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K-Means Cluster Analysis Based on Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The G20 Example

Year 2022, Issue: 36, 187 - 203, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2021.35.1019993

Abstract

The relationship between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and climate change is at the center of discussions on mitigating climate change. The share of carbon dioxide emissions derived from fossil fuels in total greenhouse gas emissions shows that it is not possible to evaluate climate change policies in isolation from energy policies. Although there is a consensus on controlling carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and developing carbon neutral energy sources, social, economic and demographic differences between countries make it difficult to transfer the consensus in the scientific field to the political field. The distinction made between developed and developing countries in terms of emission reduction commitments based on “the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in 1992 is an important factor in the disagreement in the political arena. This study aims to reveal in what ways the direction of travel and how much the situation of the countries that are members of the G20 has changed between 1990 and 2017, based on per capita income and fossil fuel carbon dioxide emission criteria. For this purpose, using the k-means clustering analysis method, similarities and differences of the member countries have been examined in terms of the mentioned criteria. Although the increase in the total emissions of developing countries is remarkable, when emissions per capita are considered, it can be seen that the difference between developed and developing countries continues to a large extent.

References

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  • IPCC (2007). AR4 Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/ar4_wg1_full_report-1.pdf.
  • IPCC (2013). AR5 Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf.
  • IPCC (2014). AR5 Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change. Cambridge University Press.
  • Leggett, J. (2018). The winning of the carbon war. Crux Publishing.
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  • Lomborg. B. (2020). False alarm: How climate change panic costs us trillions, hurts the poor and fails to fix the planet. Basic Books.
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  • Pielke, R., Jr. (2011). The climate fix. 1. Edition. Basic Books.
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  • Smil, V. (2005). Energy at the crossroads: Global perspectives and uncertainties. The MIT Press.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992). United nations framework convention on climate change.
  • https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.
  • UNFCCC (1998). Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf.
  • UNFCCC (2001). Report of the conference of the parties on its seventh session held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 200.
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  • UNFCCC (2015). Paris agreement. https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/paris_nov_2015/application/pdf/paris_agreement_english_.pdf.

Fosil Yakıt Kaynaklı Karbondioksit Emisyonlarına Dayalı K-Ortalama Kümeleme Analizi: G20 Örneği

Year 2022, Issue: 36, 187 - 203, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2021.35.1019993

Abstract

İnsan kaynaklı sera gazı emisyonları ile iklim değişikliği arasındaki ilişki, iklim değişikliğinin azaltılmasına ilişkin tartışmaların merkezinde yer almaktadır. Fosil yakıt kaynaklı karbondioksit emisyonlarının toplam sera gazı emisyonları içindeki payı, iklim değişikliği politikalarının enerji politikalarından ayrı değerlendirilmesinin mümkün olmadığını göstermektedir. Fosil yakıt kaynaklı karbondioksit emisyonlarının kontrol altına alınması ve karbon nötr enerji kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi konusunda bir uzlaşma bulunmasına rağmen, ülkeler arasındaki sosyal, ekonomik ve demografik farklar, bilimsel alandaki uzlaşmanın politik alana taşınmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. 1992 yılında imzalanan Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi’nde yer alan “ortak ancak farklılaştırılmış sorumluluklar ve güçler ilkesi”ne dayalı olarak emisyon azaltım taahhütleri konusunda gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasında yapılan ayrım, politik alandaki ayrışmanın önemli bir nedenidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; 1990-2017 yılları arasında G20 üyelerinin durumlarındaki değişimin, kişi başına milli gelir ve fosil yakıt kaynaklı karbondioksit emisyon ölçütlerine dayalı olarak analizidir. Bu amaçla k-ortalama kümeleme analizi yöntemi kullanılarak sözü edilen ölçütler açısından üye ülkelerin benzerlik ve farklılıkları incelenmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin toplam emisyonlarındaki yükselme dikkat çekici olsa da kişi başına emisyonlar dikkate alındığında, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki farkın büyük ölçüde devam ettiği görülmektedir. 

References

  • Barrett, S. (2008). Climate treaties and the imperative of enforcement. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 24(2): 239-258.
  • Helm, D. (2020). Net zero: How we stop causing climate change.1.Edition. William Collins.
  • Houghton, J. T. (2009). Global warming: The complete briefing. 4. Edition. Cambridge University Press.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA) (2019). CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: Highlights. IEA/OECD.
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1990). Climate change: The ipcc scientific sssessment. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ipcc_far_wg_I_full_report.pdf.
  • IPCC (2007). AR4 Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/ar4_wg1_full_report-1.pdf.
  • IPCC (2013). AR5 Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf.
  • IPCC (2014). AR5 Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change. Cambridge University Press.
  • Leggett, J. (2018). The winning of the carbon war. Crux Publishing.
  • Lomborg, B. (2007). Cool it. Vintage Books.
  • Lomborg. B. (2020). False alarm: How climate change panic costs us trillions, hurts the poor and fails to fix the planet. Basic Books.
  • Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (2021). NDC registry: All submissions. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/All.aspx.
  • Nordhaus, W. (2013). Climate casino: Risk, uncertainty and economics for a warming world. Yale University Press.
  • Pielke, R., Jr. (2011). The climate fix. 1. Edition. Basic Books.
  • Tol, R. S. J. (2019). Climate economics: Economic analysis of climate, climate change and climate policy. Edward Elgar.
  • Smil, V. (2005). Energy at the crossroads: Global perspectives and uncertainties. The MIT Press.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992). United nations framework convention on climate change.
  • https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.
  • UNFCCC (1998). Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf.
  • UNFCCC (2001). Report of the conference of the parties on its seventh session held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 200.
  • http//unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop7/13a04.pdf#page=5.
  • UNFCCC (2015). Paris agreement. https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/paris_nov_2015/application/pdf/paris_agreement_english_.pdf.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Seyhun Dogan 0000-0003-3450-0612

Ebru Doğan 0000-0003-0832-9030

Mutlu Tüzer 0000-0001-9125-2542

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date November 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 36

Cite

APA Dogan, S., Doğan, E., & Tüzer, M. (2022). Fosil Yakıt Kaynaklı Karbondioksit Emisyonlarına Dayalı K-Ortalama Kümeleme Analizi: G20 Örneği. EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics(36), 187-203. https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2021.35.1019993