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Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products: Exposure and Health Risks

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 14, 02.07.2017

Berna Madalı Aylin Ayaz

https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.296196
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced
by Aspergillus flavus (Asp.flavus)
and Aspergillus parasiticus (Asp.
Parasiticus) molds. This mycotoxin group, which is particularly toxic to
liver, is found in many cereal crops during growth, harvest, post-harvest and improper
storage and in edible tissues of animals consuming contaminating cereal
products. Dairy products containing the most aflatoxin residues in edible
animal tissues are consumed large quantities by consumers particularly children
who are more vulnerable than. Thus, the AFM1 found dairy product is one of the
important problems threatening public health. Studies on the AFM1 levels of
commercially milk in Turkey is indicated that the AFM1 levels of dairy products
do not exceed the acceptable maximum legal limits in the Turkish Food Codex
Contaminants Regulation but may pose a risk to health, especially during long
term intakes in children. Studies have also shown that AFM1 levels of raw milk
contain more AFM1 levels than those sold in the market. Because aflatoxins
cannot be completely destroyed from foods and feeds, It is emphasized by the
relevant experts that measures should be taken by countries to limit the intake
of aflatoxins via diet to minimize potential risks to health and to limit the
consumption of aflatoxin containing foods at levels that can not be reduced.

Keywords

Aflatoxin dairy product exposure aflatoxin metabolism

References

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  • Agag, B. (2004). Mycotoxins in foods and feeds: 1-aflatoxins. Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res, 7(1), 173-205.
  • Arikan, L., & Çevik, D. (2012). Aflatoksinler ve Süt Teknolojisindeki Önemi. Aksaray Üniversitesi Aksaray Meslek Yüksek Okulu Süt Topluluğu, 71.
  • Armendáriz, C. R., Fernández, Á. J. G., Gironés, M. C. L. R., & de la Torre, A. H. (2014). Mycotoxins. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3 ed., pp. 424-427). Oxford: Academic Press.
  • Ayyildiz, T. (2012). Organik Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Varlığının Araştırılması. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa.
  • Banu, N. & Muthumary, J. (2010). Taxol as chemical detoxificant of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus isolated from sunflower seed. Health, 2(07), 789.
  • Barrett, J. R. (2005). Liver cancer and aflatoxin: New information from the Kenyan outbreak. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(12), A837.
  • Barrett, M. J., Hurwitz, E. S., Schonberger, L. B., & Rogers, M. F. (1986). Changing epidemiology of Reye syndrome in the United States. Pediatrics, 77(4), 598-602.
  • Bbosa, G. S., Lubega, A., Kyegombe, D. B., Kitya, D., Ogwal-Okeng, J., & Anokbonggo, W. W. (2013). Review of the biological and health effects of aflatoxins on body organs and body systems. In M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh (Ed.), Aflatoxins - Recent Advances and Future Prospects (pp. 239-266). Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
  • Bennett, J. W. (2010). An overview of the genus Aspergillus: Caiser Academic Press, Portland.
  • Caloni, F., Stammati, A., Friggè, G., & De Angelis, I. (2006). Aflatoxin M 1 absorption and cytotoxicity on human intestinal in vitro model. Toxicon, 47(4), 409-415.
  • Cavaliere, C., Foglia, P., Guarino, C., Marzioni, F., Nazzari, M., Samperi, R., & Laganà, A. (2006). Aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1135(2), 135-141.
  • Consolandi, C., Cremonesi, P., Severgnini, M., Bordoni, R., Peano, C., Bellis, G. D., & Castiglioni, B. (2012). Array Platform for Food Safety and Quality. In N. Benkeblia (Ed.), OMICs Technologies: Tools for Food Science (pp. 13-57). USA: Taylor & Francis.
  • Coppock, R. W., Christian, R. R. G., & Jacobsen, B. J. (2012). Chapter 88 - Aflatoxins. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Veterinary Toxicology (Second Edition) (pp. 1181-1199). Boston: Academic Press.
  • Coppock, R. W., & M. Dziwenka, M. (2014). Mycotoxins. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Biomarkers in Toxicology (pp. 549-562). Boston: Academic Press.
  • Cotty, P. J., Probst, C., & Jaime-Garcia, R. (2008). Etiology and management of aflatoxin contamination. In J. F. Leslie (Ed.), Mycotoxins: Detection Methods, Management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade (pp. 287-300). USA: CABI.
  • Creppy, E. E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters, 127(1), 19-28.
  • Çelik, T. H., Sarimehmetoglu, B., & Kuplulu, O. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurised milk. Veterinarski Arhiv, 75(1), 57-65.
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  • Deveci, O., & Sezgin, E. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 levels of skim milk powders produced in Turkey. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 13(2), 139-142.
  • Duarte, S. C., Pena, A., & Lino, C. M. (2011). Human ochratoxin A biomarkers-from exposure to effect. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41(3), 187-212.
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  • Henry, S. H., Bosch, F. X., Troxell, T. C., & Bolger, P. M. (1999). Reducing Liver Cancer, Global Control of Aflatoxin. Science, 286(5449), 2453-2454.
  • Hussein, H. S., & Brasel, J. M. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2), 101-134.
  • Iqbal, S. Z., Asi, M. R., & Ariño, A. (2013). Aflatoxins. In S. Maloy & K. Hughes (Eds.), Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (2 ed., pp. 43–47). USA: Institute of Molecular Scieces.
  • Jamali, M., Ebrahimi, M.-A., Karimipour, M., Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M., Dinparast-Djadid, N., Kalantari, S., Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. (2012). An insight into the distribution, genetic diversity, and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus section Flavi in soils of pistachio orchards. Folia Microbiologica, 57(1), 27-36. doi:10.1007/s12223-011-0090-5
  • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (t.y.). Risk analysis of mycotoxins by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2100t/x2100t04.htm
  • Kalantari, H., & Kalantari, G. (2007). Evaluation Of Aflatoxins Contamination In Baby Food Supplements (Mamana & Ghoncheh). Jundushapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 6(1), 42-50.
  • Kamkar, A. (2008). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in UHT milk sample by ELISA. J Vet Res, 63(2), 7-12.
  • Kamkar, A., Fallah, A. A., & Mozaffari Nejad, A. S. (2014). The review of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and dairy products produced in Iran. Toxin Reviews, 33(4), 160-168.
  • Kamkar, A., Khaniki, G. R. J., & Alavi, S. (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 8(2), 133-140.
  • Khlangwiset, P., Shephard, G. S., & Wu, F. (2011). Aflatoxins and growth impairment: a review. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41(9), 740-755.
  • Lewis, L., Onsongo, M., Njapau, H., Schurz-Rogers, H., Luber, G., Kieszak, S., Misore, A. (2005). Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1763-1767.
  • Lizárraga-Paulín, E. G., Miranda-Castro, S. P., Moreno-Martínez, E., Torres-Pacheco, I., & Lara-Sagahón, A. V. (2013). Novel Methods for Preventing and Controlling Aflatoxins in Food: A Worldwide Daily Challenge. Aflatoxins-Recent Advances And Future Prospects, 93.
  • Mangipudy, R. S., & Mehendale, H. M. (2005). Aflatoxin. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (2 ed., pp. 54-55). USA: Academic Press.
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  • Mulunda, M., Bakunzi, F., Motsei, L., Ngoma, L., & Nyirenda, M. (2013). A Decade of Aflatoxin M1 Surveillance in Milk and Dairy Products in Developing Countries (2001-2011): A Review. In H. A. Makun (Ed.), Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries (pp. 39-60). Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
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Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Aflatoksin M1: Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riskleri

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 14, 02.07.2017

Berna Madalı Aylin Ayaz

https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.296196
Cited By: 1

Abstract



Aflatoksinler, Aspergillus
flavus (Asp.flavus) ve Aspergillus
parasiticus (Asp. parasiticus) küfleri tarafından temel olarak üretilen
yüksek düzeyde toksik sekonder metabolitlerdir. Özellikle karaciğere toksik
etki gösteren bu mikotoksin grubu, başta tahıl ürünleri olmak üzere yanlış
depolama sonucu birçok tahıl ürününde ve kontamine tahıl ürünlerini tüketen
hayvanların yenilebilir dokularında bulunmaktadır. Yenilebilir hayvan dokuları
arasında en fazla aflatoksin kalıntısı içeren süt ve süt ürünleri;
yetişkinlerden daha duyarlı olan çocuk beslenmesinde de fazla miktarlarda
tüketilmektedir. Bu yüzden süt ve süt ürünlerinde bulunan aflatoksinler, halk
sağlığını tehdit eden önemli sorunlardan biridir. Ülkemizde piyasada satışa
sunulan sütlerin aflatoksin düzeylerine yönelik yapılan çalışmaların
sonuçlarına göre; Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği’nde belirtilen yasal
limitleri aşmadığı fakat özellikle çocuklarda uzun süreli alımlarda sağlık için
risk oluşturabileceği bildirilmektedir. Ayrıca sokak sütü olarak satılan çiğ
sütlerin aflatoksin M1 düzeyinin, piyasada satılan sütlere göre daha fazla AFM1
içerdiği çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Aflatoksin besinlerde ve yemlerde tamamen
yok edilemeyeceğinden, sağlık üzerine potansiyel riskleri minimize etmek ve diyetle
aflatoksinlerin alımının en düşük düzeylerde tutulması için üretim-tüketim
zincirinin her bir aşamasında iyi tarım uygulamalarının benimsenmesi ve
önleyici tedbirlerin alınması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Keywords

Aflatoksin süt ve süt ürünleri maruziyet aflatoksin metabolizması

References

  • Abbès, S., Salah-Abbès, J. B., Abdel-Wahhab, M. A., & Ouslati, R. (2010). Immunotoxicological and biochemical effects of Aflatoxins in rats prevented by Tunisian Montmorillonite with reference to HSCAS. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 32(3), 514-522.
  • Agag, B. (2004). Mycotoxins in foods and feeds: 1-aflatoxins. Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res, 7(1), 173-205.
  • Arikan, L., & Çevik, D. (2012). Aflatoksinler ve Süt Teknolojisindeki Önemi. Aksaray Üniversitesi Aksaray Meslek Yüksek Okulu Süt Topluluğu, 71.
  • Armendáriz, C. R., Fernández, Á. J. G., Gironés, M. C. L. R., & de la Torre, A. H. (2014). Mycotoxins. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3 ed., pp. 424-427). Oxford: Academic Press.
  • Ayyildiz, T. (2012). Organik Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Varlığının Araştırılması. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa.
  • Banu, N. & Muthumary, J. (2010). Taxol as chemical detoxificant of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus isolated from sunflower seed. Health, 2(07), 789.
  • Barrett, J. R. (2005). Liver cancer and aflatoxin: New information from the Kenyan outbreak. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(12), A837.
  • Barrett, M. J., Hurwitz, E. S., Schonberger, L. B., & Rogers, M. F. (1986). Changing epidemiology of Reye syndrome in the United States. Pediatrics, 77(4), 598-602.
  • Bbosa, G. S., Lubega, A., Kyegombe, D. B., Kitya, D., Ogwal-Okeng, J., & Anokbonggo, W. W. (2013). Review of the biological and health effects of aflatoxins on body organs and body systems. In M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh (Ed.), Aflatoxins - Recent Advances and Future Prospects (pp. 239-266). Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
  • Bennett, J. W. (2010). An overview of the genus Aspergillus: Caiser Academic Press, Portland.
  • Caloni, F., Stammati, A., Friggè, G., & De Angelis, I. (2006). Aflatoxin M 1 absorption and cytotoxicity on human intestinal in vitro model. Toxicon, 47(4), 409-415.
  • Cavaliere, C., Foglia, P., Guarino, C., Marzioni, F., Nazzari, M., Samperi, R., & Laganà, A. (2006). Aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1135(2), 135-141.
  • Consolandi, C., Cremonesi, P., Severgnini, M., Bordoni, R., Peano, C., Bellis, G. D., & Castiglioni, B. (2012). Array Platform for Food Safety and Quality. In N. Benkeblia (Ed.), OMICs Technologies: Tools for Food Science (pp. 13-57). USA: Taylor & Francis.
  • Coppock, R. W., Christian, R. R. G., & Jacobsen, B. J. (2012). Chapter 88 - Aflatoxins. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Veterinary Toxicology (Second Edition) (pp. 1181-1199). Boston: Academic Press.
  • Coppock, R. W., & M. Dziwenka, M. (2014). Mycotoxins. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Biomarkers in Toxicology (pp. 549-562). Boston: Academic Press.
  • Cotty, P. J., Probst, C., & Jaime-Garcia, R. (2008). Etiology and management of aflatoxin contamination. In J. F. Leslie (Ed.), Mycotoxins: Detection Methods, Management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade (pp. 287-300). USA: CABI.
  • Creppy, E. E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters, 127(1), 19-28.
  • Çelik, T. H., Sarimehmetoglu, B., & Kuplulu, O. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurised milk. Veterinarski Arhiv, 75(1), 57-65.
  • Denning, D. W., Allen, R., Wilkinson, A. P., & Morgan, M. R. (1990). Transplacental transfer of aflatoxin in humans. Carcinogenesis, 11(6), 1033-1035.
  • Deveci, O., & Sezgin, E. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 levels of skim milk powders produced in Turkey. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 13(2), 139-142.
  • Duarte, S. C., Pena, A., & Lino, C. M. (2011). Human ochratoxin A biomarkers-from exposure to effect. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41(3), 187-212.
  • Egmond, H. P., & Jonker, M. A. (2003). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Mycotoxin regulations in 2003 and current developments. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5499e/y5499e07.htm#bm07
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), (2004). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-y5499e.pdf
  • Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) (Temmuz 2013). Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and AflatoxinB1inFeeds(RaporNo:526).Retrievedfrom http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/nm_toxins/aflatoxin_m1_b1_fs526.pdf
  • Galvano, F., Galofaro, V., & Galvano, G. (1996). Occurrence and stability of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a worldwide review. Journal of Food Protection, 59(10), 1079-1090.
  • Henry, S. H., Bosch, F. X., Troxell, T. C., & Bolger, P. M. (1999). Reducing Liver Cancer, Global Control of Aflatoxin. Science, 286(5449), 2453-2454.
  • Hussein, H. S., & Brasel, J. M. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2), 101-134.
  • Iqbal, S. Z., Asi, M. R., & Ariño, A. (2013). Aflatoxins. In S. Maloy & K. Hughes (Eds.), Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (2 ed., pp. 43–47). USA: Institute of Molecular Scieces.
  • Jamali, M., Ebrahimi, M.-A., Karimipour, M., Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M., Dinparast-Djadid, N., Kalantari, S., Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. (2012). An insight into the distribution, genetic diversity, and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus section Flavi in soils of pistachio orchards. Folia Microbiologica, 57(1), 27-36. doi:10.1007/s12223-011-0090-5
  • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (t.y.). Risk analysis of mycotoxins by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2100t/x2100t04.htm
  • Kalantari, H., & Kalantari, G. (2007). Evaluation Of Aflatoxins Contamination In Baby Food Supplements (Mamana & Ghoncheh). Jundushapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 6(1), 42-50.
  • Kamkar, A. (2008). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in UHT milk sample by ELISA. J Vet Res, 63(2), 7-12.
  • Kamkar, A., Fallah, A. A., & Mozaffari Nejad, A. S. (2014). The review of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and dairy products produced in Iran. Toxin Reviews, 33(4), 160-168.
  • Kamkar, A., Khaniki, G. R. J., & Alavi, S. (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 8(2), 133-140.
  • Khlangwiset, P., Shephard, G. S., & Wu, F. (2011). Aflatoxins and growth impairment: a review. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41(9), 740-755.
  • Lewis, L., Onsongo, M., Njapau, H., Schurz-Rogers, H., Luber, G., Kieszak, S., Misore, A. (2005). Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1763-1767.
  • Lizárraga-Paulín, E. G., Miranda-Castro, S. P., Moreno-Martínez, E., Torres-Pacheco, I., & Lara-Sagahón, A. V. (2013). Novel Methods for Preventing and Controlling Aflatoxins in Food: A Worldwide Daily Challenge. Aflatoxins-Recent Advances And Future Prospects, 93.
  • Mangipudy, R. S., & Mehendale, H. M. (2005). Aflatoxin. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (2 ed., pp. 54-55). USA: Academic Press.
  • Moon, E., Rhee, D., & Pyo, S. (1999). Inhibition of various functions in murine peritoneal macrophages by aflatoxin B1 exposure in vivo. International journal of immunopharmacology, 21(1), 47-58.
  • Mulunda, M., Bakunzi, F., Motsei, L., Ngoma, L., & Nyirenda, M. (2013). A Decade of Aflatoxin M1 Surveillance in Milk and Dairy Products in Developing Countries (2001-2011): A Review. In H. A. Makun (Ed.), Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries (pp. 39-60). Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
  • Neal, G., Eaton, D., Judah, D., & Verma, A. (1998). Metabolism and Toxicity of Aflatoxins M 1 and B 1 in Human-Derivedin VitroSystems. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 151(1), 152-158.
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Berna Madalı

Aylin Ayaz

Publication Date July 2, 2017
Submission Date March 7, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Madalı, B., & Ayaz, A. (2017). Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products: Exposure and Health Risks. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 4(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.296196

Cited By

Açık ve Ambalajlı Dondurmalarda Aflatoksin M1 Varlığının Araştırılması
Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.51754/cusbed.1326151