Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Öz-Bilinç Duygularının Kamu Spotu Duyurularına Entegrasyonu: Suçluluk ve Utanç Sağlayan Stratejilere Dayalı Mesaj Çerçevelemenin Davranış Değişikliği Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 422 - 441, 27.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1361088

Abstract

Toplumsal konulara ilişkin kamu spotu duyuruları (PSA), tutum ve davranış değişikliğini oluşturarak toplumsal sorunlara dikkat çekmeyi amaçlayan önemli ikna araçları haline gelmiştir. Mevcut araştırmalar, farklı türden duygusal deneyimlerle bağlantılı olan mesaj çerçevelemenin, bireylerin algısını değiştirmede farklı roller oynadığını göstermiştir. Özellikle korku uyandıran yöntemler ve bunların etkin bir şekilde kullanımı bu alandaki bilimsel çalışmaların ana odağını oluşturmuştur. Bununla birlikte, bir araştırma dizisi ise korkunun yanı sıra, diğer duygu türlerinin de bazı ikna tekniklerinin mesaj çerçeveleme yöntemi yoluyla davranış değişikliklerinde önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu son gelişmeleri takiben, bu makalede, mesaj çerçeveleme yönteminin (davranış odaklı veya benlik odaklı) farklı öz-bilinç duygularının (yani suçluluk ve utanç) farklı şekillerde kullanılarak davranış değişiklik niyeti ortaya çıkarıldığı öne sürülmüştür. Önerilen modelin temel varsayımı, ikna stratejilerine dayanan mesaj çerçeveleme tekniği kullanılarak mesajlardaki suçluluk uyandıran uyarıcıların bastırmayı ortadan kaldırması sonucu davranış değişikliği niyetine yol açtığını, mesaj çerçeveleme tekniği ile utanç uyandıran uyarıcıların ise bastırmanın etkinleştirilmesi sonucu davranış değişiklik niyetinin engellendiği yönündedir. Ayrıca bu varsayıma paralel olarak, mesaj çerçeveleme tekniği ile oluşturulan suçluluk ve utanç uyandıran uyarıcıların belirli bir toplumdaki etkinliği yerleşik kültürel yönelime göre değiştiğini öne süren alternatif bir model önerilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili önerilen model geliştirme sürecindeki bu çalışmada, suçluluk ve utanç uyandırmaya dayalı mesaj çerçevelemenin bazı örnekleri belirtilmiş ve çalışmanın sınırlılıkları ifade edilmiştir.

References

  • Abell, E. & Gecas, V. (1997). Guilt, shame and family socialization: A retrospective study. Journal of Family Issues, 18(2), 99-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513970180020
  • Ad Council. (n.d.). The story of Ad Council, Retrieved May 21, 2022, from http://www.adcouncil.org/About-Us/The-Story-of-the-Ad-Council
  • Aytekin, H. (2016). Görsel-işitsel medyada sağlık, güvenlik halleri: Tartışılması gereken bir alan olarak kamu spotu. Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi, 9(3), 249-275.
  • Babcock, M. K. & Sabini, J. (1990). On differentiating embarrassment from shame. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20(2), 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420200206
  • Bator, R. & Cialdini, R. (2000).The Application of persuasion theory to the development of effective pro-environmental public service announcements. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 527-542.
  • Bayraktaroğlu, G. & İlter, B. (2007). Sosyal pazarlama: Engeller ve öneriler. Ege Akademik Bakış, 7(1), 117-132.
  • Becerikli, S. Y. (2012). Sağlık iletişimi çalışmalarında alımlama analizinin kullanımı: Odak grup çalışması yoluyla kamu kampanyaları ve reklam metinlerine ilişkin çapraz bir okuma pratiği. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (43), 163-177.
  • Bedford, O. A. (2004). The individual experience of guilt and shame in Chinese culture. Culture & Psychology, 10(1), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X0404092
  • Bedford, O. A. & Hwang, K. K. (2003). Guilt and shame in Chinese culture: A cross‐cultural framework from the perspective of morality and identity. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00210
  • Benedict, R. (1947). The chrysanthemum and the sword. Secker and Warburg. Bilis, A. E. (2014, 12-15 May). Kamu hizmetleri yayıncılığının yeni eğilimi: Kamu spotları üzerine bir inceleme [Bildiri sunumu]. 1. Uluslararası İletişim Bilimi ve Medya Araştırmaları Kongresi, Kocaeli, Türkiye. https://www.academia.edu/38595512
  • Borzekowski, D. L. & Poussaint, A. F. (1999). Public service announcement perceptions: A quantitative examination of anti-violence messages. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 17(3), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00075-6
  • Chang, C. T. (2007). Health-care product advertising: The influences of message framing and perceived product characteristics. Psychology & Marketing, 24(2), 143‒169. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20156
  • Collins, K. & Dockwray, R. (2015). Sonic proxemics and the art of persuasion: An analytical framework. Leonardo Music Journal, 25, 53-56. https://doi.org/10.1162/LMJ_a_00935
  • Creighton, M. R. (1990). Revisiting shame and guilt cultures: A forty‐year Pilgrimage. Ethos, 18(3), 279-307. https://www.jstor.org/stable/640338
  • Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L. & Johnson, M. K. (2005). Neural correlates of evaluation associated with promotion and prevention regulatory focus. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5(2), 202-211. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.5.2.202
  • Cury, I. (2011). Directing and producing for television: A format approach (4th ed.). Odak Basın. De Rivera, J. (1984). The structure of emotional relationships. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 116-145.
  • Dillard, J. P. & Peck, E. (2000). Affect and persuasion: Emotional responses to public service announcements. Communication Research, 27(4), 461-495. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365000027004
  • Dougall, E. K. (2006). Tracking organization-public relationships over time: A framework for longitudinal research. Public Relations Review, 32(2), 174-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.02.012
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1986). A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. Motivation and emotion, 10, 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992253
  • Ellsworth, P. C. & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective science (pp. 572-595). Oxford Press.
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • Erdoğan, İ. & Alemdar, K. (2010). Öteki kuram: Kitle iletişim kuram ve araştirmalarının tarihsel ve eleştirel bir değerlendirmesi (3. baskı). Pozitif Matbaacılık.
  • Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H. & Damhuis, I. (1991). Children’s understanding of guilt and shame. Child Development, 62(4), 827-839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01572.x
  • Folz, J., Fiacchino, D., Nikolić, M., van Steenbergen, H. & Kret, M. E. (2022). Reading your emotions in my physiology? Reliable emotion interpretations in absence of a robust physiological resonance. Affective Science, 3(2), 480-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00083-5
  • Fontaine, J. R. J., Scherer, K. R., Roesc, E. B. & Ellsworth, P. C. (2007). The world of emotions is not two-dimensional. Psychological Science. 18(12), 1050-1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02024.x
  • Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion, cognitive structure and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1(2), 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408043
  • Gençoğlu, P., Bağlitaş, H. H. & Kuşkaya, S. (2017). Sosyal pazarlama aracı olarak kamu spotlarının birey davranışları üzerindeki etkileri: Parametrik olmayan istatistiksel bir analiz. Journal of International Social Research, 10(48), 622-629.
  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
  • Grunig, J. E., Grunig, L. A. & Dozier, D. M. (2006). The excellence theory. In C. Botan, V. Hazleton (Eds.), Public Relations Theory II (pp. 19-54). Routledge.
  • Güllülü, U. & Türk, B. (2015). Kamu spotlarının sigara bırakma/azaltma niyeti üzerine etkileri. Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(16), 23-41. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ppad/issue/61005/906057
  • Hastings, G., Stead, M. & Webb, J. (2004). Fear appeals in social marketing: Strategic and ethical reasons for concern. Psychology & marketing, 21(11), 961-986. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20043
  • Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
  • Higgins, E. T., Shah, J. & Friedman, R. (1997). Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 515-525. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.515
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Sage.
  • Hultberg, P. (1988). Shame-a hidden emotion. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 33(2), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1988.00109.x
  • Iyengar, S. (1994). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. University of Chicago Press.
  • Janssens, W. & De Pelsmacker, P. (2007). Fear appeal in traffic safety advertising: The moderating role of medium context, trait anxiety and differences between drivers and non-drivers. Psychologica Belgica, 47(3), 173-193. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-47-3-173
  • Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (2013).Choices, values and frames. In L. C. Maclean & W. T. Ziemba (Eds.), Handbook of the fundamentals of financial decision making: Part II, (pp. 269-278). World Scientific.
  • Keltner, D. (1996). Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame and guilt: A Study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 10(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999396380312
  • Kırık, A. M. (2012). İngiltere’de Kamu hizmeti yayıncılığı ve toplumsal farkındalık çerçevesinde BBC’nin tarihsel analizi. IIB Internetional Refereed Academic Social Sciences Journal, 3(5),60-71.
  • Klimes-Dougan, B. & Lee, C. Y. S. (2010). Suicide prevention public service announcements. Crises. 31(5), 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000032
  • Kluckhohm, C. (1960). The moral order in the expanding society. In C. Kraeling & R. Adams (Eds.), City invincible. University of Chicago Press.
  • Koenig, A. M., Cesario, J., Molden, D. C., Kosloff, S. & Higgins, E. T. (2009). Incidental experiences of regulatory fit and the processing of persuasive appeals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(10), 1342-1355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209339076
  • LaMay, C. (2002). Public service advertising, broadcasters and the public interest: Regulatory background and the digital future. Shouting to be heard: Public service advertising in a new media age. Menlo Press.
  • Lannon, J. (2008). How public service advertising works. World Advertising Research Center.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin, (Ed.), Handbook of personality: theory and research (pp. 609-637). Oxford University Press.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Hope: An emotion and a vital coping resource against despair. Social Research, 66(2), 653-678. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971343
  • Lee, A. Y. & Aaker, J. L. (2004). Bringing the frame into focus: The influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 205-218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.205
  • Levine, J. M., Higgins, E. T. & Choi, H.S. (2000). Development of strategic norms in groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2889
  • Lewis, M. (1997). The self in self‐conscious emotions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 818(1), 119-142. Lindsay-Hartz, J. (1984). Contrasting experiences of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist, 27(6), 689-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276484027006003
  • Lutwak, N., Panish, J. B., Ferrari, J. R. & Razzino, B. E. (2001). Shame and guilt and their relationship to positive expectations and anger expressiveness. Adolescence, 36(144), 641-653.
  • Lutwak, N., Razzino, B. E. & Ferrari, J. R. (1998). Self-perception and moral affect: An exploratory analysis of subcultural diversity in guilt and shame emotions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(2), 333–348.
  • Meyerowitz, B. E. & Chaiken, S. (1987). The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 500-510. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.500
  • Morrison, A. P. (1983). Shame, ideal self and narcissism. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 19(2), 295-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.1983.10746610
  • Nan, X. (2009). Emotional responses to televised PSAs and their influence on persuasion: An investigation of the moderating role of faith in intuition. Communication Studies, 60(5), 426-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970903260236
  • Nelson, T. E., Oxley, Z. M. & Clawson, R. A. (1997). Toward a psychology of framing effects. Political Behavior, 19(3), 221-246.
  • Niedenthal, P. M., Halberstadt, J. B., Margolin, J. & Innes‐Ker, Å. H. (2000). Emotional state and the detection of change in facial expression of emotion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(2), 211-222. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200003/04)30:2%3C211::AID-EJSP988%3E3.0.CO;2-3
  • Niedenthal, P. M., Tangney, J. P. & Gavanski, I. (1994). "If only I weren't" versus "if only I hadn't": Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 585-595. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.585
  • O'Keefe, G. J. & Reid, K. (1990). The uses and effects of public service advertising. Journal of Public Relations Research, 2(1-4), 67-91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr0201-4_3
  • Pham, M. T. & Higgins, E. T. (2005). Promotion and prevention in consumer decision-making: The state of the art and theoretical propositions. In S. Ratneshwar, D. G. Mick (Eds), Inside consumption (pp. 30-65). Routledge.
  • Rhodes, N. (2017). Fear-appeal messages: Message processing and affective attitudes. Communication Research, 44(7), 952-975. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502145565916
  • Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5. 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1113
  • Roseman, I. J. & Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, (pp. 3-20). Oxford: University Press. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp053104a
  • Radio and Television Supreme Council. (n.d.). Kamu spotları yönergesi. 21 Mayıs 2022’de https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/kamu-spotlari/5029/3985/kamu-spotlari-yonergesi.html adresinden alındı.
  • Sabini, J. & Silver, M. (1997). In defense of shame: Shame in the context of guilt and embarrassment. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00023.
  • Scheff, T. J. (1988). Shame and conformity: The deference-emotion system. American Sociological Review, 53(3), 395-406. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095647
  • Scherer, K. R. (1982). Emotion as a process: Function, origin, and regulation. Social Science Information, 21(4/5), 555-570. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901882021004004
  • Scheufele, B. (2004). Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique. Communications, 29(4), 401-428. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2004.29.4.401
  • Scheufele, D. A. & Tewksbury, D. (2006). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00326.x
  • Smith, R. H., Webster, J. M., Parrott, W. G. & Eyre, H. L. (2002). The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 138–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.138
  • Tangney, J. P. (1994). The mixed legacy of the superego: Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of shame and guilt. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical perspectives on object relations theory (pp. 1–28). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11100-001
  • Tangney, J. P. (1998). How does guilt differ from shame?. In J. Bybee (Ed.), Guilt and children (pp. 1-17). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012148610-5/50002-3
  • Tangney, J. P. (2002). Self-conscious emotions: The self as a moral guide. In A. Tsser, D. A. Stapel & J. V. Wood (Eds.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives (pp. 97-117). https://doi.org/10.1037/10448-004
  • Tangney, J. P. & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Emotions and social behavior. Shame and guilt. Guilford press.
  • Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J. & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/56.091103.070145
  • Tankard, J. W. (2001).The empirical approach to the study of media framing. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, A. E. Grant, (Eds.), Framing public life perspective on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 111-121). Routledge.
  • Tewksbury, D. & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Special issue on framing, agenda setting and priming: Agendas for theory and research. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00337.x
  • Tracy, J. L. & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry. 15(2), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01
  • Triandis, H. (1988). Collectivism v. individualism: A reconceptualization of a basic concept in cross-cultural social psychology. In G. K. Verma & C. Bagley, (Eds.), Cross-cultural studies of personality, attitudes and cognition (pp. 60-95). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08120-2_3
  • Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683
  • Valkenburg, P. M., Semetko, H. A. & De Vreese, C. H. (1999).The effects of news frames on readers' thoughts and recall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-569. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026005002
  • Weiner, B. (1986). Attribution, emotion and action. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. Tewksbury, D. & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Special issue on framing, agenda setting & priming: Agendas for theory and research. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 8 Tewksbury, D. & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Special issue on framing, agenda setting & priming: Agendas for theory and research. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 8281-312). Guilford Press.
  • Wharton, B. (1990). The hidden face of shame: The shadow, shame and separation. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 35(3), 279-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1990.00279.x
  • Wicker, F. W., Payne, G. C. & Morgan, R. D. (1983). Participant descriptions of guilt and shame. Motivation and Emotion, 7(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992963
  • Yaman D. & Göçkan İ. (2015). Kamu spotu reklamlarının sigara kullanıcıları üzerindeki etkisi: Afyonkarahisar ilinde bir uygulama. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(11), 53-65.
  • Yıldız, Ö. E. & Denençli, C. (2011). Sosyal sorumluluk kampanyalarının ikna sürecinde sosyal içerikli reklamların kullanımı: Bir çözümleme örneği. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 96-110. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yalovasosbil/issue/21785/615296

An Integration of Self-Conscious Emotion into Public Service Announcement: The Effect of Framing Messages Based on Guilt and Shame-Inducing Strategies on the Intention of Behavior Change

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 422 - 441, 27.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1361088

Abstract

PSAs (Public service announcements) about social issues have become important tools of persuasion that aimed to direct the public regarding attention to those problems that intended to bring attitude and behavior change. Prevailing studies indicated that message framing that links to a different type of emotional experiences has played different roles in changing the perception of individuals.Specifically, fear appeal-inducing techniques and their effectiveness were the main focus of scientific studies in the area. However, a new line of research indicated that, besides fear, other types of emotions might be important for effective message framing that can bring changes through some forms of persuasion. Following this new development, in this paper, it was proposed that the way the message is framed (either behavior-focused or self-focused) elicits different self-conscious emotions (i.e., guilt and shame) that will differently affect intention for behavior change. The core assumption of the proposed model is that messages framed based on guilt-inducing strategies may lead to intention for behavior change due to the absence of suppression, while messages framed on shame-inducing techniques suppress behavioral change due to the activation of suppression. In line with his, an alternative model was proposed which posits that the potential effectiveness of framing messages based on guilt and shame-inducing techniques varies with respect to a cultural orientation that persists in a given society. In the course of enhancing the proposed model, the paper attempts to draw some examples of message framing based on guilt and shame-inducing and concludes with limitation inherent in the current model.

References

  • Abell, E. & Gecas, V. (1997). Guilt, shame and family socialization: A retrospective study. Journal of Family Issues, 18(2), 99-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513970180020
  • Ad Council. (n.d.). The story of Ad Council, Retrieved May 21, 2022, from http://www.adcouncil.org/About-Us/The-Story-of-the-Ad-Council
  • Aytekin, H. (2016). Görsel-işitsel medyada sağlık, güvenlik halleri: Tartışılması gereken bir alan olarak kamu spotu. Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi, 9(3), 249-275.
  • Babcock, M. K. & Sabini, J. (1990). On differentiating embarrassment from shame. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20(2), 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420200206
  • Bator, R. & Cialdini, R. (2000).The Application of persuasion theory to the development of effective pro-environmental public service announcements. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 527-542.
  • Bayraktaroğlu, G. & İlter, B. (2007). Sosyal pazarlama: Engeller ve öneriler. Ege Akademik Bakış, 7(1), 117-132.
  • Becerikli, S. Y. (2012). Sağlık iletişimi çalışmalarında alımlama analizinin kullanımı: Odak grup çalışması yoluyla kamu kampanyaları ve reklam metinlerine ilişkin çapraz bir okuma pratiği. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (43), 163-177.
  • Bedford, O. A. (2004). The individual experience of guilt and shame in Chinese culture. Culture & Psychology, 10(1), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X0404092
  • Bedford, O. A. & Hwang, K. K. (2003). Guilt and shame in Chinese culture: A cross‐cultural framework from the perspective of morality and identity. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00210
  • Benedict, R. (1947). The chrysanthemum and the sword. Secker and Warburg. Bilis, A. E. (2014, 12-15 May). Kamu hizmetleri yayıncılığının yeni eğilimi: Kamu spotları üzerine bir inceleme [Bildiri sunumu]. 1. Uluslararası İletişim Bilimi ve Medya Araştırmaları Kongresi, Kocaeli, Türkiye. https://www.academia.edu/38595512
  • Borzekowski, D. L. & Poussaint, A. F. (1999). Public service announcement perceptions: A quantitative examination of anti-violence messages. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 17(3), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00075-6
  • Chang, C. T. (2007). Health-care product advertising: The influences of message framing and perceived product characteristics. Psychology & Marketing, 24(2), 143‒169. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20156
  • Collins, K. & Dockwray, R. (2015). Sonic proxemics and the art of persuasion: An analytical framework. Leonardo Music Journal, 25, 53-56. https://doi.org/10.1162/LMJ_a_00935
  • Creighton, M. R. (1990). Revisiting shame and guilt cultures: A forty‐year Pilgrimage. Ethos, 18(3), 279-307. https://www.jstor.org/stable/640338
  • Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L. & Johnson, M. K. (2005). Neural correlates of evaluation associated with promotion and prevention regulatory focus. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5(2), 202-211. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.5.2.202
  • Cury, I. (2011). Directing and producing for television: A format approach (4th ed.). Odak Basın. De Rivera, J. (1984). The structure of emotional relationships. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 116-145.
  • Dillard, J. P. & Peck, E. (2000). Affect and persuasion: Emotional responses to public service announcements. Communication Research, 27(4), 461-495. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365000027004
  • Dougall, E. K. (2006). Tracking organization-public relationships over time: A framework for longitudinal research. Public Relations Review, 32(2), 174-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.02.012
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1986). A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. Motivation and emotion, 10, 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992253
  • Ellsworth, P. C. & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective science (pp. 572-595). Oxford Press.
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • Erdoğan, İ. & Alemdar, K. (2010). Öteki kuram: Kitle iletişim kuram ve araştirmalarının tarihsel ve eleştirel bir değerlendirmesi (3. baskı). Pozitif Matbaacılık.
  • Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H. & Damhuis, I. (1991). Children’s understanding of guilt and shame. Child Development, 62(4), 827-839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01572.x
  • Folz, J., Fiacchino, D., Nikolić, M., van Steenbergen, H. & Kret, M. E. (2022). Reading your emotions in my physiology? Reliable emotion interpretations in absence of a robust physiological resonance. Affective Science, 3(2), 480-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00083-5
  • Fontaine, J. R. J., Scherer, K. R., Roesc, E. B. & Ellsworth, P. C. (2007). The world of emotions is not two-dimensional. Psychological Science. 18(12), 1050-1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02024.x
  • Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion, cognitive structure and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1(2), 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408043
  • Gençoğlu, P., Bağlitaş, H. H. & Kuşkaya, S. (2017). Sosyal pazarlama aracı olarak kamu spotlarının birey davranışları üzerindeki etkileri: Parametrik olmayan istatistiksel bir analiz. Journal of International Social Research, 10(48), 622-629.
  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
  • Grunig, J. E., Grunig, L. A. & Dozier, D. M. (2006). The excellence theory. In C. Botan, V. Hazleton (Eds.), Public Relations Theory II (pp. 19-54). Routledge.
  • Güllülü, U. & Türk, B. (2015). Kamu spotlarının sigara bırakma/azaltma niyeti üzerine etkileri. Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(16), 23-41. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ppad/issue/61005/906057
  • Hastings, G., Stead, M. & Webb, J. (2004). Fear appeals in social marketing: Strategic and ethical reasons for concern. Psychology & marketing, 21(11), 961-986. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20043
  • Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
  • Higgins, E. T., Shah, J. & Friedman, R. (1997). Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 515-525. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.515
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Sage.
  • Hultberg, P. (1988). Shame-a hidden emotion. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 33(2), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1988.00109.x
  • Iyengar, S. (1994). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. University of Chicago Press.
  • Janssens, W. & De Pelsmacker, P. (2007). Fear appeal in traffic safety advertising: The moderating role of medium context, trait anxiety and differences between drivers and non-drivers. Psychologica Belgica, 47(3), 173-193. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-47-3-173
  • Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (2013).Choices, values and frames. In L. C. Maclean & W. T. Ziemba (Eds.), Handbook of the fundamentals of financial decision making: Part II, (pp. 269-278). World Scientific.
  • Keltner, D. (1996). Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame and guilt: A Study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 10(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999396380312
  • Kırık, A. M. (2012). İngiltere’de Kamu hizmeti yayıncılığı ve toplumsal farkındalık çerçevesinde BBC’nin tarihsel analizi. IIB Internetional Refereed Academic Social Sciences Journal, 3(5),60-71.
  • Klimes-Dougan, B. & Lee, C. Y. S. (2010). Suicide prevention public service announcements. Crises. 31(5), 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000032
  • Kluckhohm, C. (1960). The moral order in the expanding society. In C. Kraeling & R. Adams (Eds.), City invincible. University of Chicago Press.
  • Koenig, A. M., Cesario, J., Molden, D. C., Kosloff, S. & Higgins, E. T. (2009). Incidental experiences of regulatory fit and the processing of persuasive appeals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(10), 1342-1355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209339076
  • LaMay, C. (2002). Public service advertising, broadcasters and the public interest: Regulatory background and the digital future. Shouting to be heard: Public service advertising in a new media age. Menlo Press.
  • Lannon, J. (2008). How public service advertising works. World Advertising Research Center.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin, (Ed.), Handbook of personality: theory and research (pp. 609-637). Oxford University Press.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Hope: An emotion and a vital coping resource against despair. Social Research, 66(2), 653-678. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971343
  • Lee, A. Y. & Aaker, J. L. (2004). Bringing the frame into focus: The influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 205-218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.205
  • Levine, J. M., Higgins, E. T. & Choi, H.S. (2000). Development of strategic norms in groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2889
  • Lewis, M. (1997). The self in self‐conscious emotions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 818(1), 119-142. Lindsay-Hartz, J. (1984). Contrasting experiences of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist, 27(6), 689-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276484027006003
  • Lutwak, N., Panish, J. B., Ferrari, J. R. & Razzino, B. E. (2001). Shame and guilt and their relationship to positive expectations and anger expressiveness. Adolescence, 36(144), 641-653.
  • Lutwak, N., Razzino, B. E. & Ferrari, J. R. (1998). Self-perception and moral affect: An exploratory analysis of subcultural diversity in guilt and shame emotions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(2), 333–348.
  • Meyerowitz, B. E. & Chaiken, S. (1987). The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 500-510. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.500
  • Morrison, A. P. (1983). Shame, ideal self and narcissism. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 19(2), 295-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.1983.10746610
  • Nan, X. (2009). Emotional responses to televised PSAs and their influence on persuasion: An investigation of the moderating role of faith in intuition. Communication Studies, 60(5), 426-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970903260236
  • Nelson, T. E., Oxley, Z. M. & Clawson, R. A. (1997). Toward a psychology of framing effects. Political Behavior, 19(3), 221-246.
  • Niedenthal, P. M., Halberstadt, J. B., Margolin, J. & Innes‐Ker, Å. H. (2000). Emotional state and the detection of change in facial expression of emotion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(2), 211-222. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200003/04)30:2%3C211::AID-EJSP988%3E3.0.CO;2-3
  • Niedenthal, P. M., Tangney, J. P. & Gavanski, I. (1994). "If only I weren't" versus "if only I hadn't": Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 585-595. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.585
  • O'Keefe, G. J. & Reid, K. (1990). The uses and effects of public service advertising. Journal of Public Relations Research, 2(1-4), 67-91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr0201-4_3
  • Pham, M. T. & Higgins, E. T. (2005). Promotion and prevention in consumer decision-making: The state of the art and theoretical propositions. In S. Ratneshwar, D. G. Mick (Eds), Inside consumption (pp. 30-65). Routledge.
  • Rhodes, N. (2017). Fear-appeal messages: Message processing and affective attitudes. Communication Research, 44(7), 952-975. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502145565916
  • Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5. 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1113
  • Roseman, I. J. & Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, (pp. 3-20). Oxford: University Press. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp053104a
  • Radio and Television Supreme Council. (n.d.). Kamu spotları yönergesi. 21 Mayıs 2022’de https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/kamu-spotlari/5029/3985/kamu-spotlari-yonergesi.html adresinden alındı.
  • Sabini, J. & Silver, M. (1997). In defense of shame: Shame in the context of guilt and embarrassment. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00023.
  • Scheff, T. J. (1988). Shame and conformity: The deference-emotion system. American Sociological Review, 53(3), 395-406. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095647
  • Scherer, K. R. (1982). Emotion as a process: Function, origin, and regulation. Social Science Information, 21(4/5), 555-570. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901882021004004
  • Scheufele, B. (2004). Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique. Communications, 29(4), 401-428. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2004.29.4.401
  • Scheufele, D. A. & Tewksbury, D. (2006). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00326.x
  • Smith, R. H., Webster, J. M., Parrott, W. G. & Eyre, H. L. (2002). The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 138–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.138
  • Tangney, J. P. (1994). The mixed legacy of the superego: Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of shame and guilt. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical perspectives on object relations theory (pp. 1–28). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11100-001
  • Tangney, J. P. (1998). How does guilt differ from shame?. In J. Bybee (Ed.), Guilt and children (pp. 1-17). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012148610-5/50002-3
  • Tangney, J. P. (2002). Self-conscious emotions: The self as a moral guide. In A. Tsser, D. A. Stapel & J. V. Wood (Eds.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives (pp. 97-117). https://doi.org/10.1037/10448-004
  • Tangney, J. P. & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Emotions and social behavior. Shame and guilt. Guilford press.
  • Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J. & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/56.091103.070145
  • Tankard, J. W. (2001).The empirical approach to the study of media framing. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, A. E. Grant, (Eds.), Framing public life perspective on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 111-121). Routledge.
  • Tewksbury, D. & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Special issue on framing, agenda setting and priming: Agendas for theory and research. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00337.x
  • Tracy, J. L. & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry. 15(2), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01
  • Triandis, H. (1988). Collectivism v. individualism: A reconceptualization of a basic concept in cross-cultural social psychology. In G. K. Verma & C. Bagley, (Eds.), Cross-cultural studies of personality, attitudes and cognition (pp. 60-95). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08120-2_3
  • Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683
  • Valkenburg, P. M., Semetko, H. A. & De Vreese, C. H. (1999).The effects of news frames on readers' thoughts and recall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-569. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026005002
  • Weiner, B. (1986). Attribution, emotion and action. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. Tewksbury, D. & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Special issue on framing, agenda setting & priming: Agendas for theory and research. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 8 Tewksbury, D. & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Special issue on framing, agenda setting & priming: Agendas for theory and research. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 8281-312). Guilford Press.
  • Wharton, B. (1990). The hidden face of shame: The shadow, shame and separation. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 35(3), 279-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1990.00279.x
  • Wicker, F. W., Payne, G. C. & Morgan, R. D. (1983). Participant descriptions of guilt and shame. Motivation and Emotion, 7(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992963
  • Yaman D. & Göçkan İ. (2015). Kamu spotu reklamlarının sigara kullanıcıları üzerindeki etkisi: Afyonkarahisar ilinde bir uygulama. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(11), 53-65.
  • Yıldız, Ö. E. & Denençli, C. (2011). Sosyal sorumluluk kampanyalarının ikna sürecinde sosyal içerikli reklamların kullanımı: Bir çözümleme örneği. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 96-110. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yalovasosbil/issue/21785/615296
There are 86 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Language Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Temel 0000-0002-6336-7091

Publication Date October 27, 2023
Submission Date September 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Temel, A. (2023). An Integration of Self-Conscious Emotion into Public Service Announcement: The Effect of Framing Messages Based on Guilt and Shame-Inducing Strategies on the Intention of Behavior Change. Mavi Atlas, 11(2), 422-441. https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1361088

e-ISSN: 2148-5232