Abstract
Aim: The sense is an important driver of diet choice, which can lead to the development of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Although factors affecting differences in taste function between individuals have been evaluated in healthy individuals, there are limited studies investigating them in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to analyse the factors affecting taste function in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Material and Method: Sixty-one participants with a history of type 2 diabetes lasting at least one year and aged 19 to 75 years were enrolled. The taste function was tested using impregnated filter paper strips.
Results: The mean taste strip scores of the participants for sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and overall were 2.38±0.88, 1.91±0.92, 2.28±0.76, 2.18±1.01, 8.7±1.81, respectively. Age was significantly associated with the taste score for salty (r= -0.225 p= 0.041) and sour (r= -0.252 p= 0.040). It was determined that there was no effect of other confounders (gender, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and duration of diabetes), except age, on the overall taste score in participants.
Conclusion: Future studies with a larger number of patients may help better investigate the factors affecting taste function in type 2 diabetics.
Supporting Institution
There is no person/organization that supports the study financially and the authors do not have any interest-based relationship.
References
- Perreault L, Skyler JS, Rosenstock J. Novel therapies with precision mechanisms for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17: 364-77.
- Unwin, N, Whiting, D, Guariguata, L. Diabetes Atlas. 5th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2012.
- Gutierrez R, Simon SA. Chemosensory processing in the taste‐reward pathway. Flavour Fragr J 2011; 26: 231-8.
- Kitamura A, Torii K, Uneyama H, Niijima A. Role played by afferent signals from olfactory, gustatory and gastrointestinal sensors in regulation of autonomic nerve activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33: 1778-82.
- Rolls ET. Smell, taste, texture, and temperature multimodal representations in the brain, and their relevance to the control of appetite. Nutr Rev 2004; 62: 193-204.
- Bloomfeld RS, Graham BG, Schiffman SS, Killenberg PG. Alterations of chemosensory function in end-stage liver disease. Physiol Behav 1999; 66: 203-7.
- Barragán R, Coltell O, Portolés O, et al. Bitter, sweet, salty, sour and umami taste perception decreases with age: Sex-specific analysis, modulation by genetic variants and taste-preference associations in 18 to 80 year-old subjects. Nutrients 2018; 10: 1539.
- Imoscopi A, Inelmen EM, Sergi G, Miotto F, Manzato E. Taste loss in the elderly: epidemiology, causes and consequences. Aging Clin Exp Res 2012; 24: 570-9.
- Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. 1st ed. Champaign - IL: Human Kinetics Books; 1988. Anthoropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Human Kinetics Books; 1998
- Mueller C, Kallert S, Renner B, et al. Quantitative assessment of gustatory function in a clinical context using impregnated" taste strips". Rhinology 2003; 41: 2-6.
- Mojet J, Christ-Hazelhof E, Heidema J. Taste perception with age: generic or specific losses in threshold sensitivity to the five basic tastes? Chem Senses 2001; 26: 845-60.
- Pugnaloni S, Alia S, Mancini M, et al. A study on the relationship between type 2 diabetes and taste function in patients with good glycemic control. Nutrients 2020; 12: 1112.
- Landis BN, Welge-Luessen A, Brämerson A, et al. “Taste Strips”–a rapid, lateralized, gustatory bedside identification test based on impregnated filter papers. J Neurol 2009; 256: 242-8.
- Welge-Lüssen A, Dörig P, Wolfensberger M, Krone F, Hummel T. A study about the frequency of taste disorders. J Neurol 2011; 258: 386-92.
- Vignini A, Borroni F, Sabbatinelli J, et al. General decrease of taste sensitivity is related to increase of BMI: A simple method to monitor eating behavior. Dis Markers 2019; 2019: 1–8.
- Yu JH, Shin MS, Lee JR, et al. Decreased sucrose preference in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104: 214-9.
- Gondivkar SM, Indurkar A, Degwekar S, Bhowate R. Evaluation of gustatory function in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108: 876-80.
- Vidanage D, Prathapan S, Wasalathanthri S, Hettiarachchi P. Factors associated with sweet taste sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). J Ruhunu Clin Soc 2020; 25: 25-9.
- Drewnowski A, Henderson SA, Cockroft JE. Genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil has no influence on dietary patterns, body mass indexes, or plasma lipid profiles of women. J Am Diet Assoc 2007; 107: 1340-8.
- Salbe AD, DelParigi A, Pratley RE, Drewnowski A, Tataranni PA. Taste preferences and body weight changes in an obesity-prone population. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 372-8.
- Tucker RM, Kaiser KA, Parman MA, George BJ, Allison DB, Mattes RD. Comparisons of fatty acid taste detection thresholds in people who are lean vs. overweight or obese: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2017; 12: e0169583.
- Stewart JE, Feinle-Bisset C, Golding M, Delahunty C, Clifton PM, Keast RS. Oral sensitivity to fatty acids, food consumption and BMI in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2010; 104: 145-52.
- Proserpio C, Laureati M, Bertoli S, Battezzati A, Pagliarini E. Determinants of obesity in Italian adults: the role of taste sensitivity, food liking, and food neophobia. Chem Senses 2016; 41: 169-76.
- Hardikar S, Höchenberger R, Villringer A, Ohla K. Higher sensitivity to sweet and salty taste in obese compared to lean individuals. Appetite 2017; 111: 158-65.
- Le Floch JP, Le Lievre G, Sadoun J, Perlemuter L, Peynegre R, Hazard J. Taste impairment and related factors in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. 1989; 12: 173-8.
- Bustos-Saldaña R, Alfaro-Rodríguez M, de la Luz Solís-Ruiz M, Trujillo-Hernández B, Pacheco-Carrasco M, Vázquez-Jiménez C. Taste sensitivity diminution in hyperglycemic type 2 diabetics patients. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2009; 47: 483-8.
- Le Floch JP, Le Lièvre G, Labroue M, Paul M, Peynegre R, Perlemuter L. Smell dysfunction and related factors in diabetic patients. Diabetes care 1993; 16: 934-7.
- Yazla S, Özmen S, Kıyıcı S, Yıldız D, Haksever M, Gencay S. Evaluation of olfaction and taste function in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral neuropathy. Observational Study 2018; 34: e2973.
- Perros P, MacFarlane TW, Counsell C, Frier BM. Altered taste sensation in newly-diagnosed NIDDM. Diabetes care 1996; 19: 768-70.
- Chochinov RH, Ullyot GLE, Moorhouse JA. Sensory perception thresholds in patients with juvenile diabetes and their close relatives. N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 1233-7.
- Naka A, Riedl M, Luger A, Hummel T, Mueller CA. Clinical significance of smell and taste disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267: 547-50.
- Weinstock RS, Wright HN, Smith DU. Olfactory dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Physiol Behav 1993; 53: 17-21.
- Latha G, Chandrashekar D, Puranik N. Altered taste threshold in chronic Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 8: 569-74.
- Khobragade R, Wakode S, Kale A. Duration of Diabetes Mellitus and Taste Threshold. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 56: 42-7.
- Epstein F, Schiffman S. Taste and smell in disease. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1275-9.
- Negrato CA, Tarzia O. Buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2: 1-11.
- Ohkoshi N, Shoji S. Reversible ageusia induced by losartan: a case report. Eur J Neurol2002; 9: 315-21.
- Schlienger R, Saxer M, Haefeli W. Reversible ageusia associated with losartan. Lancet 1996; 347: 471-2.
- Lee AJ. Metformin in noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 1996; 16: 327-51.
Abstract
References
- Perreault L, Skyler JS, Rosenstock J. Novel therapies with precision mechanisms for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17: 364-77.
- Unwin, N, Whiting, D, Guariguata, L. Diabetes Atlas. 5th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2012.
- Gutierrez R, Simon SA. Chemosensory processing in the taste‐reward pathway. Flavour Fragr J 2011; 26: 231-8.
- Kitamura A, Torii K, Uneyama H, Niijima A. Role played by afferent signals from olfactory, gustatory and gastrointestinal sensors in regulation of autonomic nerve activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33: 1778-82.
- Rolls ET. Smell, taste, texture, and temperature multimodal representations in the brain, and their relevance to the control of appetite. Nutr Rev 2004; 62: 193-204.
- Bloomfeld RS, Graham BG, Schiffman SS, Killenberg PG. Alterations of chemosensory function in end-stage liver disease. Physiol Behav 1999; 66: 203-7.
- Barragán R, Coltell O, Portolés O, et al. Bitter, sweet, salty, sour and umami taste perception decreases with age: Sex-specific analysis, modulation by genetic variants and taste-preference associations in 18 to 80 year-old subjects. Nutrients 2018; 10: 1539.
- Imoscopi A, Inelmen EM, Sergi G, Miotto F, Manzato E. Taste loss in the elderly: epidemiology, causes and consequences. Aging Clin Exp Res 2012; 24: 570-9.
- Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. 1st ed. Champaign - IL: Human Kinetics Books; 1988. Anthoropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Human Kinetics Books; 1998
- Mueller C, Kallert S, Renner B, et al. Quantitative assessment of gustatory function in a clinical context using impregnated" taste strips". Rhinology 2003; 41: 2-6.
- Mojet J, Christ-Hazelhof E, Heidema J. Taste perception with age: generic or specific losses in threshold sensitivity to the five basic tastes? Chem Senses 2001; 26: 845-60.
- Pugnaloni S, Alia S, Mancini M, et al. A study on the relationship between type 2 diabetes and taste function in patients with good glycemic control. Nutrients 2020; 12: 1112.
- Landis BN, Welge-Luessen A, Brämerson A, et al. “Taste Strips”–a rapid, lateralized, gustatory bedside identification test based on impregnated filter papers. J Neurol 2009; 256: 242-8.
- Welge-Lüssen A, Dörig P, Wolfensberger M, Krone F, Hummel T. A study about the frequency of taste disorders. J Neurol 2011; 258: 386-92.
- Vignini A, Borroni F, Sabbatinelli J, et al. General decrease of taste sensitivity is related to increase of BMI: A simple method to monitor eating behavior. Dis Markers 2019; 2019: 1–8.
- Yu JH, Shin MS, Lee JR, et al. Decreased sucrose preference in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104: 214-9.
- Gondivkar SM, Indurkar A, Degwekar S, Bhowate R. Evaluation of gustatory function in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108: 876-80.
- Vidanage D, Prathapan S, Wasalathanthri S, Hettiarachchi P. Factors associated with sweet taste sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). J Ruhunu Clin Soc 2020; 25: 25-9.
- Drewnowski A, Henderson SA, Cockroft JE. Genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil has no influence on dietary patterns, body mass indexes, or plasma lipid profiles of women. J Am Diet Assoc 2007; 107: 1340-8.
- Salbe AD, DelParigi A, Pratley RE, Drewnowski A, Tataranni PA. Taste preferences and body weight changes in an obesity-prone population. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 372-8.
- Tucker RM, Kaiser KA, Parman MA, George BJ, Allison DB, Mattes RD. Comparisons of fatty acid taste detection thresholds in people who are lean vs. overweight or obese: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2017; 12: e0169583.
- Stewart JE, Feinle-Bisset C, Golding M, Delahunty C, Clifton PM, Keast RS. Oral sensitivity to fatty acids, food consumption and BMI in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2010; 104: 145-52.
- Proserpio C, Laureati M, Bertoli S, Battezzati A, Pagliarini E. Determinants of obesity in Italian adults: the role of taste sensitivity, food liking, and food neophobia. Chem Senses 2016; 41: 169-76.
- Hardikar S, Höchenberger R, Villringer A, Ohla K. Higher sensitivity to sweet and salty taste in obese compared to lean individuals. Appetite 2017; 111: 158-65.
- Le Floch JP, Le Lievre G, Sadoun J, Perlemuter L, Peynegre R, Hazard J. Taste impairment and related factors in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. 1989; 12: 173-8.
- Bustos-Saldaña R, Alfaro-Rodríguez M, de la Luz Solís-Ruiz M, Trujillo-Hernández B, Pacheco-Carrasco M, Vázquez-Jiménez C. Taste sensitivity diminution in hyperglycemic type 2 diabetics patients. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2009; 47: 483-8.
- Le Floch JP, Le Lièvre G, Labroue M, Paul M, Peynegre R, Perlemuter L. Smell dysfunction and related factors in diabetic patients. Diabetes care 1993; 16: 934-7.
- Yazla S, Özmen S, Kıyıcı S, Yıldız D, Haksever M, Gencay S. Evaluation of olfaction and taste function in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral neuropathy. Observational Study 2018; 34: e2973.
- Perros P, MacFarlane TW, Counsell C, Frier BM. Altered taste sensation in newly-diagnosed NIDDM. Diabetes care 1996; 19: 768-70.
- Chochinov RH, Ullyot GLE, Moorhouse JA. Sensory perception thresholds in patients with juvenile diabetes and their close relatives. N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 1233-7.
- Naka A, Riedl M, Luger A, Hummel T, Mueller CA. Clinical significance of smell and taste disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267: 547-50.
- Weinstock RS, Wright HN, Smith DU. Olfactory dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Physiol Behav 1993; 53: 17-21.
- Latha G, Chandrashekar D, Puranik N. Altered taste threshold in chronic Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 8: 569-74.
- Khobragade R, Wakode S, Kale A. Duration of Diabetes Mellitus and Taste Threshold. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 56: 42-7.
- Epstein F, Schiffman S. Taste and smell in disease. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1275-9.
- Negrato CA, Tarzia O. Buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2: 1-11.
- Ohkoshi N, Shoji S. Reversible ageusia induced by losartan: a case report. Eur J Neurol2002; 9: 315-21.
- Schlienger R, Saxer M, Haefeli W. Reversible ageusia associated with losartan. Lancet 1996; 347: 471-2.
- Lee AJ. Metformin in noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 1996; 16: 327-51.
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| Primary Language | English |
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| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Original Article |
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| Publication Date | March 27, 2023 |
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