services for urban ecosystems. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-4/W1(2013), 87-92.
- Xu, Z., Zhang, L., Li, H., Lin, Y. H., & Yin, S. (2020). Combining IFC and 3D tiles to create 3D visualization for building information modeling. Automation in Construction, 109, 102995, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102995.
There are 12 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Computer Software |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 118Y452 |
| Publication Date | March 14, 2022 |
| Submission Date | January 18, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | March 2, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 |
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