Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON EXERCISE HEALTH BELIEF, EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS LEVELS IN EMERGENCY UNIT NURSES

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 345 - 354, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33457/ijhsrp.894402

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the effect of Covid-19 on exercise health belief, emotional intelligence and stress levels in emergency unit nurses. Research was carried out on 1-30.01.2021 with 210 nurses who is working in emergency units located in five hospitals in Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. A significant relationship was found between the nurses' status of contracting Covid-19 and exercise belief, emotional intelligence, and perceived stress levels. While it was found that the exercise health belief and stress levels of nurses who had Covid-19 were higher than those who did not have Covid-19, it was found that the emotional intelligence levels of nurses who had Covid-19 were lower than those who did not.

References

  • [1] Hui DS, Azhar EI, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;91:264-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009
  • [2] Barello S, Graffigna G. Caring for Health Professionals in the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency: Toward an “Epidemic of Empathy” in Healthcare. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:1431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01431
  • [3] Alharbi J, Jackson D, Usher K. The potential for COVID‐19 to contribute to compassion fatigue in critical care nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2020;29:2762–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15314
  • [4] Ünsal A. Hemşireliğin dört temel kavramı: insan, çevre, sağlık&hastalık, hemşirelik. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.;2017;1(1):11-25.
  • [5] Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, Harmer P, Ainsworth BE, F. L. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020;9(2):103-4. https://doi: 10.1016 / j.jshs.2020.02.001
  • [6] Apor P, Babai L. Physical activity diminishes aging-related decline of physical and cognitive performance. Orvosi Hetilap. 2014;155(21):817-21. https://doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29838
  • [7] Lesser IA, Nienhuis CP. The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behavior and Well-Being of Canadians. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(11):3899. https://doi.10.3390 / ijerph17113899
  • [8]. Sekulic D, Blazevic M, Gilic B, Kvesic I, Zenic N. Prospective Analysis of Levels and Correlates of Physical Activity During COVID-19 Pandemic and Imposed Rules of Social Distancing; Gender Specific Study Among Adolescents from Southern Croatia. Sustainability. 2020;12(10):4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104072
  • [9] Gallè F, Sabella EA, Da Molin G, De Giglio O, Caggiano G, Di Onofrio V, et al. Understanding Knowledge and Behaviors Related to CoViD–19 Epidemic in Italian Undergraduate Students: The EPICO Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(10):3481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103481
  • [10] Çakar U, Arbak Y. Modern Yaklaşımlar Işığında Değişen Duygu-Zeka İlişkisi ve Duygusal Zeka. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2004;6(3):23-48.
  • [11] Goleman D. Duygusal Zeka Neden IQ'dan Daha Önemlidir? Editör: O Deniztekin Çev: B S Yüksel, 30. Baskı, Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul. 2006.
  • [12] Akerjordet K, Severinsson E. Emotional intelligence: a review of the literature with specific focus on empirical and epistemological perspectives. J clin nurs. 2007;16(8):1405-16.
  • [13] McQueen AC. Emotional intelligence in nursing work. J. Adv. Nurs. 2004;47(1):101-8.
  • [14] Trivellas P, Gerogiannis V, Svarna S. Exploring workplace implications of Emotional Intelligence (WLEIS) in hospitals: Job satisfaction and turnover Intentions. Procedia Soc Behav Sci.2013;73:701-9.
  • [15] Soto-Rubio A, Giménez-Espert MDC, Prado-Gascó V. Effect of emotional intelligence and psychosocial risks on burnout, job satisfaction, and nurses’ health during the covid-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020, 17(21); 7998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217998
  • [16] Ersever OG. Stress' in ruh hastalığıyla ilişkisini içeren çok faktörlü kavramsal bir model. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 1985;3(1):13-9.
  • [17] Akyürek B, Özer S, Argon G, Conk Z. Hekim davranışlarının hemşire memnuniyeti ve hemşirelerin işine devam etme durumu üzerine etkisi. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2005;44(3):167-72.
  • [18] De Looff PC, Kuijpers E, Nijman HLI. Stress levels of psychiatric nursing staff. J Nurs Educ Pract. 2014;4(7):1-7. https://doi.10.5430/jnep.v4n7p1
  • [19] Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell'Oste V, Cordone A, Bertelloni CA, Bui E, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research. 2020;292:113312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312
  • [20] Braquehais MD, Vargas-Cáceres S, Gómez-Durán E, Nieva G, Valero S, Casas M, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2020;113(9):613-617. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa207
  • [21] Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research methods in education: routledge; 2017.
  • [22] Petrides KV, Furnham A. Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European journal of personality. 2001;15(6):425-48.
  • [23] Deniz ME, Özer E, Işık E. Duygusal zekâ özelliği ölçeği–kısa formu: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2013;38(169).
  • [24] Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior. 1983:385-96.
  • [25] Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, Dereboy Ç, editors. Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. Yeni Symposium Journal; 2013;132-140.
  • [26] Esparza-Del Villar OA, Montañez-Alvarado P, Gutiérrez-Vega M, Carrillo-Saucedo IC, Gurrola-Peña GM, Ruvalcaba-Romero NA, et al. Factor structure and internal reliability of an exercise health belief model scale in a Mexican population. BMC public health. 2017;17(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa207
  • [27] Ciftci N, Kadioğlu H. Validity and Reliability of the Exercise Health Belief Model Scale. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2020;10(4):369-74. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.659112
  • [28] Gözüm S, Çapik C. A guide in the development of health behaviours: Health belief model (HBM). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi. 2014;7(3):230-7.
  • [29]. Yeltepe H, Kuşhan N. Spor ve egzersiz psikolojisi: Epsilon; 2013.
  • [30] Elgzar WT, Al-Qahtani AM, Elfeki NK, Ibrahim HA. COVID-19 Outbreak: Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model on Nursing Students' Awareness and Health Beliefs at Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Afr J Reprod Health. 2020;24(2):78-86. https://doi .10.29063/ajrh2020/v24i2s.12
  • [31]. Bauman A, Merom D, Bull FC, Buchner DM, Fiatarone Singh MA. Updating the evidence for physical activity: summative reviews of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote “active aging”. The gerontologist. 2016;56(2):268-280. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw031
  • [32] Omori M, Yoshıoka S-i. Comparisons of Emotional Intelligence, Mental Health and Ego-resilience Between Mothers of Children/Adolescents With and Without Disabilities. Shimane. J Med Sci. 2016;33(1):17-25.
  • [33] Foster K, Fethney J, McKenzie H, Fisher M, Harkness E, Kozlowski D. Emotional intelligence increases over time: A longitudinal study of Australian pre-registration nursing students. Nurse Educ Today. 2017;55:65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.05.008
  • [34] Hussien RM, Elkayal MM, Shahin MAH. Emotional Intelligence and Uncertainty among Undergraduate Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: A Comparative Study. The Open Nursing Journal. 2020;14(1). https://doi.10.2174 / 1874434602014010220
  • [35] Moroń M, Biolik-Moroń M. Trait emotional intelligence and emotional experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Poland: A daily diary study. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;168:110348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110348
  • [36] Sun H, Wang S, Wang W, Han G, Liu Z, Wu Q, et al. Correlation between emotional intelligence and negative emotions of front‐line nurses during the COVID‐19 epidemic: a cross‐sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15548
  • [37] Karakaş SA, Altun ÖS, Okanlİ A, Polat H, Olcun Z. A study to determine the relationship between the emotional intelligence levels and perceptions of spiritual support of nurses working in a hospital for psychiatric and neurological diseases in Turkey. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2020;34(1):64-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2019.10.006
  • [38] Dai Y, Hu G, Xiong H, Qiu H, Yuan X. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. MedRxiv. 2020. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030874
  • [39] Galea S, Merchant RM, Lurie N. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA internal medicine. 2020;180(6):817-8. https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
  • [40] Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):300-2.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
  • [41] Giusti EM, Pedroli E, D'Aniello GE, Badiale CS, Pietrabissa G, Manna C, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on health professionals: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol. 2020;11. https://doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2020.01684
  • [42] Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e203976. 2020. https://doi: 10.1001 / jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
  • [43] Ahn MH, Shin Y-W, Suh S, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Lee K-U, et al. High work-related stress and anxiety response to COVID-19 among healthcare workers in South Korea: SAVE Study. 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9nxth
  • [44] Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Sham PC, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;52(4):233-40.
Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 345 - 354, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33457/ijhsrp.894402

Abstract

References

  • [1] Hui DS, Azhar EI, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;91:264-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009
  • [2] Barello S, Graffigna G. Caring for Health Professionals in the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency: Toward an “Epidemic of Empathy” in Healthcare. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:1431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01431
  • [3] Alharbi J, Jackson D, Usher K. The potential for COVID‐19 to contribute to compassion fatigue in critical care nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2020;29:2762–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15314
  • [4] Ünsal A. Hemşireliğin dört temel kavramı: insan, çevre, sağlık&hastalık, hemşirelik. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.;2017;1(1):11-25.
  • [5] Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, Harmer P, Ainsworth BE, F. L. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020;9(2):103-4. https://doi: 10.1016 / j.jshs.2020.02.001
  • [6] Apor P, Babai L. Physical activity diminishes aging-related decline of physical and cognitive performance. Orvosi Hetilap. 2014;155(21):817-21. https://doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29838
  • [7] Lesser IA, Nienhuis CP. The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behavior and Well-Being of Canadians. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(11):3899. https://doi.10.3390 / ijerph17113899
  • [8]. Sekulic D, Blazevic M, Gilic B, Kvesic I, Zenic N. Prospective Analysis of Levels and Correlates of Physical Activity During COVID-19 Pandemic and Imposed Rules of Social Distancing; Gender Specific Study Among Adolescents from Southern Croatia. Sustainability. 2020;12(10):4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104072
  • [9] Gallè F, Sabella EA, Da Molin G, De Giglio O, Caggiano G, Di Onofrio V, et al. Understanding Knowledge and Behaviors Related to CoViD–19 Epidemic in Italian Undergraduate Students: The EPICO Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(10):3481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103481
  • [10] Çakar U, Arbak Y. Modern Yaklaşımlar Işığında Değişen Duygu-Zeka İlişkisi ve Duygusal Zeka. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2004;6(3):23-48.
  • [11] Goleman D. Duygusal Zeka Neden IQ'dan Daha Önemlidir? Editör: O Deniztekin Çev: B S Yüksel, 30. Baskı, Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul. 2006.
  • [12] Akerjordet K, Severinsson E. Emotional intelligence: a review of the literature with specific focus on empirical and epistemological perspectives. J clin nurs. 2007;16(8):1405-16.
  • [13] McQueen AC. Emotional intelligence in nursing work. J. Adv. Nurs. 2004;47(1):101-8.
  • [14] Trivellas P, Gerogiannis V, Svarna S. Exploring workplace implications of Emotional Intelligence (WLEIS) in hospitals: Job satisfaction and turnover Intentions. Procedia Soc Behav Sci.2013;73:701-9.
  • [15] Soto-Rubio A, Giménez-Espert MDC, Prado-Gascó V. Effect of emotional intelligence and psychosocial risks on burnout, job satisfaction, and nurses’ health during the covid-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020, 17(21); 7998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217998
  • [16] Ersever OG. Stress' in ruh hastalığıyla ilişkisini içeren çok faktörlü kavramsal bir model. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 1985;3(1):13-9.
  • [17] Akyürek B, Özer S, Argon G, Conk Z. Hekim davranışlarının hemşire memnuniyeti ve hemşirelerin işine devam etme durumu üzerine etkisi. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2005;44(3):167-72.
  • [18] De Looff PC, Kuijpers E, Nijman HLI. Stress levels of psychiatric nursing staff. J Nurs Educ Pract. 2014;4(7):1-7. https://doi.10.5430/jnep.v4n7p1
  • [19] Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell'Oste V, Cordone A, Bertelloni CA, Bui E, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research. 2020;292:113312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312
  • [20] Braquehais MD, Vargas-Cáceres S, Gómez-Durán E, Nieva G, Valero S, Casas M, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2020;113(9):613-617. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa207
  • [21] Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research methods in education: routledge; 2017.
  • [22] Petrides KV, Furnham A. Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European journal of personality. 2001;15(6):425-48.
  • [23] Deniz ME, Özer E, Işık E. Duygusal zekâ özelliği ölçeği–kısa formu: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2013;38(169).
  • [24] Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior. 1983:385-96.
  • [25] Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, Dereboy Ç, editors. Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. Yeni Symposium Journal; 2013;132-140.
  • [26] Esparza-Del Villar OA, Montañez-Alvarado P, Gutiérrez-Vega M, Carrillo-Saucedo IC, Gurrola-Peña GM, Ruvalcaba-Romero NA, et al. Factor structure and internal reliability of an exercise health belief model scale in a Mexican population. BMC public health. 2017;17(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa207
  • [27] Ciftci N, Kadioğlu H. Validity and Reliability of the Exercise Health Belief Model Scale. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2020;10(4):369-74. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.659112
  • [28] Gözüm S, Çapik C. A guide in the development of health behaviours: Health belief model (HBM). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi. 2014;7(3):230-7.
  • [29]. Yeltepe H, Kuşhan N. Spor ve egzersiz psikolojisi: Epsilon; 2013.
  • [30] Elgzar WT, Al-Qahtani AM, Elfeki NK, Ibrahim HA. COVID-19 Outbreak: Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model on Nursing Students' Awareness and Health Beliefs at Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Afr J Reprod Health. 2020;24(2):78-86. https://doi .10.29063/ajrh2020/v24i2s.12
  • [31]. Bauman A, Merom D, Bull FC, Buchner DM, Fiatarone Singh MA. Updating the evidence for physical activity: summative reviews of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote “active aging”. The gerontologist. 2016;56(2):268-280. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw031
  • [32] Omori M, Yoshıoka S-i. Comparisons of Emotional Intelligence, Mental Health and Ego-resilience Between Mothers of Children/Adolescents With and Without Disabilities. Shimane. J Med Sci. 2016;33(1):17-25.
  • [33] Foster K, Fethney J, McKenzie H, Fisher M, Harkness E, Kozlowski D. Emotional intelligence increases over time: A longitudinal study of Australian pre-registration nursing students. Nurse Educ Today. 2017;55:65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.05.008
  • [34] Hussien RM, Elkayal MM, Shahin MAH. Emotional Intelligence and Uncertainty among Undergraduate Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: A Comparative Study. The Open Nursing Journal. 2020;14(1). https://doi.10.2174 / 1874434602014010220
  • [35] Moroń M, Biolik-Moroń M. Trait emotional intelligence and emotional experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Poland: A daily diary study. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;168:110348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110348
  • [36] Sun H, Wang S, Wang W, Han G, Liu Z, Wu Q, et al. Correlation between emotional intelligence and negative emotions of front‐line nurses during the COVID‐19 epidemic: a cross‐sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15548
  • [37] Karakaş SA, Altun ÖS, Okanlİ A, Polat H, Olcun Z. A study to determine the relationship between the emotional intelligence levels and perceptions of spiritual support of nurses working in a hospital for psychiatric and neurological diseases in Turkey. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2020;34(1):64-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2019.10.006
  • [38] Dai Y, Hu G, Xiong H, Qiu H, Yuan X. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. MedRxiv. 2020. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030874
  • [39] Galea S, Merchant RM, Lurie N. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA internal medicine. 2020;180(6):817-8. https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
  • [40] Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):300-2.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
  • [41] Giusti EM, Pedroli E, D'Aniello GE, Badiale CS, Pietrabissa G, Manna C, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on health professionals: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol. 2020;11. https://doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2020.01684
  • [42] Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e203976. 2020. https://doi: 10.1001 / jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
  • [43] Ahn MH, Shin Y-W, Suh S, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Lee K-U, et al. High work-related stress and anxiety response to COVID-19 among healthcare workers in South Korea: SAVE Study. 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9nxth
  • [44] Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Sham PC, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;52(4):233-40.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nursing
Journal Section Article
Authors

Mustafa Durmuş 0000-0002-7559-4187

Halil Alkan 0000-0001-6895-2495

Necmettin Çiftci 0000-0002-4713-4212

Publication Date December 29, 2021
Submission Date March 10, 2021
Acceptance Date December 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

IEEE M. Durmuş, H. Alkan, and N. Çiftci, “EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON EXERCISE HEALTH BELIEF, EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS LEVELS IN EMERGENCY UNIT NURSES”, IJHSRP, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 345–354, 2021, doi: 10.33457/ijhsrp.894402.

DOAJ_logo.png   scholar_logo_64dp.pngcrossref-logo-landscape-200.pnglogo.pnglogo-minik.png  CenterLogo.png researchgate-vector-logo.png SciLit logo ile ilgili görsel sonucuicon.png?w=170&fakeurl=1Medical Reads

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/DOAJ_logo.pnghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/DOAJ_logo.pnghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/DOAJ_logo.pnghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/DOAJ_logo.png    Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial -NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.