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Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 38 - 46, 15.12.2023

Christie Oluwatosin Raımı Abiodun Adeloye Samuel Olawoye Ayoola John Shoyombo Adewale Lukman

Abstract

References

  • [1]Lamidi AA. Utilization of Panicum maximum (Jacq), Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) and Gmelina arbore (Roxb) Supplemented as dry season feed for West African Dwarf Goats. (Ph.D Thesis. Department of Animal Production and Heath, University of Agricultural Abeokuta. Abeokuta.
  • [2]Chineke TC, Jagtap SS, Nwofor O. West African monsoon: is the August break ‘breaking’ in the eastern humid zone of Southern Nigeria? Climatic Change(2010) 103(3–4):555–570. doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9780-2.
  • [3]Kim JC, Heo JM, Mullan BP, Pluske JR. Performance and intestinal responses to dehulling and inclusion level of Australian sweet lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in diets for weaner pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology(2012) 172(3–4):201–209. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.01.002.
  • [4]Aro SO, Aletor VA, Tewe OO, Agbede JO. Nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes: A case study of a cassava starch processing factory in south-western Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development(2010) 22(11).
  • [5]Lounglawan P, Khungaew M, Suksombat W. Silage production from cassava peel and cassava pulp as energy source in cattle diets. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances(2011) 10(8):1007–1011. doi:10.3923/JAVAA.2011.1007.1011.
  • [6]Oni SA, Maliwichi LL, Obadire OS. Assessing the contribution of smallholder irrigation to household food security, in comparison to dryland farming in Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research(2011) 6(10):2188–2197.
  • [7]Adejoro FA, Hassen A. In vitro methane production of eragrostis hay treated with graded levels of urea or nitrate. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences(2018) 28(3):679–685.
  • [8]Nsoso SJ, Aganga AA, Moganetsi BP, Tshwenyane SO. Body weight, body Condition score and hearth girth goats during the dry and wetseasons in southeast Bostwana. Livestock Research for Rural Development(2003) 15(4):25–31.
  • [9]Singh PN, Mishra AK. Prediction of body weight using conformation traits in Barbari goats. Indian Journal of small Ruminants(2004) 10(2):173–179.
  • [10]Mavule BS, Muchenje V, Bezuidenhout CC, Kunene NW. Morphological structure of Zulu sheep based on princial component analysis of body measurements. Small Ruminant Research(2013) 111:23–30.
  • [11]Baffour-Awuah O, Ampofo E, Dodoo R. Predicting the live weight of sheep by using linear body measurements. Ghana J. Agric. Sci(2000) 33:207–212.
  • [12]Salako AE, Ngere LO. Application of Multifactorial Discriminate analysis in the morphometric structural differentiation of West African Dwarf (WAD) and Yankassa Sheep in theSouthwest. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production(2002) 29(2):163–167.
  • [13]Ojedapo LO, Adedeji TA, Olayeni TB, Adedeji OS, Abdullah AR, Ojebiyi OO. Influence of age and sex on body weight and some body linear measurements of extensively reared wad goats in derived savannah zone of Nigeria. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances(2007) 6(1):114–117.
  • [14]Shoyombo AJ, Akpa GN, Yakubu H, Musa AA, Attah OE. Age related correlation among morphometric traits of some Nigerian goats. Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology(2015) 3(1):4–10.
  • [15]Akpa G, Ambali AL, Suleiman I. Body Conformation, Testicular and Semen Characteristics as Influenced by Age, Hair Type and Body Condition of Red Sokoto Goat. New York Science Journal(2013) 6(7):44–58.
  • [16]S.P.S.S. Statistical Computer Software. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc (2014). 0–13–017902–7.
  • [17]Kibria BMG, Lukman AF. A New Ridge-Type Estimator for the Linear Regression Model: Simulations and Applications. Scientifica(2020) 2020:9758378. doi:10.1155/2020/9758378.
  • [18]Esong RN, Etchu KA, Bayemi PH, Tan PV. Effects of the dietary replacement of maize with sun-dried cocoa pods on the performance of growing rabbits. Tropical Animal Health and Production(2015) 47(7):1411–1416.
  • [19]Aregheore EM. Chemicalevaluation and digestibility of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) by-products fed to goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production(2002) 34:339–348.
  • [20]Adegunloye DV, Famolu OF. Influence of Fermentation on the nutritional content of cocoa pod (Theobroma cacao. L.). Journal of Global Biosciences(2016) 5(1):3408–3413.
  • [21]Nguyen TP, Hoang NM, Duy NV, Vu DT. Reproductivity and egg quality of Hmong chicken. Animal Production in Southeast Asia: Current status and future(2017). 27–32.[22]Marcel B, André KB, Théodore D, Séraphin K-C. Waste and by-products of cocoa in breeding Research synthesis. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research(2011) 1(1):9–19.
  • [23]Aderolu AZ, Iyayi E, Onilude AA. Performance, Organ Relative Weight, Serum and Haematology Parameters in Broiler Finisher Fed Biodegraded Brewers Dried Grain. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition(2007) 6(3):204–208. doi:10.3923/pjn.2007.204.208.
  • [24]Ahamefule FO. Evaluation of Pigeon pea-cassava peal -based diets for goat production in South-eastern Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Animal Science and Animal production MOUAU, Umudike. Nigeria (2005).
  • [25]Ososanya TO. Effect of varying levels of broiler litter on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of West African Dwarf Lambs. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science(2010) 12:123–128.
  • [26]Seifemichael M, Kefelegn K, Negassi, A, Banerjee, A.K. Variability in Linear Body Measurements and their Application in Predicting Body Weight of Afar Goats in Ethiopia. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies(2014) 1(4):17–25.
  • [27]Fajemilehin O, Salako AE. Body measurement characteristics of the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat in deciduous forest zone of Southwestern Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology(2008) 7(14):2521–2526.
  • [28]Akpa GN, Abubakar MY, Nwagu BI, Alphonsus C. Genetic and Relationship Estimations of Body Weightand Morphometric Traits in the Red Sokoto Goat. Animal Production Research Advances(2009) 5(4):232–237.
  • [29]Tsado DN, Adama TZ. The Effect of Type of Birth, Sex and Castration on Body Weight and Body Linear Measurements in Pre-Weaning Kids. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition(2012) 11(9):868–870. doi:10.3923/pjn.2012.868.870.
  • [30]Su A-K. Preliminary evaluation of growth and conformation traits of local goats and Nubians upgraded by a black Boer line in Taiwan. Tropical Animal Health and Production(2012) 44(6):1271–1278. doi:10.1007/s11250-011-0068-y.
  • [31]Aye PA. Production of multi-nutrient blocks for ruminants and alcohol from waste products of Leucaena and Gliricidia leaves using local technologies. PhD Thesis. Federal University of Technology Akure.,” (2007).
  • [32]Patbandha TK, Sarma MP, Pata BA, Ravikala K, Savaliya BD, Kadam SJ. Effect of microclimate on body temperature of black and white coloured breeds of goat. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management(2018) 34(1-2):80–85.
  • [33]Agajiye T. Demand influencing Attributes in the Small holder Livestock Marketing Research for Rural Development22(2010). 11 p.
  • [34]Afolayan RA, Adeyinka IA, Lakpini C. Predictions of Live weight from Objective live weight Dimension traits in Yankasa Sheep. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society of Animal Production (NSAP(2006).
  • [35]Otoikhian C, Otoikhian AM, Akporhuaro N. Correlation of Body Weight and Some Body Measurement Parameters in Ouda sheep Under Extensive Management systems. African Journal of General Agriculture(2008).
  • [36]Hamayun K, Fida M, Ahmad R. Relationship of Body weight with Linear Body Measurements in Goats. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science(2006) 1:3.
  • [37]Lukman AF, Ayinde K. Review and Classifications of the ridge parameter estimation techniques. Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics(2017) 46(5):953–967.
  • [38]Ayinde K, Lukman AF, Samuel OO, Ajiboye SA. Some New Adjusted Ridge Estimators of Linear Regression Model. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology(2018) 9(11):2838–2852.
  • [39]Hoerl AE, Kennard RW. Ridge regression: biased estimation for non-orthogonal problems. Techno metrics(1970) 12(1):55–67.
  • [40]Ramesh D, R MH, L MK. Analysis of Small Ruminant Market system Different Agro‒climatic zones of Southern India. Veterinary World(2011) 5(5):288–293.

Physiological and Linear Body Measurement of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cocoa Pod, Cassava Pulp and Acacia Leaf Silage

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 38 - 46, 15.12.2023

Christie Oluwatosin Raımı Abiodun Adeloye Samuel Olawoye Ayoola John Shoyombo Adewale Lukman

Abstract

This study was conducted in Teaching and Research farm, Landmark University, Kwara State, Nigeria, to determine the effects of cocoa-based diets on body length and eleven (11)
morphometric parameters. Twenty-eight (28) West African dwarf bucks, aged between 4 to 5 months with average body weight of 7.00±0.2kg were used for the study. The control
groups (T1 and T7) were fed (0:60:40) and (60:0:40) of cocoa pod, cassava pulp and acacia leaf respectively for experimental period of fortyfive (45d). The measurements were taken in the morning (08:00h) fortnightly. Data generated were subjected to descriptive statistics using analysis of variance. Results obtained showed that diets had significant effect (P< 0.05) on the body traits. The mean BL, WG, CD, HG, SC, NC, FL, HL, HW, EL and RT were 51.00±4.08-57.50±5.74cm, 24.50±1.73-31.50±3.11cm; 44.00±1.63-48.75±1.71cm;
42.25±2.87-44.75±2.06cm; 11.00±1.83-14.25±3.30cm; 20.25±0.95-23.00±2.45cm; 12.25±1.70-14.50±1.73cm; 2.00±0.00-3.75±1.25cm; 10.25±1.25-10.75±1.25cm; 8.75±0.50-
9.50±1.29cm and 38.13±0.25-39.10±0.350C respectively. The results showed that as the body length increased, other body traits also increased. As cocoa pod decrease, the animals
consumed the diets and their body measurements increased. The correlation coefficients showed that there was high positive and significant relationship among the variables. It was concluded that the body linear measurement was subjected to the diet given. Therefore, the study revealed that feed had effect on most of the linear body measurements physiologically.

Keywords

Cocoa based diets Body linear measurements Physiology West African dwarf goat

References

  • [1]Lamidi AA. Utilization of Panicum maximum (Jacq), Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) and Gmelina arbore (Roxb) Supplemented as dry season feed for West African Dwarf Goats. (Ph.D Thesis. Department of Animal Production and Heath, University of Agricultural Abeokuta. Abeokuta.
  • [2]Chineke TC, Jagtap SS, Nwofor O. West African monsoon: is the August break ‘breaking’ in the eastern humid zone of Southern Nigeria? Climatic Change(2010) 103(3–4):555–570. doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9780-2.
  • [3]Kim JC, Heo JM, Mullan BP, Pluske JR. Performance and intestinal responses to dehulling and inclusion level of Australian sweet lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in diets for weaner pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology(2012) 172(3–4):201–209. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.01.002.
  • [4]Aro SO, Aletor VA, Tewe OO, Agbede JO. Nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes: A case study of a cassava starch processing factory in south-western Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development(2010) 22(11).
  • [5]Lounglawan P, Khungaew M, Suksombat W. Silage production from cassava peel and cassava pulp as energy source in cattle diets. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances(2011) 10(8):1007–1011. doi:10.3923/JAVAA.2011.1007.1011.
  • [6]Oni SA, Maliwichi LL, Obadire OS. Assessing the contribution of smallholder irrigation to household food security, in comparison to dryland farming in Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research(2011) 6(10):2188–2197.
  • [7]Adejoro FA, Hassen A. In vitro methane production of eragrostis hay treated with graded levels of urea or nitrate. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences(2018) 28(3):679–685.
  • [8]Nsoso SJ, Aganga AA, Moganetsi BP, Tshwenyane SO. Body weight, body Condition score and hearth girth goats during the dry and wetseasons in southeast Bostwana. Livestock Research for Rural Development(2003) 15(4):25–31.
  • [9]Singh PN, Mishra AK. Prediction of body weight using conformation traits in Barbari goats. Indian Journal of small Ruminants(2004) 10(2):173–179.
  • [10]Mavule BS, Muchenje V, Bezuidenhout CC, Kunene NW. Morphological structure of Zulu sheep based on princial component analysis of body measurements. Small Ruminant Research(2013) 111:23–30.
  • [11]Baffour-Awuah O, Ampofo E, Dodoo R. Predicting the live weight of sheep by using linear body measurements. Ghana J. Agric. Sci(2000) 33:207–212.
  • [12]Salako AE, Ngere LO. Application of Multifactorial Discriminate analysis in the morphometric structural differentiation of West African Dwarf (WAD) and Yankassa Sheep in theSouthwest. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production(2002) 29(2):163–167.
  • [13]Ojedapo LO, Adedeji TA, Olayeni TB, Adedeji OS, Abdullah AR, Ojebiyi OO. Influence of age and sex on body weight and some body linear measurements of extensively reared wad goats in derived savannah zone of Nigeria. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances(2007) 6(1):114–117.
  • [14]Shoyombo AJ, Akpa GN, Yakubu H, Musa AA, Attah OE. Age related correlation among morphometric traits of some Nigerian goats. Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology(2015) 3(1):4–10.
  • [15]Akpa G, Ambali AL, Suleiman I. Body Conformation, Testicular and Semen Characteristics as Influenced by Age, Hair Type and Body Condition of Red Sokoto Goat. New York Science Journal(2013) 6(7):44–58.
  • [16]S.P.S.S. Statistical Computer Software. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc (2014). 0–13–017902–7.
  • [17]Kibria BMG, Lukman AF. A New Ridge-Type Estimator for the Linear Regression Model: Simulations and Applications. Scientifica(2020) 2020:9758378. doi:10.1155/2020/9758378.
  • [18]Esong RN, Etchu KA, Bayemi PH, Tan PV. Effects of the dietary replacement of maize with sun-dried cocoa pods on the performance of growing rabbits. Tropical Animal Health and Production(2015) 47(7):1411–1416.
  • [19]Aregheore EM. Chemicalevaluation and digestibility of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) by-products fed to goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production(2002) 34:339–348.
  • [20]Adegunloye DV, Famolu OF. Influence of Fermentation on the nutritional content of cocoa pod (Theobroma cacao. L.). Journal of Global Biosciences(2016) 5(1):3408–3413.
  • [21]Nguyen TP, Hoang NM, Duy NV, Vu DT. Reproductivity and egg quality of Hmong chicken. Animal Production in Southeast Asia: Current status and future(2017). 27–32.[22]Marcel B, André KB, Théodore D, Séraphin K-C. Waste and by-products of cocoa in breeding Research synthesis. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research(2011) 1(1):9–19.
  • [23]Aderolu AZ, Iyayi E, Onilude AA. Performance, Organ Relative Weight, Serum and Haematology Parameters in Broiler Finisher Fed Biodegraded Brewers Dried Grain. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition(2007) 6(3):204–208. doi:10.3923/pjn.2007.204.208.
  • [24]Ahamefule FO. Evaluation of Pigeon pea-cassava peal -based diets for goat production in South-eastern Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Animal Science and Animal production MOUAU, Umudike. Nigeria (2005).
  • [25]Ososanya TO. Effect of varying levels of broiler litter on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of West African Dwarf Lambs. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science(2010) 12:123–128.
  • [26]Seifemichael M, Kefelegn K, Negassi, A, Banerjee, A.K. Variability in Linear Body Measurements and their Application in Predicting Body Weight of Afar Goats in Ethiopia. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies(2014) 1(4):17–25.
  • [27]Fajemilehin O, Salako AE. Body measurement characteristics of the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat in deciduous forest zone of Southwestern Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology(2008) 7(14):2521–2526.
  • [28]Akpa GN, Abubakar MY, Nwagu BI, Alphonsus C. Genetic and Relationship Estimations of Body Weightand Morphometric Traits in the Red Sokoto Goat. Animal Production Research Advances(2009) 5(4):232–237.
  • [29]Tsado DN, Adama TZ. The Effect of Type of Birth, Sex and Castration on Body Weight and Body Linear Measurements in Pre-Weaning Kids. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition(2012) 11(9):868–870. doi:10.3923/pjn.2012.868.870.
  • [30]Su A-K. Preliminary evaluation of growth and conformation traits of local goats and Nubians upgraded by a black Boer line in Taiwan. Tropical Animal Health and Production(2012) 44(6):1271–1278. doi:10.1007/s11250-011-0068-y.
  • [31]Aye PA. Production of multi-nutrient blocks for ruminants and alcohol from waste products of Leucaena and Gliricidia leaves using local technologies. PhD Thesis. Federal University of Technology Akure.,” (2007).
  • [32]Patbandha TK, Sarma MP, Pata BA, Ravikala K, Savaliya BD, Kadam SJ. Effect of microclimate on body temperature of black and white coloured breeds of goat. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management(2018) 34(1-2):80–85.
  • [33]Agajiye T. Demand influencing Attributes in the Small holder Livestock Marketing Research for Rural Development22(2010). 11 p.
  • [34]Afolayan RA, Adeyinka IA, Lakpini C. Predictions of Live weight from Objective live weight Dimension traits in Yankasa Sheep. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society of Animal Production (NSAP(2006).
  • [35]Otoikhian C, Otoikhian AM, Akporhuaro N. Correlation of Body Weight and Some Body Measurement Parameters in Ouda sheep Under Extensive Management systems. African Journal of General Agriculture(2008).
  • [36]Hamayun K, Fida M, Ahmad R. Relationship of Body weight with Linear Body Measurements in Goats. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science(2006) 1:3.
  • [37]Lukman AF, Ayinde K. Review and Classifications of the ridge parameter estimation techniques. Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics(2017) 46(5):953–967.
  • [38]Ayinde K, Lukman AF, Samuel OO, Ajiboye SA. Some New Adjusted Ridge Estimators of Linear Regression Model. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology(2018) 9(11):2838–2852.
  • [39]Hoerl AE, Kennard RW. Ridge regression: biased estimation for non-orthogonal problems. Techno metrics(1970) 12(1):55–67.
  • [40]Ramesh D, R MH, L MK. Analysis of Small Ruminant Market system Different Agro‒climatic zones of Southern India. Veterinary World(2011) 5(5):288–293.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Micro and Nanosystems
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Christie Oluwatosin Raımı This is me

Abiodun Adeloye

Samuel Olawoye

Ayoola John Shoyombo This is me

Adewale Lukman

Publication Date December 15, 2023
Submission Date November 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Raımı, C. O., Adeloye, A., Olawoye, S., Shoyombo, A. J., et al. (2023). Physiological and Linear Body Measurement of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cocoa Pod, Cassava Pulp and Acacia Leaf Silage. International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 7(2), 38-46.
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