Research Article
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Nutritional Knowledge and Ergogenic Aid Using Status of Competitive and Recreational Cyclists

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 131 - 145, 20.12.2022

Dilara Sak Taygun Dayı Erkan Günay Adile Öniz

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1143549

Abstract

This study aimed to determine cyclists’ nutritional knowledge and habits, and nutritional ergogenic aid usage and shed light on the relation between cyclists’ nutritional knowledge and ergogenic aid usage. It was conducted in Cyprus. There were three groups (study groups: competitive cyclists-CC, recreational cyclists-RC; control group-CG: sedentary adults). Data were collected with a questionnaire that had three sections (the first two sections were related to general nutritional habits, ergogenic aids, anthropometric measurements, and the last section included The Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire-NSKQ). All data were evaluated by Statistical Package for the Social Science-SPSS version 24.0. Totally 174 adults participated voluntarily in this study (n: 58 for each group). CC and RC skipped their main meals and smoked less than CG (p<0.05). Although most of the participants had poor sports nutrition knowledge (60.0%), CC had the highest NSKQ score and this result showed us CC had more information about sports nutrition than CG (p: 0.001). According to ergogenic aids usage, CC (56.9%) used more than RC (39.7%) (p: 0.000). This study showed that cyclists (CC and RC both) -who used ergogenic nutritional aids- had lower NSKQ scores (p: 0.027). In conclusion, the nutritional knowledge levels of the cyclists were found to be insufficient. It was observed that cyclists had significant differences in nutritional knowledge and low level of knowledge about ergogenic supports. Thus, continuous sports nutritional education is necessary to increase their knowledge.

Keywords

Cyclists Ergogenic aids Nutritional knowledge

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

Authors would like to thank members of the cycling federation for their supportive contribution.

References

  • 1. Bopp, M., Sims, D., & Piatkowski, D. (Eds.). (2018). Bicycling for transportation: The bicycle: a technological and social history. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812642-4.00001-5
  • 2. Fink, H.H, Burgoon, L.A., & Mikesky, A.E. (Eds.). (2018). Practical applications in sports nutrition. Jones and Bartlett Learning.
  • 3. Benardot D. (Eds). (2020). Advanced sports nutrition. Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • 4. Bompa, T.O., Buzzichelli, C. (Eds.). (2018). Periodization-: theory and methodology of training. Journal Human Kinetics.
  • 5. Maughan, R.J., & Shirreffs, S.M. (2012). Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 71(1), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665111003211
  • 6. Pessi, S., & Fayh, A.P.T. (2011). Evaluation of the nutritional knowledge of professional track and field and triathlon athletes. Revista Espanola de Nutricion Humana y Dietetica, 17(4), 242-245. https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.25.S1.1393
  • 7. Leonarda, G., Fedele, E., Vitale, E., Lucini, D., Mirela, V., & Mirela, I.A. (2018). Healthy athlete's nutrition. Journal of the Romanian Sports Medicine Society, 14(1), 2967-2985.
  • 8. Spriet, L.L. (2019). Performance nutrition for Athletes. Sports Medicine, 49(1), 1-2. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1027-9
  • 9. Bescós, R., Rodríguez, F.A., Iglesias, X., Benítez, A., Marina, M., Padullés, J.M., Torrado, P., Vάzquez, J., & Knechtle B. (2012). High energy deficit in an ultra-endurance athlete in a 24-hour ultra-cycling race. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 25(2), 124-128. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2012.11928806
  • 10. Kerksick, C.M., Wilborn, C.D., Roberts, M.D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S.M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke M, Davis, J.N., Galvan, E., Greenwood, M., Lowery, L.M., Wildman, R., Antonio, J., & Kreider, R.B. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research& recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
  • 11. Fraczek, B., Warzecha, M., Tyrala, F., & Pieta, A. (2016). Prevalence of the use of effective ergogenic aids among professional athletes. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny-Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene, 67(3), 271-278. PMID: 27546324
  • 12. Ronsen, O., Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Maehlum, S. (1999). Supplement use and nutritional habits in Norwegian elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 9(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00203.x
  • 13. Dascombe, B.J., Karunaratna, M., Cartoon, J., Fergie, B., & Goodman, C. (2010). Nutritional supplementation habits and perceptions of elite athletes within a state-based sporting institute. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(2); 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.03.005
  • 14. Sousa, M., Fernandes, M.J., Carvalho, P., Soares, J., Moreira, P., & Teixeira, V.H. (2016). Nutritional supplements use in high-performance athletes is related with lower nutritional inadequacy from food. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(3), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jshs.2015.01.006
  • 15. Condo, D., Lohman, R., Kelly, M., & Carr, A. (2019). Nutritional intake, sports nutrition knowledge and energy availability in female Australian rules football players. Nutrients, 11(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu11050971
  • 16. Jovanov, P., Đorđić, V., Obradović, B., Barak, O., Pezo, L., Marić, A., & Sakać, M. (2019). Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes towards using sports supplements among young athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0294-7
  • 17. Couture, S., Lamarche, B., Morissette, E., Provencher, V., Valois, P., Goulet, C., & Drapeau, V. (2015). Evaluation of sports nutrition knowledge and recommendations among high school coaches. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(4), 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0195
  • 18. Molinero, O., & Márquez, S. (2009). Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 24(2), 128-134. PMID: 19593480
  • 19. Nuttall Frank, Q. (2015). Body Mass Index. Nutrition Today, 50(3), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1097/nt.0000000000000092
  • 20. Trakman, G.L., Forsyth, A., Russell, H., & Belski, R. (2017). The nutrition for sport knowledge questionnaire (NSKQ): development and validation using classical test theory and Rasch analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12970-017-0182-y
  • 21. Çırak, O., & Çakıroğlu, F.P. (2019). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the nutrition for sport knowledge questionnaire. Ankara Medical Journal, 1, 35-49.
  • 22. Pendergast, F.J., Livingstone, K.M., Worsley, A., McNaughton, S.A. (2016). Correlates of meal skipping in young adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0451-1
  • 23. da Rocha Penteado, V.S., de Moura Castro, C.H., de Medeiros Pinheiro, M., Santana, M., Bertolino, S., de Mello, M.T., & Szejnfeld, V.L. (2010). Diet, body composition, and bone mass in well-trained cyclists. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 13(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2009.09.002
  • 24. Baranauskas, M., Stukas, R., Tubelis, L., Žagminas, K., Šurkienė, G., Švedas, E., Giedraitis, V.R., Dobrovolskij, V., & Abaravičius J.A. (2015). Nutritional habits among high-performance endurance athletes. Medicina, 51(6), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2015.11.004
  • 25. Debnath, M., Chatterjee, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., Datta, G., & Dey, S.K. (2019). Prediction of athletic performance through nutrition knowledge and practice: a cross-sectional study among young team athletes. Sport Mont Journal, 17(3), 13-20. http://doi.org/10.26773/smj.191012
  • 26. Noll, M., Rodrigues, A.P.S., & Silveira, E.A. (2020). The health-related determinants of eating pattern of high school athletes in Goiás, Brazil. Archives of Public Health, 78(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-0396-3
  • 27. Lee, C.L., & Chang, W.D. (2013). Effects of cigarette smoking on exercise performance and heart rate variability in college students. International Journal of Women's Health, 17(5), 667-679. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s49220
  • 28. Chaabane, Z., Murlasits, Z., Mahfoud, Z., & Goebel, R. (2016). Tobacco use and its health effects among professional athletes in Qatar. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 182(18), 867-869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2684090
  • 29. Spronk, I., Heaney, S.E., Prvan, T., & O'Connor, H.T. (2015). Relationship between general nutrition knowledge and dietary quality in elite athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0034
  • 30. Trakman, G.L., Forsyth, A., Devlin, B.L., & Belski, R.A. (2016). Systematic review of athletes’ and coaches’ nutrition knowledge and reflections on the quality of current nutrition knowledge measures. Nutrients, 8(9), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090570
  • 31. Bird, S.P., & Rushton, B.D. (2020). Nutritional knowledge of youth academy athletes. BMC Nutrition, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00360-9
  • 32. Miškulin, I., Šašvari, A., Dumić, A., Bilić-Kirin, V., Špiranović, Ž., Pavlović, N., & Miškulin, M. (2019). The general nutrition knowledge of professional athletes. Food in Health and Disease: Scientific-professional Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 8(1), 25-32.
  • 33. Devlin, B.L., & Belski, R. (2015). Exploring general and sports nutrition and food knowledge in elite male Australian athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(3), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0259
  • 34. Tian, H.H., Ong, W.S, & Tan, C.L. (2009). Nutritional supplement use among university athletes in Singapore. Singapore Medical Journal, 50(2), 165-172. PMID: 19296032
  • 35. Aljaloud, S.O., & Ibrahim, S.A. (2013). Use of dietary supplements among professional athletes in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2013, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/245349

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 131 - 145, 20.12.2022

Dilara Sak Taygun Dayı Erkan Günay Adile Öniz

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1143549

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • 1. Bopp, M., Sims, D., & Piatkowski, D. (Eds.). (2018). Bicycling for transportation: The bicycle: a technological and social history. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812642-4.00001-5
  • 2. Fink, H.H, Burgoon, L.A., & Mikesky, A.E. (Eds.). (2018). Practical applications in sports nutrition. Jones and Bartlett Learning.
  • 3. Benardot D. (Eds). (2020). Advanced sports nutrition. Human Kinetics Publishers.
  • 4. Bompa, T.O., Buzzichelli, C. (Eds.). (2018). Periodization-: theory and methodology of training. Journal Human Kinetics.
  • 5. Maughan, R.J., & Shirreffs, S.M. (2012). Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 71(1), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665111003211
  • 6. Pessi, S., & Fayh, A.P.T. (2011). Evaluation of the nutritional knowledge of professional track and field and triathlon athletes. Revista Espanola de Nutricion Humana y Dietetica, 17(4), 242-245. https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.25.S1.1393
  • 7. Leonarda, G., Fedele, E., Vitale, E., Lucini, D., Mirela, V., & Mirela, I.A. (2018). Healthy athlete's nutrition. Journal of the Romanian Sports Medicine Society, 14(1), 2967-2985.
  • 8. Spriet, L.L. (2019). Performance nutrition for Athletes. Sports Medicine, 49(1), 1-2. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1027-9
  • 9. Bescós, R., Rodríguez, F.A., Iglesias, X., Benítez, A., Marina, M., Padullés, J.M., Torrado, P., Vάzquez, J., & Knechtle B. (2012). High energy deficit in an ultra-endurance athlete in a 24-hour ultra-cycling race. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 25(2), 124-128. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2012.11928806
  • 10. Kerksick, C.M., Wilborn, C.D., Roberts, M.D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S.M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke M, Davis, J.N., Galvan, E., Greenwood, M., Lowery, L.M., Wildman, R., Antonio, J., & Kreider, R.B. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research& recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
  • 11. Fraczek, B., Warzecha, M., Tyrala, F., & Pieta, A. (2016). Prevalence of the use of effective ergogenic aids among professional athletes. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny-Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene, 67(3), 271-278. PMID: 27546324
  • 12. Ronsen, O., Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Maehlum, S. (1999). Supplement use and nutritional habits in Norwegian elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 9(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00203.x
  • 13. Dascombe, B.J., Karunaratna, M., Cartoon, J., Fergie, B., & Goodman, C. (2010). Nutritional supplementation habits and perceptions of elite athletes within a state-based sporting institute. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(2); 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.03.005
  • 14. Sousa, M., Fernandes, M.J., Carvalho, P., Soares, J., Moreira, P., & Teixeira, V.H. (2016). Nutritional supplements use in high-performance athletes is related with lower nutritional inadequacy from food. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(3), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jshs.2015.01.006
  • 15. Condo, D., Lohman, R., Kelly, M., & Carr, A. (2019). Nutritional intake, sports nutrition knowledge and energy availability in female Australian rules football players. Nutrients, 11(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu11050971
  • 16. Jovanov, P., Đorđić, V., Obradović, B., Barak, O., Pezo, L., Marić, A., & Sakać, M. (2019). Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes towards using sports supplements among young athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0294-7
  • 17. Couture, S., Lamarche, B., Morissette, E., Provencher, V., Valois, P., Goulet, C., & Drapeau, V. (2015). Evaluation of sports nutrition knowledge and recommendations among high school coaches. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(4), 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0195
  • 18. Molinero, O., & Márquez, S. (2009). Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 24(2), 128-134. PMID: 19593480
  • 19. Nuttall Frank, Q. (2015). Body Mass Index. Nutrition Today, 50(3), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1097/nt.0000000000000092
  • 20. Trakman, G.L., Forsyth, A., Russell, H., & Belski, R. (2017). The nutrition for sport knowledge questionnaire (NSKQ): development and validation using classical test theory and Rasch analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12970-017-0182-y
  • 21. Çırak, O., & Çakıroğlu, F.P. (2019). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the nutrition for sport knowledge questionnaire. Ankara Medical Journal, 1, 35-49.
  • 22. Pendergast, F.J., Livingstone, K.M., Worsley, A., McNaughton, S.A. (2016). Correlates of meal skipping in young adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0451-1
  • 23. da Rocha Penteado, V.S., de Moura Castro, C.H., de Medeiros Pinheiro, M., Santana, M., Bertolino, S., de Mello, M.T., & Szejnfeld, V.L. (2010). Diet, body composition, and bone mass in well-trained cyclists. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 13(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2009.09.002
  • 24. Baranauskas, M., Stukas, R., Tubelis, L., Žagminas, K., Šurkienė, G., Švedas, E., Giedraitis, V.R., Dobrovolskij, V., & Abaravičius J.A. (2015). Nutritional habits among high-performance endurance athletes. Medicina, 51(6), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2015.11.004
  • 25. Debnath, M., Chatterjee, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., Datta, G., & Dey, S.K. (2019). Prediction of athletic performance through nutrition knowledge and practice: a cross-sectional study among young team athletes. Sport Mont Journal, 17(3), 13-20. http://doi.org/10.26773/smj.191012
  • 26. Noll, M., Rodrigues, A.P.S., & Silveira, E.A. (2020). The health-related determinants of eating pattern of high school athletes in Goiás, Brazil. Archives of Public Health, 78(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-0396-3
  • 27. Lee, C.L., & Chang, W.D. (2013). Effects of cigarette smoking on exercise performance and heart rate variability in college students. International Journal of Women's Health, 17(5), 667-679. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s49220
  • 28. Chaabane, Z., Murlasits, Z., Mahfoud, Z., & Goebel, R. (2016). Tobacco use and its health effects among professional athletes in Qatar. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 182(18), 867-869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2684090
  • 29. Spronk, I., Heaney, S.E., Prvan, T., & O'Connor, H.T. (2015). Relationship between general nutrition knowledge and dietary quality in elite athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0034
  • 30. Trakman, G.L., Forsyth, A., Devlin, B.L., & Belski, R.A. (2016). Systematic review of athletes’ and coaches’ nutrition knowledge and reflections on the quality of current nutrition knowledge measures. Nutrients, 8(9), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090570
  • 31. Bird, S.P., & Rushton, B.D. (2020). Nutritional knowledge of youth academy athletes. BMC Nutrition, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00360-9
  • 32. Miškulin, I., Šašvari, A., Dumić, A., Bilić-Kirin, V., Špiranović, Ž., Pavlović, N., & Miškulin, M. (2019). The general nutrition knowledge of professional athletes. Food in Health and Disease: Scientific-professional Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 8(1), 25-32.
  • 33. Devlin, B.L., & Belski, R. (2015). Exploring general and sports nutrition and food knowledge in elite male Australian athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(3), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0259
  • 34. Tian, H.H., Ong, W.S, & Tan, C.L. (2009). Nutritional supplement use among university athletes in Singapore. Singapore Medical Journal, 50(2), 165-172. PMID: 19296032
  • 35. Aljaloud, S.O., & Ibrahim, S.A. (2013). Use of dietary supplements among professional athletes in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2013, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/245349
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Physical Activity, Health & Exercise
Authors

Dilara Sak 0000-0002-1144-194X

Taygun Dayı 0000-0003-2491-7609

Erkan Günay 0000-0003-2199-9987

Adile Öniz 0000-0002-6619-4106

Project Number -
Publication Date December 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sak, D., Dayı, T., Günay, E., Öniz, A. (2022). Nutritional Knowledge and Ergogenic Aid Using Status of Competitive and Recreational Cyclists. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 13(3), 131-145. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1143549
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