Evaluation of Some Elements (Na+, Cl-, K+, Fe+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cu+2, Zn+2) Levels in Vernix Caseosa SubstanceEvaluation of Some Elements (Na+, Cl-, K+, Fe+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cu+2, Zn+2) Levels in Vernix Caseosa Substance
Abstract
The substance "Vernix Caseosa" (VC), which begins to be secreted in the third trimester of the human fetus, is a natural product that occurs spontaneously. This substance, which protects the baby against external factors, has a feature that facilitates birth by providing lubrication during normal birth. 52 infants were included in the study. A sterile soft-tipped device was used to collect the VC, and a swab was taken from the baby's skin immediately after birth. In addition, mothers under the age of 35 and over the age of 35 were grouped as multiparous and nulliparous and their VC was examined separately. In VC, the levels of the elements responsible for production and repair in the human body were investigated. Homogenized samples were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Element results were given as mean and standard deviation; *Na+: 12.09 ± 0.58, *Cl-: 10.27 ± 1.08, *K+:1.84 ± 0.54, **Fe+2: 72.39 ± 4.84, **Mg+2: 67.07 ± 3.31, **Ca+2:864.51 ± 32.61, **Cu+2:12.98 ± 2.01, **Zn+2: 11.00 ± 1.55 (*:mg/g tissue, **:ug/g tissue). According to the results of literature review and to the best of knowledge, limited information on element levels of VC has been reported. The studied elements are found as cofactors in growth and development and in many biochemical mechanisms. Protein and lipid contents have been investigated in previous studies and it has been reported that VC has an important role in protecting the fetus from external factors and infections. In addition, the protection of amniotic fluid from maceration and the prevention of fluid and electrolyte losses of the skin are also mentioned. It is thought that this research will make an important contribution to the determination of the biochemical structure of VC, which is a natural and protective substance.
Keywords
Thanks
The study was supported by the individual research projects unit of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University.
References
- Bamalan, O. A., & Menezes, R. G. (2021). Vernix Caseosa. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
- Boiten, W. A., Berkers, T., Absalah, S., Van Smeden, J., Lavrijsen, A. P., & Bouwstra, J. A. (2018). Applying a vernix caseosa based formulation accelerates skin barrier repair by modulating lipid biosynthesis. Journal of lipid research, 59(2), 250-260.
- Buyuk, G. N., Oskovi-Kaplan, Z. A., Kahyaoglu, S., & Engin-Ustun, Y. (2021). Echogenic particles in the amniotic fluid of term low-risk pregnant women: does it have a clinical significance? Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 41(7), 1048-1052.
- Cui, L., Jia, Y., Cheng, Z. W., Gao, Y., Zhang, G. L., Li, J. Y., & He, C. F. (2016). Advancements in the maintenance of skin barrier/skin lipid composition and the involvement of metabolic enzymes. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(4), 549-558.
- Hanley, K., Rassner, U., Jiang, Y., Vansomphone, D., Crumrine, D., Komüves, L., Elias, P., Feingold, K., & Williams, M. (1996). The hormonal basis for the gender difference in epidermal barrier formation in the fetal rat. Acceleration by estrogen and delay by testosterone. The Journal of clinical investigation, 97(11), 2576-2584.
- Harazim, E., Vrkoslav, V., Buděšínský, M., Harazim, P., Svoboda, M., Plavka, R., Bosáková, Z., & Cvačka, J. (2018). Nonhydroxylated 1-O-acylceramides in vernix caseosa. Journal of lipid research, 59(11), 2164-2173.
- Herman, S. (2022). Optimizing Vernix Caseosa in Neonates. https://nwcommons.nwciowa.edu/ celeb rationofresearch/2022/researchprojects2022/33/
- Kusari, A., Han, A. M., Virgen, C. A., Matiz, C., Rasmussen, M., Friedlander, S. F., & Eichenfield, D. Z. (2019). Evidence‐based skin care in preterm infants. Pediatric dermatology, 36(1), 16-23.
- Meng, H., Yin, Y., Wu, W., Liu, Y., Li, L., Dong, Y., Fan, Y., Li, Y., & He, Y. (2021). Raman spectroscopic analysis of skin penetration and moisturizing effects of Bionics vernix caseosa cream compared with Vaseline. Technology and Health Care, 29(S1), 327-334.
- Míková, R., Vrkoslav, V., Hanus, R., Háková, E., Hábová, Z., Doležal, A., Plavka, R., Coufal, P., & Cvačka, J. (2014). Newborn boys and girls differ in the lipid composition of vernix caseosa. PloS one, 9(6), e99173.
- Qiao, W., Jia, T., Gu, H., Guo, R., Kaku, K., & Wu, W. (2019). A Novel Effect of Lipids Extracted from Vernix Caseosa on Regulation of Filaggrin Expression in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. Annals of Dermatology, 31(6), 611-620.
- Rissmann, R., Groenink, H. W., Weerheim, A. M., Hoath, S. B., Ponec, M., & Bouwstra, J. A. (2006). New insights into ultrastructure, lipid composition and organization of vernix caseosa. Journal of investigative dermatology, 126(8), 1823-1833.
- Sampah, M. E. S., & Hackam, D. J. (2020). Dysregulated mucosal immunity and associated pathogeneses in preterm neonates. Frontiers in immunology, 11, 899.
- Schlessinger, D. I., Patino, S. C., Syed, S. Y. B., & Sonthalia, S. (2021). Embryology, epidermis. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
- Shamloul, G., & Khachemoune, A. (2021). An updated review of the sebaceous gland and its role in health and diseases Part 1: Embryology, evolution, structure, and function of sebaceous glands. Dermatologic Therapy, 34(1), e14695.
- Vavrušová, A., Vrkoslav, V., Plavka, R., Bosáková, Z., & Cvačka, J. (2020). Analysis of (O-acyl) alpha-and omega-hydroxy fatty acids in vernix caseosa by high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 412(10), 2291-2302.
- Visscher, M., & Narendran, V. (2014). Vernix caseosa: Formation and functions. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 14(4), 142-146.
- Youssef, W., Wickett, R. R., & Hoath, S. B. (2001). Surface free energy characterization of vernix caseosa. Potential role in waterproofing the newborn infant. Skin research and technology, 7(1), 10-17.
Verniks Kazeoza Maddesinde Bulunan Bazı Element (Na+, Cl-, K+, Fe+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cu+2, Zn+2) Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
İnsan fetüsünun 3. trimestrinde salgılanmaya başlayan “Vernix Caseosa” (VC) maddesi kendiliğinden oluşan doğal bir üründür. Bebeği dış etkenlere karşı koruyan bu madde, normal doğum sırasında kayganlık sağlayarak doğumu kolaylaştıran bir özellik taşımaktadır. Çalışmaya 52 bebek dahil edilmiştir. VC toplanırken steril yumuşak uçlu aparat kullanılmıştır ve doğumdan hemen sonra bebeğin derisinden sürüntü şeklinde alınmıştır. Ayrıca 35 yaş altı ve 35 yaş üstü anneler, multipar ve nullipar olarak gruplandırılarak VC'si ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. VC' da insan vücudunda bulunan, yapım ve onarımdan sorumlı elementlerin seviyeleri araştırılmıştır. Homojenize numuneler Atomik Absorbsiyon Spektrofotometre cihazı ölçülmüştür. Element sonuçları ortalama ve standart sapma olarak verildi; *Na+: 12.09 ± 0.58, *Cl-: 10.27 ± 1.08, *K+:1.84 ± 0.54, **Fe+2: 72.39 ± 4.84, **Mg+2: 67.07 ± 3.31, **Ca+2:864.51 ± 32.61, **Cu+2:12.98 ± 2.01, **Zn+2: 11.00 ± 1.55 (*:mg/g doku, **:ug/g doku). Literatür taramasının sonuçlarına göre ve bildindiği kadarıyla VC' nın element seviyeleri hakkında hiçbir bilgi rapor edilmemiştir. Çalışılan elementler, büyüme gelişmede ve birçok biyokimyasal mekanizmada kofaktör olarak bulunmaktadır. Daha önceki çalışmalarda protein ve lipid içerikleri araştırılmış ve VC'nin fetüsü dış etkenlerden ve enfeksiyonlardan korumada önemli rolü olduğu bildirilmiştir. Ek olarak amniyotik sıvının maserasyondan korunması ve cildin sıvı elektrolit kayıplarının önlenmesinden de bahsedilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın doğal ve koruyucu bir madde olan VC'nin biyokimyasal yapısının belirlenmesine önemli katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Keywords
References
- Bamalan, O. A., & Menezes, R. G. (2021). Vernix Caseosa. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
- Boiten, W. A., Berkers, T., Absalah, S., Van Smeden, J., Lavrijsen, A. P., & Bouwstra, J. A. (2018). Applying a vernix caseosa based formulation accelerates skin barrier repair by modulating lipid biosynthesis. Journal of lipid research, 59(2), 250-260.
- Buyuk, G. N., Oskovi-Kaplan, Z. A., Kahyaoglu, S., & Engin-Ustun, Y. (2021). Echogenic particles in the amniotic fluid of term low-risk pregnant women: does it have a clinical significance? Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 41(7), 1048-1052.
- Cui, L., Jia, Y., Cheng, Z. W., Gao, Y., Zhang, G. L., Li, J. Y., & He, C. F. (2016). Advancements in the maintenance of skin barrier/skin lipid composition and the involvement of metabolic enzymes. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(4), 549-558.
- Hanley, K., Rassner, U., Jiang, Y., Vansomphone, D., Crumrine, D., Komüves, L., Elias, P., Feingold, K., & Williams, M. (1996). The hormonal basis for the gender difference in epidermal barrier formation in the fetal rat. Acceleration by estrogen and delay by testosterone. The Journal of clinical investigation, 97(11), 2576-2584.
- Harazim, E., Vrkoslav, V., Buděšínský, M., Harazim, P., Svoboda, M., Plavka, R., Bosáková, Z., & Cvačka, J. (2018). Nonhydroxylated 1-O-acylceramides in vernix caseosa. Journal of lipid research, 59(11), 2164-2173.
- Herman, S. (2022). Optimizing Vernix Caseosa in Neonates. https://nwcommons.nwciowa.edu/ celeb rationofresearch/2022/researchprojects2022/33/
- Kusari, A., Han, A. M., Virgen, C. A., Matiz, C., Rasmussen, M., Friedlander, S. F., & Eichenfield, D. Z. (2019). Evidence‐based skin care in preterm infants. Pediatric dermatology, 36(1), 16-23.
- Meng, H., Yin, Y., Wu, W., Liu, Y., Li, L., Dong, Y., Fan, Y., Li, Y., & He, Y. (2021). Raman spectroscopic analysis of skin penetration and moisturizing effects of Bionics vernix caseosa cream compared with Vaseline. Technology and Health Care, 29(S1), 327-334.
- Míková, R., Vrkoslav, V., Hanus, R., Háková, E., Hábová, Z., Doležal, A., Plavka, R., Coufal, P., & Cvačka, J. (2014). Newborn boys and girls differ in the lipid composition of vernix caseosa. PloS one, 9(6), e99173.
- Qiao, W., Jia, T., Gu, H., Guo, R., Kaku, K., & Wu, W. (2019). A Novel Effect of Lipids Extracted from Vernix Caseosa on Regulation of Filaggrin Expression in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. Annals of Dermatology, 31(6), 611-620.
- Rissmann, R., Groenink, H. W., Weerheim, A. M., Hoath, S. B., Ponec, M., & Bouwstra, J. A. (2006). New insights into ultrastructure, lipid composition and organization of vernix caseosa. Journal of investigative dermatology, 126(8), 1823-1833.
- Sampah, M. E. S., & Hackam, D. J. (2020). Dysregulated mucosal immunity and associated pathogeneses in preterm neonates. Frontiers in immunology, 11, 899.
- Schlessinger, D. I., Patino, S. C., Syed, S. Y. B., & Sonthalia, S. (2021). Embryology, epidermis. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
- Shamloul, G., & Khachemoune, A. (2021). An updated review of the sebaceous gland and its role in health and diseases Part 1: Embryology, evolution, structure, and function of sebaceous glands. Dermatologic Therapy, 34(1), e14695.
- Vavrušová, A., Vrkoslav, V., Plavka, R., Bosáková, Z., & Cvačka, J. (2020). Analysis of (O-acyl) alpha-and omega-hydroxy fatty acids in vernix caseosa by high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 412(10), 2291-2302.
- Visscher, M., & Narendran, V. (2014). Vernix caseosa: Formation and functions. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 14(4), 142-146.
- Youssef, W., Wickett, R. R., & Hoath, S. B. (2001). Surface free energy characterization of vernix caseosa. Potential role in waterproofing the newborn infant. Skin research and technology, 7(1), 10-17.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | RESEARCH ARTICLE |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 10, 2023 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2023 |
| Submission Date | September 14, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | November 15, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023Volume: 26 Issue: 3 |
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