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Nutrition Management and the Role of the Nurse in the Surgical Patient

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 01, 6 - 12, 30.06.2023

Abstract

Surgical intervention is a treatment method that leads to a metabolic stress response. A long-lasting stress response causes problems such as delayed wound healing and infection risk and prolongs the postoperative recovery period. Malnourishment is one of the most significant factors that lead to a prolonged stress response. Therefore, the nutritional status of the patient must be evaluated before surgical intervention, and their existing nutrition problems must be treated. Shortening the duration of fasting before surgery and providing oral carbohydrate-containing fluid support prevents negative nitrogen balance and improves patient outcomes. After the surgical intervention, it is recommended to start oral feeding as soon as possible and provide enteral or parenteral nutrition support for patients who are unable to eat. In the management of the nutrition of the surgical patient, as an indispensable part of the surgical team, nurses have important roles and responsibilities. Some of these are assessing the nutrition of the patient, managing the duration of fasting before surgery correctly, determining the time of feeding after surgery accurately, and preventing malnourishment. For nurses to be able to perform these roles, it is important to overcome the deficiencies in their knowledge about the nutrition of the surgical patient and increase their awareness of current recommendations and protocols. In this review, it is aimed to investigate nutritional management in surgical patients in light of current and evidence-based research and guidelines and provide guidance for nurses.

References

  • Abdelhamid, A. Y., Chapman. M. J., Deane. A. M. (2016). Perioperative nutrition. Anesthesia, 71, 9-18.
  • Adiamah, A., Ranat, R., Gomez, D. (2019). Enteral versus parenteral nutrition following pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Official Journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association, 21(7), 793-801.
  • American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). (2017). Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: An updated report. Anesthesiology, 126(3), 376–93.
  • Bajwa, R. S., Brar, N. (2017). A prospective randomized controlled study: Early enteral nutrition following gastrointestinal surgery. International Surgery Journal, 4(10), 3249-3256.
  • Barlow, R., Price, P., Reid, T. D., Hunt, S., Clark, G. W., et al. (2011). Prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial of early enteral nutrition for patients undergoing major upper gastrointestinal surgical resection. Clinical Nutrition, 30(5), 560-566.
  • Brady, K. M., Keller, D. S., Delaney, C. P. (2015). Successful implementation of an enhanced recovery pathway: The nurse’s role. AORN Journal, 102(5), 469-481.
  • Campos, S. B. G., Barros-Neto, J. A., Guedes, G. D. S., Moura, F. A. (2018). Pre-operative fasting: Why abbreviate? Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva, 31(2), 1-4.
  • Cheng, P. L., Loh, E. W., Chen, J. T., Tam, K. W. (2021). Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate on postoperative discomfort in patients undergoing elective surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, 1-13.
  • Chung, A. S., Hustedt, J. W., Walker, R., Jones, C., Lowe, J., et al. (2018). Increasing severity of malnutrition is associated with poorer 30-day outcomes in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 32(4), 155-160.
  • Curtis, L. J., Bernier, P., Jeejeebhoy, K., Allard, J., Duerksen, D., et al. (2017). Costs of hospital malnutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 36(5), 1391-1396.
  • Çakar, E., Yılmaz, E., Çakar, E., Baydur, H. (2017). The effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate solution intake on patient comfort: A randomized controlled study. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 32(6), 589-599.
  • Çakır, S. K., Van Gıersbergen, M. Y., Umar, D. Ç. (2018). Cerrahi hemşirelerinin ameliyat öncesi aç kalma ile ilgili uygulama ve bilgi düzeyi. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(1), 26-35.
  • Çelebi, D., Yılmaz, E. (2019). Cerrahi hastalarda enteral ve parenteral beslenmede kanıta dayalı uygulamalar ve hemşirelik bakımı. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7, 714-731.
  • Çilingir, D., Candaş, B. (2017). Cerrahi sonrası hızlandırılmış iyileşme protokolü ve hemşirenin rolü. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(2), 137-143.
  • De Aguilar-Nascimento, J. E., de Almeida Dias, A. L., Dock-Nascimento, D. B., Correia, M. I. T., Campos, A. C., et al. (2014). Actual preoperative fasting time in Brazilian hospitals: The BIGFAST multicenter study. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 10, 107-112.
  • Dumlu, E., Bozkurt, B., Tokaç, M., Kıyak, G., Özkardeş, A. (2013). Cerrahi hastalarda malnütrisyon ve beslenme desteği. Ankara Medical Journal, 13(1), 33-39.
  • Gao, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhou, D., Tian, F., Gao, T., Wang, X. (2022). Effect of early vs late supplemental parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing abdominal surgery: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surgery, 1-10.
  • Gezer, N., Kunter, D., Özgün, Ş., Demir, E., Özdemir, B., et al. (2020). Ameliyat öncesi açlık süresinin hasta konforuna etkisi. JAREN, 6(2), 248-53.
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  • Gillis, C., Carli, F. (2015). Promoting perioperative metabolic and nutritional care. Anesthesiology, 123(6), 1455-1472.
  • Gronnier, C., Chambrier, C., Duhamel, A., Dervaux, B., Collet, D., et al. (2020). Enteral versus parenteral nutrition in the conservative treatment of upper gastrointestinal fistula after surgery: A multicenter, randomized, parallel group, open-label, phase III study (NUTRILEAK study). Trials, 21, 1-10.
  • Gustafsson, U. O., Scott, M. J., Hubner, M., Nygren, J., Demartines, N., et al. (2019). Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) society recommendations: 2018. World Journal of Surgery, 43 (3), 659–695.
  • Güzel N., Yava A. (2019). Cerrahi kliniklerinde çalışan hemşirelerin ERAS (enhanced recovery after surgery) protokolüne ilişkin bilgi ve tutumlarının belirlenmesi. Zeugma Sağlık Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1523.
  • Hamdan, M., Zidan S., Badrasawi, M., Shweikeh, H., Al-Masri, R., Al-Khateeb, R. (2022). Palestinian nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding enteral nutrition: Cross-sectional study. Applied Nursing Research, 63, 1515-1545.
  • Hellerman Itzhaki, M., Singer, P. (2020). Advances in medical nutrition therapy: Parenteral nutrition. Nutrients, 12(3), 717.
  • Huang, D., Sun, Z., Huang, J., Shen, Z. (2015). Early enteral nutrition in combination with parenteral nutrition in elderly patients after surgery due to gastrointestinal cancer. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8(8), 13937-13945.
  • Jin, Y., Yong, C., Ren, K., Li, D., Yuan, H. (2018). Effects of post-surgical parenteral nutrition on patients with gastric cancer. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(4), 1320-1328.
  • Karasu, M., Özşaker, E. (2019). Hemşirelerin cerrahi hastasının beslenmesi konusunda bilgi, tutum ve uygulamalarının incelenmesi. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 1191-1205.
  • Kotfis, K., Jamioł-Milc, D., Skonieczna-Żydecka, K., Folwarski, M., Stachowska, E. (2020). The effect of preoperative carbohydrate loading on clinical and biochemical outcomes after cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nutrients, 12(10), 1-21.
  • Lakananurak, N., Gramlich, L. (2020). The role of preoperatve parenteral nutrition. Nutrients, 12(5), 1320.
  • Lamacraft, G., Labuschagne, C., Pretorius, S., Prinsloo, M. C., Smit, M. D., et al. Preoperative fasting times: prescribed and actual fasting times at Universitas hospital annex, Bloemfontein, South Africa. (2017). South African Medical Journal, 107(10), 910-914.
  • Li, B., Liu, H. Y., Guo, S. H., Sun, P., Gong, F. M., et al. (2015). Impact of early enteral and parenteral nutrition on prealbumin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after gastric surgery. Genetics and Molecular Research, 14(2), 7130-7135.
  • Loan, B. T. H., Nakahara, S., Tho, B. A., Dang, T. N., Do Huy, N., et al. (2018). Nutritional status and postoperative outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal cancer in Vietnam: A retrospective cohort study. Nutrition, 48, 117-121.
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CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 01, 6 - 12, 30.06.2023

Abstract

Cerrahi girişim, metabolik stres yanıta neden olan bir tedavi yöntemidir. Stres yanıtın uzun sürmesi, yara iyileşmesinde gecikme ve enfeksiyon riskinde artış gibi sorunlara neden olmakta, cerrahi girişim sonrası iyileşme sürecini geciktirmektedir. Cerrahi hastasında stres yanıtın uzamasına neden olan en önemli faktörlerden biri yetersiz beslenmedir. Bu nedenle, hastanın beslenme durumu cerrahi girişim öncesi değerlendirilmeli ve mevcut beslenme sorunları mutlaka tedavi edilmelidir. Cerrahi girişim öncesi açlık süresinin kısaltılması ve oral karbonhidratlı sıvı desteğinin verilmesi, negatif nitrojen dengesini önlemekte ve hasta sonuçlarını iyileştirmektedir. Cerrahi girişim sonrası ise olabildiğince erken dönemde oral beslenmeye geçilmesi, oral beslenmeyen hastalara enteral veya paranteral beslenme desteğinin uygulanması önerilmektedir. Cerrahi hastasının beslenmesinin düzenlenmesinde, cerrahi ekibin ayrılmaz bir parçası olan hemşirelerin önemli rol ve sorumlulukları vardır. Bunlardan bazıları, hastanın beslenmesini değerlendirmek, cerrahi girişim öncesi açlık süresini doğru yönetmek, cerrahi girişim sonrası beslenme zamanını doğru belirlemek ve beslenme yetersizliğini önlemektir. Hemşirelerin bu rollerini yerine getirebilmesinde, cerrahi hastasının beslenmesine yönelik bilgi eksikliklerinin giderilmesi, güncel önerilere ve protokollere yönelik farkındalıklarının artırılması önemlidir. Bu derlemede, cerrahi hastasında beslenme yönetimini güncel ve kanıt temelli araştırmalar ve rehberler ışığında irdelemek ve hemşirelere rehberlik etmek amaçlandı.

References

  • Abdelhamid, A. Y., Chapman. M. J., Deane. A. M. (2016). Perioperative nutrition. Anesthesia, 71, 9-18.
  • Adiamah, A., Ranat, R., Gomez, D. (2019). Enteral versus parenteral nutrition following pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Official Journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association, 21(7), 793-801.
  • American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). (2017). Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: An updated report. Anesthesiology, 126(3), 376–93.
  • Bajwa, R. S., Brar, N. (2017). A prospective randomized controlled study: Early enteral nutrition following gastrointestinal surgery. International Surgery Journal, 4(10), 3249-3256.
  • Barlow, R., Price, P., Reid, T. D., Hunt, S., Clark, G. W., et al. (2011). Prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial of early enteral nutrition for patients undergoing major upper gastrointestinal surgical resection. Clinical Nutrition, 30(5), 560-566.
  • Brady, K. M., Keller, D. S., Delaney, C. P. (2015). Successful implementation of an enhanced recovery pathway: The nurse’s role. AORN Journal, 102(5), 469-481.
  • Campos, S. B. G., Barros-Neto, J. A., Guedes, G. D. S., Moura, F. A. (2018). Pre-operative fasting: Why abbreviate? Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva, 31(2), 1-4.
  • Cheng, P. L., Loh, E. W., Chen, J. T., Tam, K. W. (2021). Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrate on postoperative discomfort in patients undergoing elective surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, 1-13.
  • Chung, A. S., Hustedt, J. W., Walker, R., Jones, C., Lowe, J., et al. (2018). Increasing severity of malnutrition is associated with poorer 30-day outcomes in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 32(4), 155-160.
  • Curtis, L. J., Bernier, P., Jeejeebhoy, K., Allard, J., Duerksen, D., et al. (2017). Costs of hospital malnutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 36(5), 1391-1396.
  • Çakar, E., Yılmaz, E., Çakar, E., Baydur, H. (2017). The effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate solution intake on patient comfort: A randomized controlled study. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 32(6), 589-599.
  • Çakır, S. K., Van Gıersbergen, M. Y., Umar, D. Ç. (2018). Cerrahi hemşirelerinin ameliyat öncesi aç kalma ile ilgili uygulama ve bilgi düzeyi. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(1), 26-35.
  • Çelebi, D., Yılmaz, E. (2019). Cerrahi hastalarda enteral ve parenteral beslenmede kanıta dayalı uygulamalar ve hemşirelik bakımı. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7, 714-731.
  • Çilingir, D., Candaş, B. (2017). Cerrahi sonrası hızlandırılmış iyileşme protokolü ve hemşirenin rolü. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(2), 137-143.
  • De Aguilar-Nascimento, J. E., de Almeida Dias, A. L., Dock-Nascimento, D. B., Correia, M. I. T., Campos, A. C., et al. (2014). Actual preoperative fasting time in Brazilian hospitals: The BIGFAST multicenter study. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 10, 107-112.
  • Dumlu, E., Bozkurt, B., Tokaç, M., Kıyak, G., Özkardeş, A. (2013). Cerrahi hastalarda malnütrisyon ve beslenme desteği. Ankara Medical Journal, 13(1), 33-39.
  • Gao, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhou, D., Tian, F., Gao, T., Wang, X. (2022). Effect of early vs late supplemental parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing abdominal surgery: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surgery, 1-10.
  • Gezer, N., Kunter, D., Özgün, Ş., Demir, E., Özdemir, B., et al. (2020). Ameliyat öncesi açlık süresinin hasta konforuna etkisi. JAREN, 6(2), 248-53.
  • Gianotti, L., Biffi, R., Sandini, M., Marrelli, D., Vignali, A., et al. (2018). Preoperative oral carbohydrate load versus placebo in major elective abdominal surgery (PROCY): A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase III trial. Annals of Surgery, 267, 623–630.
  • Gillis, C., Carli, F. (2015). Promoting perioperative metabolic and nutritional care. Anesthesiology, 123(6), 1455-1472.
  • Gronnier, C., Chambrier, C., Duhamel, A., Dervaux, B., Collet, D., et al. (2020). Enteral versus parenteral nutrition in the conservative treatment of upper gastrointestinal fistula after surgery: A multicenter, randomized, parallel group, open-label, phase III study (NUTRILEAK study). Trials, 21, 1-10.
  • Gustafsson, U. O., Scott, M. J., Hubner, M., Nygren, J., Demartines, N., et al. (2019). Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) society recommendations: 2018. World Journal of Surgery, 43 (3), 659–695.
  • Güzel N., Yava A. (2019). Cerrahi kliniklerinde çalışan hemşirelerin ERAS (enhanced recovery after surgery) protokolüne ilişkin bilgi ve tutumlarının belirlenmesi. Zeugma Sağlık Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1523.
  • Hamdan, M., Zidan S., Badrasawi, M., Shweikeh, H., Al-Masri, R., Al-Khateeb, R. (2022). Palestinian nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding enteral nutrition: Cross-sectional study. Applied Nursing Research, 63, 1515-1545.
  • Hellerman Itzhaki, M., Singer, P. (2020). Advances in medical nutrition therapy: Parenteral nutrition. Nutrients, 12(3), 717.
  • Huang, D., Sun, Z., Huang, J., Shen, Z. (2015). Early enteral nutrition in combination with parenteral nutrition in elderly patients after surgery due to gastrointestinal cancer. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8(8), 13937-13945.
  • Jin, Y., Yong, C., Ren, K., Li, D., Yuan, H. (2018). Effects of post-surgical parenteral nutrition on patients with gastric cancer. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(4), 1320-1328.
  • Karasu, M., Özşaker, E. (2019). Hemşirelerin cerrahi hastasının beslenmesi konusunda bilgi, tutum ve uygulamalarının incelenmesi. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 1191-1205.
  • Kotfis, K., Jamioł-Milc, D., Skonieczna-Żydecka, K., Folwarski, M., Stachowska, E. (2020). The effect of preoperative carbohydrate loading on clinical and biochemical outcomes after cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nutrients, 12(10), 1-21.
  • Lakananurak, N., Gramlich, L. (2020). The role of preoperatve parenteral nutrition. Nutrients, 12(5), 1320.
  • Lamacraft, G., Labuschagne, C., Pretorius, S., Prinsloo, M. C., Smit, M. D., et al. Preoperative fasting times: prescribed and actual fasting times at Universitas hospital annex, Bloemfontein, South Africa. (2017). South African Medical Journal, 107(10), 910-914.
  • Li, B., Liu, H. Y., Guo, S. H., Sun, P., Gong, F. M., et al. (2015). Impact of early enteral and parenteral nutrition on prealbumin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after gastric surgery. Genetics and Molecular Research, 14(2), 7130-7135.
  • Loan, B. T. H., Nakahara, S., Tho, B. A., Dang, T. N., Do Huy, N., et al. (2018). Nutritional status and postoperative outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal cancer in Vietnam: A retrospective cohort study. Nutrition, 48, 117-121.
  • Lopez, J. M. M., Leon, M. P., Unzueta, M. T. G., Espejo, M. O., Gonzalez, M. H., et al. (2014). Perioperative nutritional support. Cirugia, 92(6), 379-386.
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nursing
Journal Section Review
Authors

Fatma Gök

Serpil Yüksel

Early Pub Date June 28, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 01

Cite

APA Gök, F., & Yüksel, S. (2023). CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(01), 6-12.
AMA Gök F, Yüksel S. CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ. NEÜFHSJ. June 2023;6(01):6-12.
Chicago Gök, Fatma, and Serpil Yüksel. “CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ Ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 6, no. 01 (June 2023): 6-12.
EndNote Gök F, Yüksel S (June 1, 2023) CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 6 01 6–12.
IEEE F. Gök and S. Yüksel, “CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ”, NEÜFHSJ, vol. 6, no. 01, pp. 6–12, 2023.
ISNAD Gök, Fatma - Yüksel, Serpil. “CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ Ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 6/01 (June 2023), 6-12.
JAMA Gök F, Yüksel S. CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ. NEÜFHSJ. 2023;6:6–12.
MLA Gök, Fatma and Serpil Yüksel. “CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ Ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 01, 2023, pp. 6-12.
Vancouver Gök F, Yüksel S. CERRAHİ HASTASINDA BESLENME YÖNETİMİ ve HEMŞİRENİN ROLÜ. NEÜFHSJ. 2023;6(01):6-12.