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Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper

Year 2022, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 401 - 415, 23.08.2022

Ekrem Bölükbaşı Sumer Aras

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution is an important environmental problem all over the world. It is known that high concentrations of heavy metals in soils and waters cause genotoxicity in living things and damage most of the functional biomolecules. For instance, while low concentration of copper, is essential for all organisms, high concentration of copper is toxic element that negatively affect every living organism from plants to humans. Safflower is an agricultural plant with high economic value grown for its seed oil. Safflower oil is source of Omega-9 and Omega-6 used in many food and industrial applications. In this study, it investigated the expression levels of CtFAD2 (FAD2-6, FAD2-7, FAD2-11) genes responsible for conversion of Omega-9 to Omega-6 at root, cotyledon and leaf tissues of four different safflower varieties subjected to copper heavy metals stress by qRT-PCR. RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and qRT-PCR analysis were performed in root, cotyledon and leaf tissues exposed to copper stress for 24 hours after cultivation for 21 days. The increases were observed at concentrations of 40 and 80 mg L-1. It was determined that the expression levels of FAD2 genes decreased at increasing copper concentrations and increased again after 160 and 320 mg L-1. The decrease firstly in the expression of FAD2 genes at increasing copper concentrations and their re-increase after 160 and 320 mg L-1, which can be considered as critical points, are accepted as an indication that the defense mechanism against stress is activated and FAD2 genes play a role in the defense against stress.
In conclusion, it has been determined that FAD2 genes, which are responsible for fatty acid desaturation in safflower cultivars exposed to copper stress, are also associated with the stress mechanism and play a role in defense.

Keywords

Safflower Copper FAD2 Gene Real Time PCR

Supporting Institution

Ankara University Scientific Research Unit

Project Number

16L0430009

Thanks

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this work by Ankara University Scientific Research Unit (Project No: 16L0430009).

References

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Bakır Stresine Maruz Kalan Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Çeşitlerinde Yağ Asitleri Desaturaz-2 Genlerinin İfade Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 401 - 415, 23.08.2022

Ekrem Bölükbaşı Sumer Aras

Abstract

Ağır metal kirliliği tüm dünyada önemli bir çevre sorunudur. Ağır metallerin toprak ve sulardaki yüksek konsantrasyonlarının canlılarda genotoksisiteye neden olduğu ve fonksiyonel biyo-moleküllerin çoğuna zarar verdiği bilinmektedir. Örneğin, düşük bakır konsantrasyonu tüm organizmalar için gerekliyken, yüksek konsantrasyon bakır, bitkilerden insanlara kadar her canlı organizmayı olumsuz yönde etkileyen toksik bir elementtir. Aspir, tohum yağı için yetiştirilen, ekonomik değeri yüksek bir tarım bitkisidir. Aspir yağı, pek çok gıda ve endüstriyel uygulamalarda kullanılan Omega-9 ve Omega-6 kaynağıdır. Bu çalışmada, bakır ağır metal stresine maruz kalan dört farklı aspir çeşidinin kök, kotiledon ve yaprak dokularında Omega-9'un Omega-6'ya dönüştürülmesinden sorumlu CtFAD2 (FAD2-6, FAD2-7, FAD2-11) genlerinin qRT-PCR ile ekspresyon düzeyleri araştırılmıştır. 21 gün yetiştirildikten sonra, 24 saat boyunca bakır stresine maruz bırakılan kök, kotiledon ve yaprak dokularında RNA izolasyonu, cDNA sentezi ve qRT-PCR analizi yapılmıştır. 40 ve 80 mg L-1 konsantrasyonlarında artış gözlemlenmiştir. Artan bakır konsantrasyonlarında ise FAD2 genlerinin ekspresyon düzeylerinin azaldığı, 160 ve 320 mg L-1 'den sonra tekrar arttığı tespit edilmiştir. FAD2 genlerinin artan bakır konsantrasyonlarında ekspresyonunun önce azalması ve kritik nokta olarak kabul edilen 160 ve 320 mg L-1 sonrasında yeniden artması, strese karşı savunma mekanizmasının devreye girdiğinin ve FAD2 genlerinin strese karşı savunmada rol oynadığının bir göstergesi olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Sonuç olarak, bakır stresine maruz kalan aspir çeşitlerinde yağ desatürasyonundan sorumlu olan FAD2 genlerinin aynı zamanda stres mekanizmasıyla da ilişkili olduğu ve savunmada rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Aspir Bakır FAD2 Gen Real Time PCR

Project Number

16L0430009

References

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  • Yarsan, E., Bilgili, A., Türel, I. 2000. Heavy metal levels in mussels (Unio stevenianus Krynicki) obtained from Van Lake. Turk J. Vet. Animal Science, 24, 93-96.
  • Lichtenhaler, H.K. 1996. Vegetation stress: An introduction to the stress concept in plants. J. Plant Physiol, 148, 4-14.
  • Buyuk, I., Bolukbasi, E., Aras, E.S. 2016. Expression of CtFAD2 gene for early selection in safflower oleic linoleic oil content. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 26(5); 1383-1388. https://www.thejaps.org.pk/docs/v-26-05/27.pdf
  • Levitt, J. 1972. Responses of plants to environmental Stresses. London: Academic Press, 697, New York.
  • Kirbag, F. and Munzuroglu, O. 2006. Toxic effects of cadmium (Cd++) on metabolism of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings. Acta Agric Scand, Section B-Soil and Plant Sci, 3(56); 224-229.
  • Yu, M.H. 2005. Environmental toxicology: Biological and health effects of pollutants. CRC press, Boca Raton.
  • Okçu, M., Tozlu, E., Kumlay, A.M., Pehluvan, M. 2009. Ağır metallerin bitkiler üzerine etkileri. Alınteri, 17, 14-26.
  • Bolukbasi, E., Aras, E.S. 2016. Determination of DNA Methylation Levels with CRED-RA Technique in the Genome of Sunflower Seedlings (Helianthus annuus L.) Subjected to Zinc Stress. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology. 1(3), 438-444.
  • Duffus, J.H. 2002. Heavy metals a meaningless term (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74, 793-807.
  • Hall, J.L. 2002. Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 1-11.
  • Burzynski, M., Klobus, G. 2004. Changes of photosynthetic parameters in cucumber leaves under Cu, Cd and Pb stress. Photosynth, 42(4); 505-510.
  • Mithofer, A., Schulze, B., Boland, W. 2004. Biotic and heavy metal stress response in plants: Evidence for Common Signals. FEBS Lett, 566, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.011
  • Bolukbasi, E. 2021. Expression analysis of some stress-related genes induced by cadmium on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering, 8(4), 339-345. doi.org/10.17350/HJSE19030000247
  • Belitz, H.D., Grosch, W. 1987. Food Chemistry. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Paris, Londra, Tokyo.
  • Allan, R. 1997. Introduction: mining and metals in the environment. J. Geochem. Expl, 58, 95-100.
  • Reddy, A.M., Kumar, S.G., Jyothsnakumari, G., Thimmanaik, S., Sudhakar, C. 2005. Lead induced changes in antioxidant metabolism of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and bengalgram (Cicer arietinum L.). Chemosphere, 60, 97-104.
  • Upadhyay, R.K., Panda, S.K. 2009. Copper-induced growth inhibition, oxidative stress and ultrastructural alterations in freshly grown water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). C.R. Biol. 332, 623-632.
  • Nzengue, Y., Candeias, S.M., Sauvaigo, S., Douki, T., Favier, A., Rachidi, W. and P. Guiraud. 2011. The toxicity redox mechanisms of cadmium alone or together with copper and zinc homeostasis alteration: its redox biomarkers. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol, 25, 171-180.
  • Gautam, S., Anjani, K., Srivastava, N. 2016. In vitro evaluation of excess copper affecting seedlings and their biochemical characteristics in Carthamus tinctorius L. (variety PBNS-12). Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 22(1); 121-129.
  • Li, S., Zhang, G., Gao, W., Zhao, X., Deng, C., Lu, L. 2015. Plant Growth, Development and Change in Gsh Level in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Exposed to Copper and Lead. Arch. Biol. Sci, 67(2); 385-396.
  • Babaoglu, M. 2005. Safflower cultivation (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, p. 7, Edirne.
  • Davis, P.H. 1975. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegeans Islands. Vol: 5, The University Press. Edinburg, England.
  • Singh, V., Nimbkar, N. 2006. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Chap. 6. In: Singh RJ (ed) Genetic resource, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement, Vol 4, 167-194, New York.
  • Babaoglu, M. 2007. Safflower and its cultivation. Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne.
  • Anonymous. 2013. Web sitesi: https://www.agroscope.admin.ch/agroscope/en/home/topics/plantproduction/fieldcrops/kulturarten/alternative-kulturpflanzen/saflor.html, Erişim tarihi: 26.06.2018.
  • Bayrak, A. 1997. Investigation of fatty acid composition of summer-winter Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars and lines tested in Ankara and Şanlıurfa. Journal of Food, 22(4); 269-277.
  • Ahlawat, I.P.S. 2008. Agronomy-Rabi Crops Safflower. Division of Agronomy Indian Agricultural Research Institute, 10, New Delhi/India.
  • Er, C., Başalma, D., Ekiz, H., Sancak, C. 2011. Field Crops-II, Anadolu University Publication No: 2254, I. Edition, 235, Eskişehir.
  • Macartney, A., Maresca, B., Cossins, A.R. 1994. Acyl-CoA desaturases and the adaptive regulation of membrane lipid composition, in: A.R. Cossins (Ed.), Temperature Adaptation of Biological Membranes, Portland Press, pp. 129-139, London.
  • Murata, N., Wada, H. 1995. Acyl-lipid desaturases and their importance in the tolerance and acclimatization to cold of cyanobacteria. Biochem. J, 308, 1-8. doi: 10.1042/bj3080001
  • Delshad, E., Yousefi, M., Sasannezhad, P., Rakhshandeh, H., Ayati, Z. 2018. Medical uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower): A comprehensive review from traditional medicine to modern medicine. Electronic Physician, 10(9); 6672-6681. doi: 10.19082/6672
  • Sahin, G., Tasligil, N. 2016. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): An industrial plant with increasing strategical importance. Turkish Journal of Geography, 66, 51-62. doi: 10.17211/tcd.48394
  • Karabaş, H. 2013. Ülkemiz ıslahçı çeşitlerinden Remzibey-05 Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) tohumlarından üretilen biyodizelin yakıt özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1); 9-17.
  • Tortopoğlu, A.İ. 2011. Benzin ve motorinde kullanılacak biyoyakıt üretimi için gerekli eşdeğer tarım arazisi miktarı. Hasad Aylık Tarım Dergisi, 27(319); 17-32.
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ekrem Bölükbaşı 0000-0003-3828-1226

Sumer Aras

Project Number 16L0430009
Early Pub Date August 23, 2022
Publication Date August 23, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 38 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bölükbaşı, E., & Aras, S. (2022). Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(2), 401-415.
AMA Bölükbaşı E, Aras S. Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. August 2022;38(2):401-415.
Chicago Bölükbaşı, Ekrem, and Sumer Aras. “Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 38, no. 2 (August 2022): 401-15.
EndNote Bölükbaşı E, Aras S (August 1, 2022) Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 38 2 401–415.
IEEE E. Bölükbaşı and S. Aras, “Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 401–415, 2022.
ISNAD Bölükbaşı, Ekrem - Aras, Sumer. “Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 38/2 (August 2022), 401-415.
JAMA Bölükbaşı E, Aras S. Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;38:401–415.
MLA Bölükbaşı, Ekrem and Sumer Aras. “Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 38, no. 2, 2022, pp. 401-15.
Vancouver Bölükbaşı E, Aras S. Determination of Expression Levels of Fatty Acid Desaturase-2 Genes in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Exposed to Copper. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;38(2):401-15.
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