Research Article
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EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND DİVERSITY OF TODDLERS

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 348 - 354, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.978480

Abstract

This study was aimed to evaluate the nutritional status and food diversity of toddlers. In the study done with 302 children and their families, data was collected by means of a face-to-face questionnaire. The weights and heights were measured and their daily food consumption was recorded. The nutrient analysis program (BeBiS) determined the energy and nutrient staken daily, and the obtained values were compared with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). The mean age of the children was 18.6±3.2 months, and the mean body weight and height were 11.4±1.6 kg and 80.6±6.5 cm, respectively. It was observed that daily energy in take was 1000.0±304.1 kcal and that they took protein, vitamins A, E, C, B2, B6, and magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, and sodium above the level recommended. It was determined that their average daily consumption of breast milk and Formula was 120 ml and 65 ml, respectively, and their in take of the dairy and cereal food groups was sufficient, that their consumption of vegetables and fruits was limited, and finally that their consumption of red meat was insufficient It was observed that fruits and vegetables made the lowest (4.5%), and dairy group made the highest contribution (39.4%) to their daily energy in take. It was concluded that the toddlers were generally well-fed, except for the vegetables and fruits, and red meat they consumed insufficiently. The carbohydrate ratio of diets was low, but the fat ratio was high, and they took many nutrients above the level recommended.

References

  • Yılmazbaş P, Gökçay G. İlk iki yaşta sağlıklı beslenme ve sağlıklı beslenme alışkanlığının geliştirilmesi. J Child 2013;13(4):147-53.
  • Fox MK, Pac S, Devaney B, et al. Feeding infants and toddlers study: What foods are infants and toddlers eating? J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104(1):22-30.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Breast feeding. https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/breastfeeding; Erişim tarihi: 20.07.2021.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Guiding principles for feding non-breastfed children 6-24 months of age. https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/9241593431/en/; Erişim tarihi: 20.07.2021.
  • Wells JC, Chomto S, Fewtrell MS. Programming of body composition by early growth and nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc 2007;66(3):423-34.
  • Gökçay G, Garipağaoğlu M. Çocukluk ve Ergenlik Döneminde Beslenme. Saga Yayınları, İstanbul 2002; ss.12-92.
  • Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi (TÜBER) 2015. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031, Ankara, 2016.
  • Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Impact of maternal education about complementary feding and provision of complementary foods on child growth in developing countries. BMC Public Health 2011;11(3):25.
  • Islam MM, Khatun M, Pearson JM, et al. Effects of energy density and feding frequency of complementary foods on total daily energy in takes and consumption of breast milk by healthy breastfed Bangladeshi children. Am J ClinNutr 2008;88(1):84-94.
  • Lutter CK, Rivera JA. Nutritional status of infants and young children and characteristics. J Nutr 2003;133(9):2941-49.
  • Devaney B, Ziegler P, Pac S, et al. Nutrient in takes of in fants and toddlers. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104(1):14-21.
  • Yoldaş İlktaç H, Dinçer T, Garipağaoğlu M. 0-6 aylık bebeklerin büyüme gelişme ve beslenme özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi 2021;8(1):29-35.
  • Şanlıer N, Aytekin F. Ankara’da yaşayan 0-36 ay çocukların bazı antropometrik ölçümleri ve anne sütü ile beslenme durumlarının saptanması. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2004;24(1):271-89.
  • Demirel F, Üner A, Kırımı E. Van ili kırsalındaki annelerin çocuk beslenmesindeki alışkanlıkları ve uygulamaları. Van Tıp Dergisi 2001;8(1):18-22.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Growth reference data for 5-19 years. http://www.who.int/growthref/tools/en; Erişim tarihi: 28.07.2021.
  • Be Bis Nutrition Data Base Software Data Base. The German Food Code and Nutrient Data Base (BLSII.3, 1999) with additions from USDA-sr and other sources. Istanbul, 2004.
  • Institute of Medicine (IoM). Dietary Reference In takes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. The National Academies Press, Washington, 2005.
  • Otten J, Helwig J, Meyers L (editors). Dietary Reference Intakes: the Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. The National Academies Press, Washington, 2006.
  • World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Breast feding Policy Brief. Geneva, 2014.
  • Roess AA. Food consumption patterns of infants and toddlers: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS). J Nutr 2018;148(3):1525-35.
  • Rodrıguez-Ramırez S, Mufioz-Espinoza A, Rivera JA, et al. Mexican children under 2 years of age consume food groups high in energy and low in micronutrients. J Nutr 2016;146(9):1916-23.
  • Denney L, Angeles-Agdeppa I, Capanzana MV, et al. Nutrient ın takes and food sources of Filipino infants, toddlers and young children are inadequate: Findings from the national nutrition survey 2013. Nutrients 2018;10(11):1730.
  • Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA) 2018.Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü Yayın No: NEE-HÜ.19.01, Ankara, 2019.
  • Dewey KG, Brown KH. Update on technicalissues concerning complementary feeding of young children in developing countries and implications for intervention programs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2003;24(1):1-24.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breast feed Child, Pan American Health Organization, 2001.
  • Chen C, Denney L, Zheng Y, et al. Nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers from maternal and child care centres in urban areas of China, based on one 24-hour dietary recall. BMC Nutrition 2015; 1-23.
  • Gunter AL, Buyken AE, Kroke A. Protein in take during the period of complementary feding and early child hood and the association with body mass index and percent age body fat at 7 years of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(6):1626-33.
  • Bailey RL, Catellier DJ, Jun S, et al. Total usual nutrient in takes of US children (under 48 months): Findings from the Feeding In fants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. J Nutr 2018;148(9):1557-66.
  • Fisher JO, Butte NF, Mendoza PM, et al. Overestimation of infant and toddler energy in take by 24-h recall compared with weighed food records. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):407-15.
  • Yu P, Denney L, Zheng Y, et al. Food groups consumed by infants and toddlers in urban areas of China. Food Nutr Res 2016;60(0):30289.
  • Chouraqui JP, Tavoularis G, Turck D, et al. Mineral and vitamin intake of infants and young children: the Nutri Bébé 2013 survey. Eur J Nutr 2020;59(6):2463-80.
  • Ben-Joseph EP. Nutrition Guide for Toddlers, https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/toddler-food.html; Erişim tarihi: 30.07.2021.
  • Zubieta AC. Food for the Toddler Years. https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/MOB-6; Erişim tarihi: 30.07.2021.
  • Ponza M, Devaney B, Ziegler P, et al. Nutrient intakes and food choices of infants and toddlers participating in WIC. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104(1):71-79.
  • Siega-Riz AM, Deming DM, Reidy KC, et al. Food consumption patterns of infants and toddlers: Where are we now? J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110(12):38-51.
  • Duffy EW, Kay MC, Jacquier EF, et al. Trends in food consumption patterns of US infants and toddlers from Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies (FITS) in 2002, 2008, 2016. Nutrients 2019;11(11):2807.
  • Jacquier EF, Angeles-Agdeppa I, Lenighan YM, et al. Complementary feding patterns of Filipino infants and toddlerslack diversity, especially among children from poor households. BMC Nutrition 2020;6:51.
  • Henry CJ, Nicklas TA, Nicklaus S (editors). Nurturing a healthy generation of children: Research gaps and opportunities. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Manila, Republic of the Philippines, 2018; pp 43-99.

BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 348 - 354, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.978480

Abstract

Bu çalışma bir-iki yaş dönemindeki çocukların beslenme durumları ile besin çeşitliliklerini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. İstanbul ilinde 302 çocuk ile yapılan çalışmada, çocuklar ve ailelere ilişkin bilgiler yüz yüze uygulanan bir anket formu ile elde edilmiştir. Çocukların ağırlık ve boy uzunlukları ölçülmüş ve bir günlük besin tüketimleri kaydedilmiştir. Günlük alınan enerji ve besin ögeleri, besin analiz programı (BeBiS) ile belirlenmiş, elde edilen değerler Diyet Referans Alım (DRI) önerileriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Çocukların ortalama yaşları 18.6±3.2 ay, vücut ağırlık ve boy uzunlukları sırasıyla 11.4±1.6 kg, 80.6±6.5 cm olarak saptanmıştır. Günlük enerji alımları 1000.0±304.1 kkal olan çocukların, protein, A, E, C, B2, B6 vitaminleri ile magnezyum, çinko, fosfor ve sodyumu önerilerin üstünde aldıkları görülmüştür. Günde ortalama 120ml anne sütü, 65ml formüla alan çocukların, besin gruplarından süt grubu ile ekmek-tahıl grubunun yeterli, sebze ve meyve grubunu sınırda, et grubundan kırmızı eti yetersiz tükettikleri belirlenmiştir. Besin ve besin grupları arasında günlük enerjiye en düşük katkıyı (% 4.5) sebze meyve grubunun, en yüksek katkıyı (% 39.4) süt grubunun yaptığı gözlenmiştir. Bir-iki yaş grubundaki çocukların sınırda tükettikleri sebze-meyve ile yetersiz tükettikleri kırmızı et dışında genel olarak yeterli beslendikleri ve beslenme örüntüsünde karbonhidrat oranının düşük, yağ oranının yüksek olduğu, pek çok besin ögesini de önerilerin üstünde aldıkları bulunmuştur.

References

  • Yılmazbaş P, Gökçay G. İlk iki yaşta sağlıklı beslenme ve sağlıklı beslenme alışkanlığının geliştirilmesi. J Child 2013;13(4):147-53.
  • Fox MK, Pac S, Devaney B, et al. Feeding infants and toddlers study: What foods are infants and toddlers eating? J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104(1):22-30.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Breast feeding. https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/breastfeeding; Erişim tarihi: 20.07.2021.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Guiding principles for feding non-breastfed children 6-24 months of age. https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/9241593431/en/; Erişim tarihi: 20.07.2021.
  • Wells JC, Chomto S, Fewtrell MS. Programming of body composition by early growth and nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc 2007;66(3):423-34.
  • Gökçay G, Garipağaoğlu M. Çocukluk ve Ergenlik Döneminde Beslenme. Saga Yayınları, İstanbul 2002; ss.12-92.
  • Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi (TÜBER) 2015. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031, Ankara, 2016.
  • Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Impact of maternal education about complementary feding and provision of complementary foods on child growth in developing countries. BMC Public Health 2011;11(3):25.
  • Islam MM, Khatun M, Pearson JM, et al. Effects of energy density and feding frequency of complementary foods on total daily energy in takes and consumption of breast milk by healthy breastfed Bangladeshi children. Am J ClinNutr 2008;88(1):84-94.
  • Lutter CK, Rivera JA. Nutritional status of infants and young children and characteristics. J Nutr 2003;133(9):2941-49.
  • Devaney B, Ziegler P, Pac S, et al. Nutrient in takes of in fants and toddlers. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104(1):14-21.
  • Yoldaş İlktaç H, Dinçer T, Garipağaoğlu M. 0-6 aylık bebeklerin büyüme gelişme ve beslenme özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi 2021;8(1):29-35.
  • Şanlıer N, Aytekin F. Ankara’da yaşayan 0-36 ay çocukların bazı antropometrik ölçümleri ve anne sütü ile beslenme durumlarının saptanması. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2004;24(1):271-89.
  • Demirel F, Üner A, Kırımı E. Van ili kırsalındaki annelerin çocuk beslenmesindeki alışkanlıkları ve uygulamaları. Van Tıp Dergisi 2001;8(1):18-22.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Growth reference data for 5-19 years. http://www.who.int/growthref/tools/en; Erişim tarihi: 28.07.2021.
  • Be Bis Nutrition Data Base Software Data Base. The German Food Code and Nutrient Data Base (BLSII.3, 1999) with additions from USDA-sr and other sources. Istanbul, 2004.
  • Institute of Medicine (IoM). Dietary Reference In takes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. The National Academies Press, Washington, 2005.
  • Otten J, Helwig J, Meyers L (editors). Dietary Reference Intakes: the Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. The National Academies Press, Washington, 2006.
  • World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Breast feding Policy Brief. Geneva, 2014.
  • Roess AA. Food consumption patterns of infants and toddlers: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS). J Nutr 2018;148(3):1525-35.
  • Rodrıguez-Ramırez S, Mufioz-Espinoza A, Rivera JA, et al. Mexican children under 2 years of age consume food groups high in energy and low in micronutrients. J Nutr 2016;146(9):1916-23.
  • Denney L, Angeles-Agdeppa I, Capanzana MV, et al. Nutrient ın takes and food sources of Filipino infants, toddlers and young children are inadequate: Findings from the national nutrition survey 2013. Nutrients 2018;10(11):1730.
  • Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA) 2018.Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü Yayın No: NEE-HÜ.19.01, Ankara, 2019.
  • Dewey KG, Brown KH. Update on technicalissues concerning complementary feeding of young children in developing countries and implications for intervention programs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2003;24(1):1-24.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breast feed Child, Pan American Health Organization, 2001.
  • Chen C, Denney L, Zheng Y, et al. Nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers from maternal and child care centres in urban areas of China, based on one 24-hour dietary recall. BMC Nutrition 2015; 1-23.
  • Gunter AL, Buyken AE, Kroke A. Protein in take during the period of complementary feding and early child hood and the association with body mass index and percent age body fat at 7 years of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(6):1626-33.
  • Bailey RL, Catellier DJ, Jun S, et al. Total usual nutrient in takes of US children (under 48 months): Findings from the Feeding In fants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. J Nutr 2018;148(9):1557-66.
  • Fisher JO, Butte NF, Mendoza PM, et al. Overestimation of infant and toddler energy in take by 24-h recall compared with weighed food records. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):407-15.
  • Yu P, Denney L, Zheng Y, et al. Food groups consumed by infants and toddlers in urban areas of China. Food Nutr Res 2016;60(0):30289.
  • Chouraqui JP, Tavoularis G, Turck D, et al. Mineral and vitamin intake of infants and young children: the Nutri Bébé 2013 survey. Eur J Nutr 2020;59(6):2463-80.
  • Ben-Joseph EP. Nutrition Guide for Toddlers, https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/toddler-food.html; Erişim tarihi: 30.07.2021.
  • Zubieta AC. Food for the Toddler Years. https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/MOB-6; Erişim tarihi: 30.07.2021.
  • Ponza M, Devaney B, Ziegler P, et al. Nutrient intakes and food choices of infants and toddlers participating in WIC. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104(1):71-79.
  • Siega-Riz AM, Deming DM, Reidy KC, et al. Food consumption patterns of infants and toddlers: Where are we now? J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110(12):38-51.
  • Duffy EW, Kay MC, Jacquier EF, et al. Trends in food consumption patterns of US infants and toddlers from Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies (FITS) in 2002, 2008, 2016. Nutrients 2019;11(11):2807.
  • Jacquier EF, Angeles-Agdeppa I, Lenighan YM, et al. Complementary feding patterns of Filipino infants and toddlerslack diversity, especially among children from poor households. BMC Nutrition 2020;6:51.
  • Henry CJ, Nicklas TA, Nicklaus S (editors). Nurturing a healthy generation of children: Research gaps and opportunities. Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Manila, Republic of the Philippines, 2018; pp 43-99.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nutrition and Dietetics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tuğçe Şimşek 0000-0003-3124-6890

Hilal Hızlı Güldemir 0000-0002-3951-5023

Muazzez Garipağaoğlu 0000-0003-2172-1467

Publication Date December 26, 2022
Submission Date August 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 31 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Şimşek, T., Hızlı Güldemir, H., & Garipağaoğlu, M. (2022). BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(3), 348-354. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.978480
AMA Şimşek T, Hızlı Güldemir H, Garipağaoğlu M. BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. JHS. December 2022;31(3):348-354. doi:10.34108/eujhs.978480
Chicago Şimşek, Tuğçe, Hilal Hızlı Güldemir, and Muazzez Garipağaoğlu. “BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31, no. 3 (December 2022): 348-54. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.978480.
EndNote Şimşek T, Hızlı Güldemir H, Garipağaoğlu M (December 1, 2022) BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31 3 348–354.
IEEE T. Şimşek, H. Hızlı Güldemir, and M. Garipağaoğlu, “BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”, JHS, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 348–354, 2022, doi: 10.34108/eujhs.978480.
ISNAD Şimşek, Tuğçe et al. “BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 31/3 (December 2022), 348-354. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.978480.
JAMA Şimşek T, Hızlı Güldemir H, Garipağaoğlu M. BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. JHS. 2022;31:348–354.
MLA Şimşek, Tuğçe et al. “BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 3, 2022, pp. 348-54, doi:10.34108/eujhs.978480.
Vancouver Şimşek T, Hızlı Güldemir H, Garipağaoğlu M. BİR- İKİ YAŞ DÖNEMİNDEKİ ÇOCUKLARIN BESLENME DURUMU VE BESİN ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. JHS. 2022;31(3):348-54.