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Investigation of the Effect of Unilateral Squat Depth on Bar Velocity at Different Relative Loads

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 67 - 79, 30.06.2022

Mustafa Arslan Başar Çiğdem Bulgan Alper Aşçı

https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1125824

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between unilateral squat depth and bar velocity at different relative loads. Ten male athletes from Halic University School of Physical Education and Sports (the age of 22.90±1.28 years old; a body height of 175,90±5.36cm and a body weight of 75.38±7.78kg) who had been doing active exercises for at least three years and had mastered unilateral (one-sided) and bilateral (two-sided) exercise models, were participated to this study as voluntarily. In data collection, PUSH Band™ Pro v2.0 as linear accelerometer was used to detect bar velocity and Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) 2020.3 Version (EU, Sweden) which is a three-dimensional motion analysis system for squat depth was also used. Athletes; applied a modified single leg squat exercise. The exercise was performed in the back grip. Weightless bar (20kg) was applied on both legs first, then randomly; they performed 5 repetitions of 1TM at 40%, 60%, 80% loads. In the measurements, the velocity of the bar was calculated through the Push Band placed on the bar; squat depths at different loads were calculated with the 3D motion analysis system. For statistical analysis of data, IBM SPSS Version 25 program were used. Variance Analyses in Repeated Measures were applied and for pairwise comparisons T-test were used. Significant differences were obtained in almost all bar velocities at different relative loads (p<0.05). As a result of the correlation analysis, it was determined that there was no significant relationship between bar velocity and squat depth (p>0.05). In finally, bar velocity variables at different loads caused significant changes with increasing loads on both legs. The amount of load can be considered as a parameter that affects the velocity of the bar in the direction of decreasing it. 

Keywords

Unilateral Relative Load Bar Velocity Squat Depth

References

  • Ayotte, N.W., Stetts, D.M., Keenan, G., & Greenway, E.H. (2007). Electromyographical analysis of selected lower extremity muscles during 5 unilateral weight-bearing exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 37(2), 48-55. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2007.2354
  • Bloomquist, K., Langberg, H., Karlsen, S., Madsgaard, S., Boesen, M., & Raastad, T. (2013). Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(8), 2133–2142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2642-7
  • Bogdanis, G.C., Tsoukos, A., Kaloheri, O., Terzis, G., Veligekas, P., & Brown, L.E. (2019). Comparison between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single-and double-leg jumping performance and strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(3), 633-640. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001962
  • Chelly, M.S., Fathloun, M., Cherif, N., Amar, M.B., Tabka, Z., & Van Praagh, E. (2009). Effects of a back squat training program on leg power, jump, and sprint performances in junior soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(8), 2241-2249. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b86c40
  • Comfort, P., Jones, P.A., Smith, L.C., & Herrington, L. (2015). Joint kinetics and kinematics during common lower limb rehabilitation exercises. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(10), 1011-1018. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.05
  • DeForest, B.A., Cantrell, G.S., & Schilling, B.K. (2014). Muscle activity in single-vs. double-leg squats. International Journal of Exercise Science, 7(4), 302-310.
  • Distefano, L.J., Blackburn, J.T., Marshall, S.W., & Padua, D.A. (2009). Gluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 39(7), 532-540. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2009.2796
  • Eliassen, W., Saeterbakken, A.H., & Van Den Tillaar, R. (2018). Comparison of bilateral and unilateral squat exercises on barbell kinematics and muscle activation. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 13(5), 871. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20180871
  • Gomes, J., Neto, T., Vaz, J.R., Schoenfeld, B.J., & Freitas, S.R. (2020). Is there a relationship between back squat depth, ankle flexibility, and achilles tendon stiffness? Sports Biomechanics, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2019.1690569
  • González-Badillo, J.J., & Sánchez-Medina, L. (2010). Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(05), 347-352. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1248333
  • Hansen, K., & Cronin, J. (2009). Training loads for the development of lower body muscular power during squatting movements. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 31(3), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181957065
  • Harman, E., & Garhammer, J. (2008). Testing and evaluation. In T.R. Baechle & R.W. Earle (Ed.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, (pp. 237-273). Human Kinetics,
  • Helme, M., Low, C., & Emmonds, S. (2019). A kinetic and kinematic analysis of the rear foot elevated split squat 5rm test. United Kingdom Strength and Conditioning Association National Conference, 15 June - 16 June, Stadium MK, Milton Keynes.
  • Helme, M., Bishop, C., Emmonds, S., & Low, C. (2019). Validity and reliability of the rear foot elevated split squat 5 repetition maximum to determine unilateral leg strength symmetry. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(12), 3269-3275. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003378
  • Hori, N., Newton, R.U., Nosaka, K., & Stone, M.H. (2005). Weightlifting exercises enhance athletic performance that requires high-load speed strength. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27(4), 50-55.
  • Hughes, L.J., Peiffer, J.J., & Scott, B.R. (2022). Reliability and validity of using the push band v2. 0 to measure repetition velocity in free-weight and smith machine exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 36(2), 365-370. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003436
  • Khuu, A., Foch, E., & Lewis, C.L. (2016). Not all single leg squats are equal: A Biomechanical comparison of three variations. International journal of sports physical therapy, 11(2), 201-211.
  • Martínez-Cava, A., Morán-Navarro, R., Sánchez-Medina, L., González-Badillo, J.J., & Pallarés, J.G. (2019). Velocity-and power-load relationships in the half, parallel and full back squat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(10), 1088-1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1544187
  • McCurdy, K. (2017). Technique, variation, and progression of the rear-foot-elevated split squat. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 39(6), 93-97. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000319
  • McCurdy, K., & Conner, C. (2003). Unilateral support resistance training incorporating the hip and knee. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 25(2), 45-51.
  • McCurdy, K., O’Kelley, E., Kutz, M., Langford, G., Ernest, J., & Torres, M. (2010). Comparison of lower extremity EMG between the 2-leg squat and modified single-leg squat in female athletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 19(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.19.1.57
  • Morán-Navarro, R., Pérez, C. E., Mora-Rodríguez, R., de la Cruz-Sánchez, E., González-Badillo, J. J., Sánchez-Medina, L., & Pallarés, J. G. (2017). Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(12), 2387-2399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3725-7
  • Park, S., Chung, C., Park, J., Jang, J., Panday, S.B., Lee, J., & Pathak, P. (2016). Comparative analysis of lunge techniques: forward, reverse, walking lunge. 34th lnternational Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, July 18-22. Tsukuba, Japain.
  • Rhea, M.R., Kenn, J.G., Peterson, M.D., Massey, D., Simão, R., Marin, P.J., Favero, M., Cardozo, D., & Krein, D. (2016). Joint-angle specific strength adaptations influence improvements in power in highly trained athletes. Human Movement, 17(1) 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1515/humo-2016-0006
  • Sanchez-Medina, L., Perez, C.E., & Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J. (2010). Importance of the propulsive phase in strength assessment. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(02), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1242815
  • Speirs, D.E., Bennett, M.A., Finn, C.V., & Turner, A.P. (2016). Unilateral vs. bilateral squat training for strength, sprints, and agility in academy rugby players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(2), 386-392. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001096
  • Stone, M.H., Potteiger, J.A., Pierce, K.C., Proulx, C.M., O'bryant, H.S., Johnson, R.L., & Stone, M.E. (2000). Comparison of the effects of three different weight-training programs on the one repetition maximum squat. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 14(3), 332-337.
  • Vantrease, W.C., Townsend, J.R., Sapp, P.A., Henry, R.N., & Johnson, K.D. (2021). Maximal strength, muscle activation, and bar velocity comparisons between squatting with a traditional or safety squat bar. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(1), S1-S5. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003541

Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 67 - 79, 30.06.2022

Mustafa Arslan Başar Çiğdem Bulgan Alper Aşçı

https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1125824

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı yüklerde modifiye edilmiş unilateral squat performansında çömelme derinliği ile bar hızı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın örneklem grubunu, Haliç Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu’nda okuyan, en az üç yıl boyunca aktif egzersiz yapan, unilateral (tek taraflı) ve bilateral (iki taraflı) egzersiz modellerine hâkim; yaş 22,90±1,28yıl; boy 175,90±5,36cm ve vücut ağırlığı 75,38±7,78kg olan 10 gönüllü erkek sporcu oluşturmuştur. Verilerin toplanmasında, bar hızının tespit edilmesi için doğrusal hız ölçer olarak PUSH Band™ Pro v2.0 ve squat performansı esnasında çömelme derinliği için üç boyutlu hareket analizi sistemi olan Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) 2020.3 Versiyon (AB, İsveç) kullanılmıştır. Sporcular; modifiye tek bacak squat egzersizi uygulamışlardır. Egzersizi arkadan tutuşta her iki ekstremitede önce ağırlıksız bar da (20kg), ardından random olarak; 1TM’nin %40, %60, %80 yüklerde 5 tekrar yapacak şekilde gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Ölçümlerde, bar üzerine yerleştirilen Push Band aracılığıyla bar hızı hesaplanmış; 3D hareket analiz sistemiyle de farklı yüklerdeki çömelme derinlikleri hesaplanmıştır. Verilerin istatistiksel analizi, IBM SPSS Versiyon 25 programı kullanılarak; tekrarlı ölçümlerde varyans analizi ve ikili karşılaştırmalarda T-testi uygulanarak yapılmıştır. Farklı relatif yüklerde bar hızlarının hemen hepsinde anlamlı farklılıklar elde edilmiştir (p<0,05). Yapılan korelasyon analizi sonucunda bar hızı ve çömelme derinliği arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı tespit edilmiştir (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak, farklı yüklerdeki bar hızı değişkenlerinin her iki ekstremite de yüklerin artmasıyla anlamlı değişikliklere sebep olmuştur. Yük miktarı, barı hızını azaltacak yönde etkileyen bir parametre olarak değerlendirilebilir. 

Keywords

Unilateral Relatif Yük Bar Hızı Squat Derinliği

References

  • Ayotte, N.W., Stetts, D.M., Keenan, G., & Greenway, E.H. (2007). Electromyographical analysis of selected lower extremity muscles during 5 unilateral weight-bearing exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 37(2), 48-55. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2007.2354
  • Bloomquist, K., Langberg, H., Karlsen, S., Madsgaard, S., Boesen, M., & Raastad, T. (2013). Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(8), 2133–2142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2642-7
  • Bogdanis, G.C., Tsoukos, A., Kaloheri, O., Terzis, G., Veligekas, P., & Brown, L.E. (2019). Comparison between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single-and double-leg jumping performance and strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(3), 633-640. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001962
  • Chelly, M.S., Fathloun, M., Cherif, N., Amar, M.B., Tabka, Z., & Van Praagh, E. (2009). Effects of a back squat training program on leg power, jump, and sprint performances in junior soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(8), 2241-2249. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b86c40
  • Comfort, P., Jones, P.A., Smith, L.C., & Herrington, L. (2015). Joint kinetics and kinematics during common lower limb rehabilitation exercises. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(10), 1011-1018. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.05
  • DeForest, B.A., Cantrell, G.S., & Schilling, B.K. (2014). Muscle activity in single-vs. double-leg squats. International Journal of Exercise Science, 7(4), 302-310.
  • Distefano, L.J., Blackburn, J.T., Marshall, S.W., & Padua, D.A. (2009). Gluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 39(7), 532-540. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2009.2796
  • Eliassen, W., Saeterbakken, A.H., & Van Den Tillaar, R. (2018). Comparison of bilateral and unilateral squat exercises on barbell kinematics and muscle activation. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 13(5), 871. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20180871
  • Gomes, J., Neto, T., Vaz, J.R., Schoenfeld, B.J., & Freitas, S.R. (2020). Is there a relationship between back squat depth, ankle flexibility, and achilles tendon stiffness? Sports Biomechanics, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2019.1690569
  • González-Badillo, J.J., & Sánchez-Medina, L. (2010). Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(05), 347-352. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1248333
  • Hansen, K., & Cronin, J. (2009). Training loads for the development of lower body muscular power during squatting movements. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 31(3), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181957065
  • Harman, E., & Garhammer, J. (2008). Testing and evaluation. In T.R. Baechle & R.W. Earle (Ed.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, (pp. 237-273). Human Kinetics,
  • Helme, M., Low, C., & Emmonds, S. (2019). A kinetic and kinematic analysis of the rear foot elevated split squat 5rm test. United Kingdom Strength and Conditioning Association National Conference, 15 June - 16 June, Stadium MK, Milton Keynes.
  • Helme, M., Bishop, C., Emmonds, S., & Low, C. (2019). Validity and reliability of the rear foot elevated split squat 5 repetition maximum to determine unilateral leg strength symmetry. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(12), 3269-3275. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003378
  • Hori, N., Newton, R.U., Nosaka, K., & Stone, M.H. (2005). Weightlifting exercises enhance athletic performance that requires high-load speed strength. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27(4), 50-55.
  • Hughes, L.J., Peiffer, J.J., & Scott, B.R. (2022). Reliability and validity of using the push band v2. 0 to measure repetition velocity in free-weight and smith machine exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 36(2), 365-370. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003436
  • Khuu, A., Foch, E., & Lewis, C.L. (2016). Not all single leg squats are equal: A Biomechanical comparison of three variations. International journal of sports physical therapy, 11(2), 201-211.
  • Martínez-Cava, A., Morán-Navarro, R., Sánchez-Medina, L., González-Badillo, J.J., & Pallarés, J.G. (2019). Velocity-and power-load relationships in the half, parallel and full back squat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(10), 1088-1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1544187
  • McCurdy, K. (2017). Technique, variation, and progression of the rear-foot-elevated split squat. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 39(6), 93-97. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000319
  • McCurdy, K., & Conner, C. (2003). Unilateral support resistance training incorporating the hip and knee. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 25(2), 45-51.
  • McCurdy, K., O’Kelley, E., Kutz, M., Langford, G., Ernest, J., & Torres, M. (2010). Comparison of lower extremity EMG between the 2-leg squat and modified single-leg squat in female athletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 19(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.19.1.57
  • Morán-Navarro, R., Pérez, C. E., Mora-Rodríguez, R., de la Cruz-Sánchez, E., González-Badillo, J. J., Sánchez-Medina, L., & Pallarés, J. G. (2017). Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(12), 2387-2399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3725-7
  • Park, S., Chung, C., Park, J., Jang, J., Panday, S.B., Lee, J., & Pathak, P. (2016). Comparative analysis of lunge techniques: forward, reverse, walking lunge. 34th lnternational Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, July 18-22. Tsukuba, Japain.
  • Rhea, M.R., Kenn, J.G., Peterson, M.D., Massey, D., Simão, R., Marin, P.J., Favero, M., Cardozo, D., & Krein, D. (2016). Joint-angle specific strength adaptations influence improvements in power in highly trained athletes. Human Movement, 17(1) 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1515/humo-2016-0006
  • Sanchez-Medina, L., Perez, C.E., & Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J. (2010). Importance of the propulsive phase in strength assessment. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(02), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1242815
  • Speirs, D.E., Bennett, M.A., Finn, C.V., & Turner, A.P. (2016). Unilateral vs. bilateral squat training for strength, sprints, and agility in academy rugby players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(2), 386-392. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001096
  • Stone, M.H., Potteiger, J.A., Pierce, K.C., Proulx, C.M., O'bryant, H.S., Johnson, R.L., & Stone, M.E. (2000). Comparison of the effects of three different weight-training programs on the one repetition maximum squat. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 14(3), 332-337.
  • Vantrease, W.C., Townsend, J.R., Sapp, P.A., Henry, R.N., & Johnson, K.D. (2021). Maximal strength, muscle activation, and bar velocity comparisons between squatting with a traditional or safety squat bar. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(1), S1-S5. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003541
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Arslan Başar 0000-0002-9168-8626

Çiğdem Bulgan 0000-0003-4357-5333

Alper Aşçı 0000-0003-3958-8908

Early Pub Date June 19, 2022
Publication Date June 30, 2022
Acceptance Date June 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Başar, M. A., Bulgan, Ç., & Aşçı, A. (2022). Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(1), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1125824
AMA Başar MA, Bulgan Ç, Aşçı A. Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. EJSSE. June 2022;4(1):67-79. doi:10.47778/ejsse.1125824
Chicago Başar, Mustafa Arslan, Çiğdem Bulgan, and Alper Aşçı. “Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği Ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Ve Eğitim Dergisi 4, no. 1 (June 2022): 67-79. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1125824.
EndNote Başar MA, Bulgan Ç, Aşçı A (June 1, 2022) Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi 4 1 67–79.
IEEE M. A. Başar, Ç. Bulgan, and A. Aşçı, “Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, EJSSE, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 67–79, 2022, doi: 10.47778/ejsse.1125824.
ISNAD Başar, Mustafa Arslan et al. “Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği Ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi 4/1 (June 2022), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1125824.
JAMA Başar MA, Bulgan Ç, Aşçı A. Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. EJSSE. 2022;4:67–79.
MLA Başar, Mustafa Arslan et al. “Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği Ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Ve Eğitim Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 1, 2022, pp. 67-79, doi:10.47778/ejsse.1125824.
Vancouver Başar MA, Bulgan Ç, Aşçı A. Farklı Yüklerde Yapılan Unilateral Squat Hareketinde Çömelme Derinliği ile Bar Hızı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. EJSSE. 2022;4(1):67-79.
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