Research Article
Kırmızı hevhulma (Lythrum salicaria l.) bitkisinin toplam fenolik bileşik tayini ile antioksidan ve antimikrobiyel aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi
Abstract
Kırmızı (Tıbbi) hevhulma olarak bilinen Lythrum salicaria L. ishal, kronik bağırsak nezlesi, diş eti kanamaları, hemoroid ve egzama tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Lythrum salicaria L.'nin (Lythraceae) kurutulmuş çiçek-yaprak ve sap kısımları, sırasıyla etil alkol (%80 v/v) ve asetik asit-su (1.5:98.5 v/v) gibi farklı çözücüler ile ekstrakte edilmiştir. Tüm ekstraktların toplam fenolik madde miktarları tespit edilerek antimikrobiyel ve antioksidan aktiviteleri in vitro yöntemler kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, toplam fenolik madde miktarını belirlemede uygulanan Folin-Ciocalteu yöntemi sonucunda, en yüksek toplam fenolik bileşik miktarı kırmızı hevhulmanın çiçek-yaprak kısmınınasetik asit-su ekstraksiyonunda olduğu saptanmış ve 5.916 ±0.335 mg Gallik Asit Eşdeğeri (GAE)/g olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Serbest radikal süpürücü aktivite (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil, DPPH•) analizi sonucunda, bitkinin çiçek-yaprak kısmının asetik asit-su ekstraksiyonunda, en yüksek radikal süpürme değeri olarak 10.697±0.155 mM Troloks eşdeğeri (TE)/g Kuru Madde (KM) bulunmuş ve ekstrakt konsantrasyonu arttıkça DPPH inhibisyonunun arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Disk difüzyon metoduyla yapılan antimikrobiyel aktivite sonuçlarına göre, tüm ekstraktlar kıyaslandığında, bitkinin çiçek-yaprak kısmının etil alkol ile elde edilmiş ektraktı ile en yüksek antimikrobiyel etkinin 25.33±0.57 mm zon çapı ile Proteus vulgaris’a karşı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
References
- Ali-Shtayeh, M.S., Yaghmour, R. M.R., Faidi, Y. R., Salem, K. and Al-Nuri, M.A. (1998). Antimicrobial activity of 20 plants used in folkloric medicine in the Palestinian area. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60(3), 265-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00153-0
- Altanlar, N., Saltan Çitoğlu, G. and Yılmaz, B.S. (2006). Antilisterial activity of some plants used in folk medicine. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44(2), 91-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200600591907
- Becker, H., Scher, J.M., Speakman, J.B. and Zapp, J. (2005). Bioactivity guided isolation of antimicrobial compounds from Lythrum salicaria . Fitoterapia, 76(6), 580-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.04.011
- Borchardt, J.R., Wyse, D.L., Sheaffer, C.C., Kauppi, K.L., Fulcher, R.G., Ehlke, N.J., Biesboer, D.D. and Bey, R.F. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of native and naturalized plants of Minnesota and Wisconsin. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 2(5), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000165
- Borchardt, J.R., Wyse, D.L., Sheaffer, C.C., Kauppi, K.L., Fulcher, R.G., Ehlke, N.J., Biesboer, D.D. and Bey, R.F. (2009). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of seed from plants of the Mississippi river basin. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 3(10), 707-718. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000209
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C.L.W.T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30.
- Brun, Y., Wang, X.P., Willemot, J., Sevenet, T. and Demenge, P. (1998). Experimental study of antidiarrheal activity of Salicairine®. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, 12(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1998.tb00920.x
- Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4), 564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.4.564
- Çıtoğlu, G.S. and Altanlar, N. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of some plants used in folk medicine. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 32, 159-163.
- Çoban, T., Çitoǧlu, G.S., Sever, B. and İşcan, M. (2003). Antioxidant activities of plants used in traditional medicine in Turkey. Pharmaceutical Biology, 41(8), 608-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200390501974
- Davis, P.H. (1970). Lathyrus L. In: Davis PH (ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 3. pp. 328-369. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Dulger, B. and Gonuz, A. (2004). Antimicrobial activity of certain plants used in Turkish traditional medicine. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(1), 104-107.
- Engin, M.S., Kalkan, S. and Otağ, M.R. (2019). Gojiberry (Lycium barbarum L.) Meyvesinin Farklı Çözgenlerden Elde Edilen Ekstratlarının Toplam Fenolik İçerikleri İle Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Karşılaştırılması. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(3), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.596235 Harborne, J.B. and Williams, C.A. (2000). Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry, 55(6), 481-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00235-1
- Havsteen, B.H. (2002). The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 96(2-3), 67-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00298-X
- Humadi, S.S. and Istudor, V. (2009). Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife). Medicinal use, extraction and identification of its total phenolic compounds. Farmacia, 57(2), 192-200.
- Kahkönen, M.P., Hopia, A.I., Vuorela, H.J., Rauha, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T.S. and Heinonen, M. (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(10), 3954-3962. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990146l
- Lamela, M., Cadavid, I. and Calleja, J.M. (1986). Effects of Lythrum salicaria extracts on hyperglycemic rats and mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15(2), 153-160.
- Lamela, M., Cadavid, I., Gato, A. and Calleja, J.M. (1985). Effects of Lythrum salicaria in normoglycemic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 14(1), 83-91.
- Lee, S.E., Park, C.G., Ahn, Y.S., Son, Y.D., Cha, S.W. and Seong, N.S. (2009). Antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of Lythrum salicaria. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science, 17(1), 1-7.
- Lewis, K., and Ausubel, F.M. (2006). Prospects for plant-derived antibacterials. Nature biotechnology, 24(12), 1504-1507.
- Mantle, D., Eddeb, F. and Pickering, A.T. (2000). Comparison of relative antioxidant activities of British medicinal plant species in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(1-2), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00199-9
- Møller, C., Hansen, S.H. and Cornett, C. (2009). Characterization of tannin-containing herbal drugs by HPLC. Phytochemical Analysis, 20(3), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.1119
- Papp, N. (2004). Antimicrobial activity of extracts of five Hungarian Euphorbia species and some plant metabolites. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 46(3-4), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1556/abot.46.2004.3-4.8
- Papp, N. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of five Hungarian Euphorbia species. Revista de Fitoterapia, 5(2), 217.
- Pawlaczyk, I., Capek, P., Czerchawski, L., Bijak, J., Lewik-Tsirigotis, M., Pliszczak-Król, A. and Gancarz, R. (2011). An anticoagulant effect and chemical characterization of Lythrum salicaria L. glycoconjugates. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(1), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.048
- Piwowarski, J.P., Kiss, A.K. and Kozłowska-Wojciechowska, M. (2011). Anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase activity screening of tannin-rich plant materials used in traditional Polish medicine for external treatment of diseases with inflammatory background. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1), 937-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.039
- Rauha, J. P., Remes, S., Heinonen, M., Hopia, A., Kähkönen, M., Kujala, T., Pihlaja, K., Vuorela, H. and Vuorela, P. (2000). Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 56(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00218-X
- Rauha, J.P., Tammela, P., Summanen, J., Vuorela, P., Kähkönen, M., Heinonen, M., Hopia, A., Kujala,T., Pihlaja,K., Tornquist,K., and Vuorela, H.J. (1999). Actions of some plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds on calcium fluxes in clonal rat pituitary GH [sub 4] C [sub 1] cells. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters, 9(2), 66-69.
- Rauha, J.P., Wolfender, J.L., Salminen, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Hostettmann, K. and Vuorela, H. (2001). Characterization of the polyphenolic composition of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 56(1-2), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-1-203
- Sibanda, T. and Okoh, A.I. (2007). The challenges of overcoming antibiotic resistance: Plant extracts as potential sources of antimicrobial and resistance modifying agents. African journal of biotechnology, 6(25), 2886-2896
- Tímea, B. (2014). Comparative Histological, Phytochemical, Microbiological and Pharmacological Characterization of Some Lythrum salicaria L. Populations. Doktora Tezi, University of Pécs, Hungary.
- Tokar, M. (2007). Phytochemical analysis of purple loosestrife-Lythrum salicaria L. Herba Polonica, 53(2). 210-212 Torres, I.C. and Suarez, J.C. (1980). A preliminary study of hypoglycemic activity of Lythrum salicaria. Journal of Natural Products, 43(5), 559-563.
- Tunalıer, Z., Koşar, M., Küpeli, E., Çalış, İ. and Başer, K.H.C. (2007). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive activities and composition of Lythrum salicaria L. extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 110(3), 539-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.024
- Türe, C., Bingol, N.A. and Middleton, B.A. (2004). Characterization of the habitat of Lythrum salicaria L. in floodplain forests in western Turkey—Effects on stem height and seed production. Wetlands, 24(3), 711-716. https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0711:COTHOL]2.0.CO;2
- Türkmen, F.U., Takçı, H.A.M., Onalan, F.E.S. and Sağlam, H. (2019). Arum dioscoridis ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik, flavonoid içerikleri ile antioksidan ve antibakteriyel aktivitelerinin araştırılması. Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 4(1), 102-108.
- Uğuzlar, H. (2009). Antalya'da yetişen Areceae arum dioscorides tohumlarının antioksidan aktivitesi ve toplam fenolik madde tayini. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
- Ünal, E. (2006). Türkiye florasında doğal olarak yetişen bazı bitki türlerinin antimikrobiyel ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
- Zoral, F.B. ve Turgay, Ö. (2014). Çeşitli gıda atıklarının toplam fenolik madde içeriğinin, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyel aktivitelerinin araştırılması. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.03907
Determination of total phenolic compound, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria l.) plant
Abstract
Lythrum salicaria L. known as “Kırmızı (Tıbbi) hevhulma” in Turkish is used for its several beneficial health effects against diarrhea, chronic intestinal fever, gingival bleeding, hemorrhoids and eczema. In this study, dried herbal parts of Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) were sequentially extracted with different solvents such as ethyl alcohol and acetic acid-water, respectively. Total amount of phenolic substances of all extracts were determined and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of all the extracts were investigated using in vitro methods. Consequently, because of Folin-Ciocalteu method applied to determine the total amount of phenolic substances, the highest total amount of phenolic compounds was determined in the acetic acid-water extract of the parts of flower-leaf of plant and it was found to be 5.916± 0.335 mg Gallic Asid Eqivalent (GAE)/g. As a result of free radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl, DPPH•) analysis, 10.697 ± 0.155 mM Trolox equivalent (TE) /g Dry Matter (DM) was found in the acetic acid-water extract of the flower-leaf part of the plant and it was observed that DPPH inhibition increased as the extract concentration increased. According to the results of antimicrobial activity performed by the disk diffusion method, it was determined that the highest antimicrobial effect against the Proteus vulgaris with the ethanol extract of the flower-leaf part of the stem of the plant and the zone diameter was found as 25.33 ± 0.57 mm.
References
- Ali-Shtayeh, M.S., Yaghmour, R. M.R., Faidi, Y. R., Salem, K. and Al-Nuri, M.A. (1998). Antimicrobial activity of 20 plants used in folkloric medicine in the Palestinian area. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60(3), 265-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00153-0
- Altanlar, N., Saltan Çitoğlu, G. and Yılmaz, B.S. (2006). Antilisterial activity of some plants used in folk medicine. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44(2), 91-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200600591907
- Becker, H., Scher, J.M., Speakman, J.B. and Zapp, J. (2005). Bioactivity guided isolation of antimicrobial compounds from Lythrum salicaria . Fitoterapia, 76(6), 580-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.04.011
- Borchardt, J.R., Wyse, D.L., Sheaffer, C.C., Kauppi, K.L., Fulcher, R.G., Ehlke, N.J., Biesboer, D.D. and Bey, R.F. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of native and naturalized plants of Minnesota and Wisconsin. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 2(5), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000165
- Borchardt, J.R., Wyse, D.L., Sheaffer, C.C., Kauppi, K.L., Fulcher, R.G., Ehlke, N.J., Biesboer, D.D. and Bey, R.F. (2009). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of seed from plants of the Mississippi river basin. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 3(10), 707-718. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000209
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C.L.W.T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30.
- Brun, Y., Wang, X.P., Willemot, J., Sevenet, T. and Demenge, P. (1998). Experimental study of antidiarrheal activity of Salicairine®. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, 12(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1998.tb00920.x
- Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4), 564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.4.564
- Çıtoğlu, G.S. and Altanlar, N. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of some plants used in folk medicine. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 32, 159-163.
- Çoban, T., Çitoǧlu, G.S., Sever, B. and İşcan, M. (2003). Antioxidant activities of plants used in traditional medicine in Turkey. Pharmaceutical Biology, 41(8), 608-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200390501974
- Davis, P.H. (1970). Lathyrus L. In: Davis PH (ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 3. pp. 328-369. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Dulger, B. and Gonuz, A. (2004). Antimicrobial activity of certain plants used in Turkish traditional medicine. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(1), 104-107.
- Engin, M.S., Kalkan, S. and Otağ, M.R. (2019). Gojiberry (Lycium barbarum L.) Meyvesinin Farklı Çözgenlerden Elde Edilen Ekstratlarının Toplam Fenolik İçerikleri İle Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Karşılaştırılması. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(3), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.596235 Harborne, J.B. and Williams, C.A. (2000). Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry, 55(6), 481-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00235-1
- Havsteen, B.H. (2002). The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 96(2-3), 67-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00298-X
- Humadi, S.S. and Istudor, V. (2009). Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife). Medicinal use, extraction and identification of its total phenolic compounds. Farmacia, 57(2), 192-200.
- Kahkönen, M.P., Hopia, A.I., Vuorela, H.J., Rauha, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T.S. and Heinonen, M. (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(10), 3954-3962. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990146l
- Lamela, M., Cadavid, I. and Calleja, J.M. (1986). Effects of Lythrum salicaria extracts on hyperglycemic rats and mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15(2), 153-160.
- Lamela, M., Cadavid, I., Gato, A. and Calleja, J.M. (1985). Effects of Lythrum salicaria in normoglycemic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 14(1), 83-91.
- Lee, S.E., Park, C.G., Ahn, Y.S., Son, Y.D., Cha, S.W. and Seong, N.S. (2009). Antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of Lythrum salicaria. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science, 17(1), 1-7.
- Lewis, K., and Ausubel, F.M. (2006). Prospects for plant-derived antibacterials. Nature biotechnology, 24(12), 1504-1507.
- Mantle, D., Eddeb, F. and Pickering, A.T. (2000). Comparison of relative antioxidant activities of British medicinal plant species in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(1-2), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00199-9
- Møller, C., Hansen, S.H. and Cornett, C. (2009). Characterization of tannin-containing herbal drugs by HPLC. Phytochemical Analysis, 20(3), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.1119
- Papp, N. (2004). Antimicrobial activity of extracts of five Hungarian Euphorbia species and some plant metabolites. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 46(3-4), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1556/abot.46.2004.3-4.8
- Papp, N. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of five Hungarian Euphorbia species. Revista de Fitoterapia, 5(2), 217.
- Pawlaczyk, I., Capek, P., Czerchawski, L., Bijak, J., Lewik-Tsirigotis, M., Pliszczak-Król, A. and Gancarz, R. (2011). An anticoagulant effect and chemical characterization of Lythrum salicaria L. glycoconjugates. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(1), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.048
- Piwowarski, J.P., Kiss, A.K. and Kozłowska-Wojciechowska, M. (2011). Anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase activity screening of tannin-rich plant materials used in traditional Polish medicine for external treatment of diseases with inflammatory background. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1), 937-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.039
- Rauha, J. P., Remes, S., Heinonen, M., Hopia, A., Kähkönen, M., Kujala, T., Pihlaja, K., Vuorela, H. and Vuorela, P. (2000). Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 56(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00218-X
- Rauha, J.P., Tammela, P., Summanen, J., Vuorela, P., Kähkönen, M., Heinonen, M., Hopia, A., Kujala,T., Pihlaja,K., Tornquist,K., and Vuorela, H.J. (1999). Actions of some plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds on calcium fluxes in clonal rat pituitary GH [sub 4] C [sub 1] cells. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters, 9(2), 66-69.
- Rauha, J.P., Wolfender, J.L., Salminen, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Hostettmann, K. and Vuorela, H. (2001). Characterization of the polyphenolic composition of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 56(1-2), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-1-203
- Sibanda, T. and Okoh, A.I. (2007). The challenges of overcoming antibiotic resistance: Plant extracts as potential sources of antimicrobial and resistance modifying agents. African journal of biotechnology, 6(25), 2886-2896
- Tímea, B. (2014). Comparative Histological, Phytochemical, Microbiological and Pharmacological Characterization of Some Lythrum salicaria L. Populations. Doktora Tezi, University of Pécs, Hungary.
- Tokar, M. (2007). Phytochemical analysis of purple loosestrife-Lythrum salicaria L. Herba Polonica, 53(2). 210-212 Torres, I.C. and Suarez, J.C. (1980). A preliminary study of hypoglycemic activity of Lythrum salicaria. Journal of Natural Products, 43(5), 559-563.
- Tunalıer, Z., Koşar, M., Küpeli, E., Çalış, İ. and Başer, K.H.C. (2007). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive activities and composition of Lythrum salicaria L. extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 110(3), 539-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.024
- Türe, C., Bingol, N.A. and Middleton, B.A. (2004). Characterization of the habitat of Lythrum salicaria L. in floodplain forests in western Turkey—Effects on stem height and seed production. Wetlands, 24(3), 711-716. https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0711:COTHOL]2.0.CO;2
- Türkmen, F.U., Takçı, H.A.M., Onalan, F.E.S. and Sağlam, H. (2019). Arum dioscoridis ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik, flavonoid içerikleri ile antioksidan ve antibakteriyel aktivitelerinin araştırılması. Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 4(1), 102-108.
- Uğuzlar, H. (2009). Antalya'da yetişen Areceae arum dioscorides tohumlarının antioksidan aktivitesi ve toplam fenolik madde tayini. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
- Ünal, E. (2006). Türkiye florasında doğal olarak yetişen bazı bitki türlerinin antimikrobiyel ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
- Zoral, F.B. ve Turgay, Ö. (2014). Çeşitli gıda atıklarının toplam fenolik madde içeriğinin, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyel aktivitelerinin araştırılması. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.03907
There are 38 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 15, 2021 |
| Submission Date | March 18, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | December 30, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 |
