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Leisure Time Demand and Determinants in Turkey

Year 2019, Issue: 59, 45 - 62, 03.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004

Abstract

It was proposed for the first time by Becker (1965) that time allocation should be included in the decision processes of economic agents and accepted as a production input at the time. Together with Granou (1977), economic analysis of the components of household production and of the time individuals spent outside the market became important. Turkey ranks first in terms of men’s paid work and women’s unpaid work hours among OECD countries. With the changing nature of society, man’s position of “breadwinner” has changed in the distribution of work-loads with an increase in women’s participation in the labor force. In this context, Turkey has a special position in terms of gender differences and time allocation and time use. In this study, Turkey’s leisure time demands were analyzed. With this in mind, leisure time demands for men and women - were estimated separately using Time Use data (TUS) 2014-2015 presented by TURKSTAT. When the results are examined, an obvious difference between genders in leisure time demand can be seen. The main reason is that theburden of unpaid household work reduces the flexibility of leisure time for women. However, the most important determinants of leisure time are wages and education level - which is the usual price of leisure time.

References

  • Aguiar, M., & Hurst, E. (2007). Measuring trends in leisure: the allocation of time over five decades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 969-1006.
  • Aguiar, M., & Hurst, E. (2008). The increase in leisure inequality. NBER Working Paper, No: w13837.
  • Aguiar, M., Hurst, E., & Karabarbounis, L. (2013). Time use during the great recession. American Economic Review, 103(5), 1664-96.
  • Aran, M. A., & Aktakke, N. (2016). Women’s ınvisible contribution: quantifying the economic value of women’s unpaid care activities in turkey and policy options to reduce women’s care burden. Development Analytics Research Paper Series No. 1601.
  • Attanasio, O., Hurst, E., & Pistaferri, L. (2012). The evolution of income, consumption, and leisure inequality in the US, 1980-2010. NBER Working Paper, No: w17982.
  • Becker, G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal, 493-517.
  • Blau, F. D., & Winkler, A. E. (2017). Women, work, and family, NBER Working Paper, No: w23644.
  • Burda, M., Hamermesh D., & Weil P. (2006), “The distribution of total work in the eu and us,” IZA Discussion Paper Nº 2270.
  • Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi (2009), P. K. Microeconometrics using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
  • Couprie, H. (2007). Time allocation within the family: welfare implications of life in a couple. The Economic Journal, 117(516), 287-305.
  • Dayıoğlu, M. ve Kırdar, M. (2010). Türkiye’ de kadınların işgücüne katılımında belirleyici etkenler ve eğilimler Erişim adresi: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTURKEYINTURKISH/147254-1269017398324/22612354/KadinlarinIsgucuneKatilimi.pdf
  • Dedeoğlu, S. (2000). Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri açısından Türkiye’de aile ve kadın emeği. Toplum ve Bilim, 86.
  • Erdil, E., Eruygur, O., & Kasnakoglu, Z. (2006). Time use in rural areas: a case study in Turkey. Economic Research Centre Working Papers in Economics, 6(02).
  • Ghez, G., & Becker, G. S. (1975). The allocation of time and goods over the life cycle. New York: NBER Books.
  • Gronau, R. (1977). Leisure, home production, and work--the theory of the allocation of time revisited. Journal of Political Economy, 85(6), 1099-1123.
  • Heckman, J. (2013). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Applied Econometrics, 31(3), 129-137.
  • Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift. New York: Avon Books.
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey?. Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37.
  • Juster, F. T., & Stafford, F. P. (1985). Time, goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor: The institute for social research, University of Michigan.
  • Kasnakoğlu, Z., Dayıoğlu, M., & Erdil, E. (1996). Time use and estimation of value of household production. METU Economic Research Center Working Papers.
  • Kasnakoglu, Z., & Dayioglu, M. (2002). Measuring the value of home production in Turkey. New Developments in National Accounts, 73-97.
  • Lucas Jr, R. E., & Rapping, L. A. (1969). Real wages, employment, and inflation. Journal of Political Economy, 77(5), 721-754.
  • Memis, E., & Kaya Bahçe, S. A. (2011). Estimating the impact of the recent economic crisis on work time in Turkey. Feminist Economics, 19(3).
  • Nadal, J. I. G., & Sanz, A. S. (2007). A Note on leisure inequality in the US: 1965-2003. Dept. of Economics, Oxford University Discussion Papers.
  • Sayer, L. C. (2005). Gender, time and inequality: Trends in women’s and men’s paid work, unpaid work and free time. Social Forces, 84(1), 285-303.
  • Schor, J. B. (1992). overwork: the price we pay for abundance. Business Ethics: The Magazine of Corporate Responsibility, 6(1), 24-27.
  • Sevilla, A., Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., & Gershuny, J. (2012). Leisure inequality in the united states: 1965–2003. Demography, 49(3), 939-964.
  • Shaw, S. M. (1985). gender and leisure: ınequality in the distribution of leisure time. Journal of Leisure Research, 17(4), 266-282.
  • Sousa-Poza, A., Schmid, H., & Widmer, R. (2001). The allocation and value of time assigned to housework and child-care: an analysis for Switzerland. Journal of Population Economics, 14(4), 599-618.
  • Thrane, C. (2000). Men, women, and leisure time: Scandinavian evidence of gender inequality. Leisure Sciences, 22(2), 109-122.
  • TÜİK (2015) Zaman Kullanım Anketi 2014-2015, www.tuik.org
  • Zacharias, A., Masterson, T., & Memiş, E. (2014). Time deficits and poverty: the levy ınstitute measure of time and consumption poverty for turkey. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 25(91), 1-28.

Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri

Year 2019, Issue: 59, 45 - 62, 03.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004

Abstract

Zaman dağılımının iktisadi ajanların karar süreçlerine dahil edilmesi ve zamanın bir üretim girdisi olarak kabul edilmesi ilk kez Becker (1965) tarafından önerilmiştir. Granou (1977) ile birlikte ise, bireyin piyasa dışında geçirdiği zamanın ve hane içi üretimin bileşenlerinin iktisadi analizi önem kazanmıştır. Türkiye, erkeklerde ücretli çalışma, kadınlarda ise ücretsiz hane içi emek yükü bakımından OECD ülkeleri arasında zirvede yer almaktadır. Toplumun değişen yapısı ile beraber erkeğin “ailenin geçimini sağlayan kişi” konumu, kadınların işgücüne katılımının artması ile birlikte iş yüklerinin dağılımını değiştirmiştir. Dolayısıyla zaman dağılımı ve zaman dağılımındaki cinsiyet farkı bakımından incelemeye özel bir konumdadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’ de boş zaman talebi analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla, TÜİK tarafından sunulan Zaman Kullanımı Anketi (ZKA) 2014-2015 verileri kullanılarak, erkekler ve kadınlar için boş zaman talebi ayrı ayrı tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde, boş zaman talebindeki cinsiyet farkı oldukça belirgin olduğu görülmüştür. Farkın başlıca nedeni ücretsiz hane içi emek yükünün; kadınların boş zaman talebinin esnekliğini azaltmasıdır. Bununla beraber, boş zaman talebinin en önemli belirleyicileri, boş zamanın adeta fiyatı olan ücret ve eğitim düzeyidir.

References

  • Aguiar, M., & Hurst, E. (2007). Measuring trends in leisure: the allocation of time over five decades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 969-1006.
  • Aguiar, M., & Hurst, E. (2008). The increase in leisure inequality. NBER Working Paper, No: w13837.
  • Aguiar, M., Hurst, E., & Karabarbounis, L. (2013). Time use during the great recession. American Economic Review, 103(5), 1664-96.
  • Aran, M. A., & Aktakke, N. (2016). Women’s ınvisible contribution: quantifying the economic value of women’s unpaid care activities in turkey and policy options to reduce women’s care burden. Development Analytics Research Paper Series No. 1601.
  • Attanasio, O., Hurst, E., & Pistaferri, L. (2012). The evolution of income, consumption, and leisure inequality in the US, 1980-2010. NBER Working Paper, No: w17982.
  • Becker, G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal, 493-517.
  • Blau, F. D., & Winkler, A. E. (2017). Women, work, and family, NBER Working Paper, No: w23644.
  • Burda, M., Hamermesh D., & Weil P. (2006), “The distribution of total work in the eu and us,” IZA Discussion Paper Nº 2270.
  • Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi (2009), P. K. Microeconometrics using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
  • Couprie, H. (2007). Time allocation within the family: welfare implications of life in a couple. The Economic Journal, 117(516), 287-305.
  • Dayıoğlu, M. ve Kırdar, M. (2010). Türkiye’ de kadınların işgücüne katılımında belirleyici etkenler ve eğilimler Erişim adresi: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTURKEYINTURKISH/147254-1269017398324/22612354/KadinlarinIsgucuneKatilimi.pdf
  • Dedeoğlu, S. (2000). Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri açısından Türkiye’de aile ve kadın emeği. Toplum ve Bilim, 86.
  • Erdil, E., Eruygur, O., & Kasnakoglu, Z. (2006). Time use in rural areas: a case study in Turkey. Economic Research Centre Working Papers in Economics, 6(02).
  • Ghez, G., & Becker, G. S. (1975). The allocation of time and goods over the life cycle. New York: NBER Books.
  • Gronau, R. (1977). Leisure, home production, and work--the theory of the allocation of time revisited. Journal of Political Economy, 85(6), 1099-1123.
  • Heckman, J. (2013). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Applied Econometrics, 31(3), 129-137.
  • Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift. New York: Avon Books.
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey?. Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37.
  • Juster, F. T., & Stafford, F. P. (1985). Time, goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor: The institute for social research, University of Michigan.
  • Kasnakoğlu, Z., Dayıoğlu, M., & Erdil, E. (1996). Time use and estimation of value of household production. METU Economic Research Center Working Papers.
  • Kasnakoglu, Z., & Dayioglu, M. (2002). Measuring the value of home production in Turkey. New Developments in National Accounts, 73-97.
  • Lucas Jr, R. E., & Rapping, L. A. (1969). Real wages, employment, and inflation. Journal of Political Economy, 77(5), 721-754.
  • Memis, E., & Kaya Bahçe, S. A. (2011). Estimating the impact of the recent economic crisis on work time in Turkey. Feminist Economics, 19(3).
  • Nadal, J. I. G., & Sanz, A. S. (2007). A Note on leisure inequality in the US: 1965-2003. Dept. of Economics, Oxford University Discussion Papers.
  • Sayer, L. C. (2005). Gender, time and inequality: Trends in women’s and men’s paid work, unpaid work and free time. Social Forces, 84(1), 285-303.
  • Schor, J. B. (1992). overwork: the price we pay for abundance. Business Ethics: The Magazine of Corporate Responsibility, 6(1), 24-27.
  • Sevilla, A., Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., & Gershuny, J. (2012). Leisure inequality in the united states: 1965–2003. Demography, 49(3), 939-964.
  • Shaw, S. M. (1985). gender and leisure: ınequality in the distribution of leisure time. Journal of Leisure Research, 17(4), 266-282.
  • Sousa-Poza, A., Schmid, H., & Widmer, R. (2001). The allocation and value of time assigned to housework and child-care: an analysis for Switzerland. Journal of Population Economics, 14(4), 599-618.
  • Thrane, C. (2000). Men, women, and leisure time: Scandinavian evidence of gender inequality. Leisure Sciences, 22(2), 109-122.
  • TÜİK (2015) Zaman Kullanım Anketi 2014-2015, www.tuik.org
  • Zacharias, A., Masterson, T., & Memiş, E. (2014). Time deficits and poverty: the levy ınstitute measure of time and consumption poverty for turkey. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 25(91), 1-28.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Selçuk Gemicioğlu

Uğur Akkoç

Publication Date July 3, 2019
Submission Date July 31, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 59

Cite

APA Gemicioğlu, S., & Akkoç, U. (2019). Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(59), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004
AMA Gemicioğlu S, Akkoç U. Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. July 2019;(59):45-62. doi:10.26650/JECS2018-0004
Chicago Gemicioğlu, Selçuk, and Uğur Akkoç. “Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi Ve Belirleyicileri”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 59 (July 2019): 45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004.
EndNote Gemicioğlu S, Akkoç U (July 1, 2019) Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 59 45–62.
IEEE S. Gemicioğlu and U. Akkoç, “Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 59, pp. 45–62, July 2019, doi: 10.26650/JECS2018-0004.
ISNAD Gemicioğlu, Selçuk - Akkoç, Uğur. “Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi Ve Belirleyicileri”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 59 (July 2019), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004.
JAMA Gemicioğlu S, Akkoç U. Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2019;:45–62.
MLA Gemicioğlu, Selçuk and Uğur Akkoç. “Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi Ve Belirleyicileri”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 59, 2019, pp. 45-62, doi:10.26650/JECS2018-0004.
Vancouver Gemicioğlu S, Akkoç U. Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2019(59):45-62.