Changes in nitrate (NO3-N) and macro mineral content of different forage sources affected by increasing nitrogen doses
Abstract
Nitrate toxicity due to excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization in forage crops is one of the most important nutritional concerns. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of increasing rates of N fertilizer on the NO3-N content and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of some forage crops such as pasture (Experiment 1) (Exp 1), vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixture (2/1, Exp 2) and corn (Zea mays L.) (Exp 3) and the effect of silage on the NO3-N contents of forage corn (Exp 4). These experiments, except for Exp 4 were carried out under dryland field conditions by applying increasing rates of N (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) in a randomized plot with three replicates. Dry matter yield, crude protein and some mineral (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg)) contents and ratio amoung some minerals and NO3-N content of forage from each experiments were determined. The results showed that the NO3-N contents and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of the forages increased up to toxic levels in accordance with increasing rates of N fertilizer independing of type of forage.
References
- Aydin, I., Uzun, F. 2005. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of rangelands affects yield, forage quality and the botanical composition. Europ. J. Agronomy, 23: 8-14.
- Cash, D., Funston, R., King, M., Wichman, D. 2006. Nitrate toxicity of Montana forages. Montana State University, Extension, Field Crops C-12 (Forages), 1000-05/06JM.
- Elliott, D.E., Abbott, R.J. 2003. Nitrogen fertilizer use on rain-fed pasture in the Mt. Lofty Ranges. 1. Pasture mass, composition and nutritive characteristics, Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 43: 553-557.
- Fontenot, J.P., Allen, V.G., Bunce, G.E., Goff, J.F. 1989. Factor influencing magnesium absorption and metabolism. J. Anim. Sci., 67: 3445-3455.
- Frame, J. 1992. Improved Grassland Management. Farming Press Books, Ipswich.
- Georgievskii, V.I. 1982. The physiological role of macroelements. In: Georgievskii, V.I., Annenkov, B.N., Samokhin V.T. (Eds.), Mineral Nutrition of Animals. Butterworths, London, 257-271.
- Gillen, R.L., Berg, W.A. 1998. Nitrogen fertilization of a native grass planting in western Oklahoma. J. Range. Manage., 51: 436-441.
- Grunes, D.L., Welch, R.M. 1989. Plant contents of magnesium, calcium, and potassium in relation to ruminant nutrition. J. Anim. Sci., 67: 3485-3494.
- Gulmezoglu, N., Tolay, I., Askin, A. 2010. Changes in nitrate concentration of triticale forages (Xtriticosecale Wittmack) at different growth stages by increasing nitrogen rates. J. Food. Agri. Enviro., 8: 449-453.
- Jefferson, P.G., Mayland, H.F., Asay, K.H., Berdahl, J.D. 2001. Variation in mineral concentration and grass tetany potential among Russian Wildrye Accessions. Crop. Sci., 41: 543-548.
- Johnson, C.M., Ulrich, A. 1959. Analytical Methods for Use in Plant Analysis. California Agricultural Experimental Station, Bulletin 766, California.
- Kalmbacher, R., Martin, F. 1996. Shifts in botanical composition of flatwoods range following fertilization. J. Range. Manage., 49: 530-534.
- Kidambi, S.P., Matches, A.G., Griggs, T.C. 1989. Variability for Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio among 3 wheatgrasses and sanfoin in the southern high plains. J. Range. Manage., 42: 312-316.
- Little, T.M., Hills, F.J. 1978. Agricultural Experiment (Design and Analysis) John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Mayland, H.F. 1986. Factors affecting yield and nutritional quality of crestedwheat-grass. In: Johnson, K.L. (Ed.), Crested Wheatgrass its Values, Problem sand Myths: Symposium Proceedings. Utah State University, Logan, 215-216.
- NRC, 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 7th rev. ed.National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Nešić, Z., Tomić, Z., Krnjaja, V., Tomašević, D. 2008. Nitrates in plants and soil after fertilization of grass-legume mixtures. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 24: 95-104.
- Ridder, W.E., Oehme, F.W. 1974. Nitrates as an environmental, animal and human hazard. Clinical Toxicol, 7: 145-159.
- Rowell, D.R. 1996. Soil Science: Methods and Applications Longman, Harlow.
- Ryan, J., Estefan, G., Rashid, A. 2001. Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Manual ICARDA Aleppo.
- Sidhu, P.K., Bedi, G.K., Meenakshi, Mahajan, V., Sharma, S., Sandhu, K.S., Gupta, M.P. 2011. Evaluation of Factors Contributing to Excessive Nitrate Accumulation in Fodder Crops Leading to Ill-Health in Dairy Animals Toxicol Int., Jan-Jun; 18: 22-26.
- Tsutomu, D.L., Grunes, O., Sanchirico, C.A. 1985. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization and environmental factors affecting the grass tetany hazard of wheat forage. Plant. Soil. Environ., 86: 173-184.
- EPA, 1996. Method 9210. Potentiometric determination of nitrate in aqueous samples with ion-selective electrode. Enviromental Protection Agency, USA.
- Van Soest, P.J. 1983. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. O&B Books, Corvallis.
- Wilkinson, S.R., Mayland, H.F. 1997. Yield and mineral concentration of himag compared to other tall fescue cultivars grown in the southern piedmont. J. Plant. Nut., 20: 1317-1331.
Artan azot dozlarına göre farklı kaba yemlerin nitrat (NO3-N) ve makro element içeriğindeki değişimler
Abstract
Aşırı nitrojen gübrelemesinden dolayı, kaba yemlerde görülen nitrat toksisitesi, en önemli besinsel konulardan biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; mera (Deneme 1), macar fiğ (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + arpa (Hordeum vulgare L.) karışık ekimi (2/1 Deneme 2) ve mısır (Deneme 3) gibi bazı kaba yemlerin NO3-N ve K/(Ca+Mg) oranı üzerine nitrojenin artan oranlarının etkisini ve mısır kaba yeminin NO3-N içeriği üzerine silajlamanın (Deneme 4) etkisini değerlendirmektir. Dördüncü deneme hariç, diğer denemeler 3 tekerrürlü olarak Tesadüf Blokları deneme deseninde yürütülmüştür. Denemelerde nitrojenin artan oranları (0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200 kg ha-1) kurak şartlarda uygulanmıştır. Her bir denemeden elde edilen kaba yemin kuru madde verimi, ham protein ve bazı mineral içerikleri (Ca, P, K, Mg) ile bazı mineraller arasındaki oran (K/(Ca+Mg)) ve NO3-N içeriği belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, yemin tipine bağlı olmaksızın, artan nitrojen gübrelemesinin kaba yemin NO3-N içeriğini ve K/(Ca+Mg) oranını toksisite seviyesine yükselttiğini göstermiştir.
References
- Aydin, I., Uzun, F. 2005. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of rangelands affects yield, forage quality and the botanical composition. Europ. J. Agronomy, 23: 8-14.
- Cash, D., Funston, R., King, M., Wichman, D. 2006. Nitrate toxicity of Montana forages. Montana State University, Extension, Field Crops C-12 (Forages), 1000-05/06JM.
- Elliott, D.E., Abbott, R.J. 2003. Nitrogen fertilizer use on rain-fed pasture in the Mt. Lofty Ranges. 1. Pasture mass, composition and nutritive characteristics, Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 43: 553-557.
- Fontenot, J.P., Allen, V.G., Bunce, G.E., Goff, J.F. 1989. Factor influencing magnesium absorption and metabolism. J. Anim. Sci., 67: 3445-3455.
- Frame, J. 1992. Improved Grassland Management. Farming Press Books, Ipswich.
- Georgievskii, V.I. 1982. The physiological role of macroelements. In: Georgievskii, V.I., Annenkov, B.N., Samokhin V.T. (Eds.), Mineral Nutrition of Animals. Butterworths, London, 257-271.
- Gillen, R.L., Berg, W.A. 1998. Nitrogen fertilization of a native grass planting in western Oklahoma. J. Range. Manage., 51: 436-441.
- Grunes, D.L., Welch, R.M. 1989. Plant contents of magnesium, calcium, and potassium in relation to ruminant nutrition. J. Anim. Sci., 67: 3485-3494.
- Gulmezoglu, N., Tolay, I., Askin, A. 2010. Changes in nitrate concentration of triticale forages (Xtriticosecale Wittmack) at different growth stages by increasing nitrogen rates. J. Food. Agri. Enviro., 8: 449-453.
- Jefferson, P.G., Mayland, H.F., Asay, K.H., Berdahl, J.D. 2001. Variation in mineral concentration and grass tetany potential among Russian Wildrye Accessions. Crop. Sci., 41: 543-548.
- Johnson, C.M., Ulrich, A. 1959. Analytical Methods for Use in Plant Analysis. California Agricultural Experimental Station, Bulletin 766, California.
- Kalmbacher, R., Martin, F. 1996. Shifts in botanical composition of flatwoods range following fertilization. J. Range. Manage., 49: 530-534.
- Kidambi, S.P., Matches, A.G., Griggs, T.C. 1989. Variability for Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio among 3 wheatgrasses and sanfoin in the southern high plains. J. Range. Manage., 42: 312-316.
- Little, T.M., Hills, F.J. 1978. Agricultural Experiment (Design and Analysis) John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Mayland, H.F. 1986. Factors affecting yield and nutritional quality of crestedwheat-grass. In: Johnson, K.L. (Ed.), Crested Wheatgrass its Values, Problem sand Myths: Symposium Proceedings. Utah State University, Logan, 215-216.
- NRC, 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 7th rev. ed.National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Nešić, Z., Tomić, Z., Krnjaja, V., Tomašević, D. 2008. Nitrates in plants and soil after fertilization of grass-legume mixtures. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 24: 95-104.
- Ridder, W.E., Oehme, F.W. 1974. Nitrates as an environmental, animal and human hazard. Clinical Toxicol, 7: 145-159.
- Rowell, D.R. 1996. Soil Science: Methods and Applications Longman, Harlow.
- Ryan, J., Estefan, G., Rashid, A. 2001. Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Manual ICARDA Aleppo.
- Sidhu, P.K., Bedi, G.K., Meenakshi, Mahajan, V., Sharma, S., Sandhu, K.S., Gupta, M.P. 2011. Evaluation of Factors Contributing to Excessive Nitrate Accumulation in Fodder Crops Leading to Ill-Health in Dairy Animals Toxicol Int., Jan-Jun; 18: 22-26.
- Tsutomu, D.L., Grunes, O., Sanchirico, C.A. 1985. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization and environmental factors affecting the grass tetany hazard of wheat forage. Plant. Soil. Environ., 86: 173-184.
- EPA, 1996. Method 9210. Potentiometric determination of nitrate in aqueous samples with ion-selective electrode. Enviromental Protection Agency, USA.
- Van Soest, P.J. 1983. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. O&B Books, Corvallis.
- Wilkinson, S.R., Mayland, H.F. 1997. Yield and mineral concentration of himag compared to other tall fescue cultivars grown in the southern piedmont. J. Plant. Nut., 20: 1317-1331.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Field Crops |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 14, 2015 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2015 Volume: 30 Issue: 2 |