Research Article
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Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 71 - 84, 03.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1349010

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Although women constitute the majority of the workforce in the healthcare sector, the number of representations in management positions needs to be increased. This study aimed to determine female health workers' glass ceiling syndrome perception levels and examine socio-demographic variables' effect on this level.
Design/methodology/approach: The research sample consists of 708 female healthcare professionals who work in six public hospitals. Perceptions were measured using the 42-item Glass Ceiling Perception scale. Measurements were made on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4.
Findings: It was found that the glass ceiling syndrome perception levels of female healthcare professionals were neutral (1.94). It has been determined that female healthcare professionals with a high level of education, doctors and nurses, those between the ages of 26-35, those who work in medical units, and those with a child have higher perception levels of glass ceiling syndrome.
JEL Code: M10, J70, M50, I19

Supporting Institution

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK)

Project Number

2209-A "University Students Research Projects Support Program.

Thanks

We want to extend our sincere thanks to the attendants of this study. Besides, many thanks to TUBITAK for financial support.

References

  • Ahammad, T. (2017). Personnel management to human resource management (HRM): How HRM functions. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 13(9), 412-420.
  • Ailes, R., & Kraushar, J. (2000). Mesaj sizsiniz: Güçlü bir iletişimci olmanın yolları (A. Önder, Trans.). Sistem Yayıncılık.
  • Akkum, B., & Ulusoy, H. (2019). Hastane Çalışanlarının Kadın Yöneticilere Karşı Tutumlarının İncelenmesi Sivas ve İstanbul Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(68), 996-1006.
  • Akyurt, N. (2018). Kadın Çalışanlarda Kariyer Engelleri: Radyoloji Çalışanları Örneği. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 6(1), 85-107.
  • Albrecht, J., Björklund, A., & Vroman, S. (2003). Is there a glass ceiling in Sweden? Journal of Labor economics, 21(1), 145-177.
  • Alobaid, A. M., Gosling, C., Mckenna, L., & Williams, B. (2020). Gendered organizational theory and glass ceiling: application to female Saudi paramedics in the workplace. Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, 9(3), 177.
  • Aycan, Z. (2006). Human resource management in Turkey. In P. S. Budhwar & K. Mellahi (Eds.), Managing human resources in the middle-east (pp. 160-179). Routledge.
  • Bagues, M. F., & Esteve-Volart, B. (2010). Can gender parity break the glass ceiling? Evidence from a repeated randomized experiment. The Review of Economic Studies, 77(4), 1301-1328.
  • Buddhapriya, S. (2009). Work-family challenges and their impact on career decisions: A study of Indian women professionals. Vikalpa, 34(1), 31-46.
  • Budhwar, P. S., Saini, D. S., & Bhatnagar, J. (2013). Women in management in the new economic environment: The case of India. In Women in Asian management (pp. 41-55). Routledge.
  • Buscatto, M., & Marry, C. (2009). " The glass ceiling in all its glares". The top job feminization in the 20th century. Sociologie du travail, 51(2), 170-182.
  • Cassirer, N., & Reskin, B. (2000). High hopes: Organizational position, employment experiences, and women's and men's promotion aspirations. Work and occupations, 27(4), 438-463.
  • Cech, E. A., & Blair-Loy, M. (2010). Perceiving glass ceilings? Meritocratic versus structural explanations of gender inequality among women in science and technology. Social Problems, 57(3), 371-397.
  • Commission, U. S. F. G. C., & Labor, U. S. D. o. (1995). Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital: the Environmental Scan: a Fact-finding Report of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. US Department of Labor.
  • Desvaux, G., Devillard-Hoellinger, S., & Baumgarten, P. (2007). Women matter: Gender diversity, a corporate performance driver. McKinsey.
  • Doğru, A. (2010). Kadın Çalışanların Cam Tavan Engelleri ve İş Tatminine Etkisi: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Örneği Dumlupınar University].
  • Enid Kiaye, R., & Maniraj Singh, A. (2013). The glass ceiling: a perspective of women working in Durban. Gender in Management: An international journal, 28(1), 28-42.
  • Ferber, M. A., & Lowry, H. M. (1977). Woman's place: National differences in the occupational mosaic. The Journal of Marketing, 23-30.
  • Gülbay, M. (2012). Kadın Yöneticilerin Kariyer Sorunları: Cam Tavan Sendromu Üzerine Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma İstanbul Aydın University].
  • Hoobler, J. M., Hu, J., & Wilson, M. (2010). Do workers who experience conflict between the work and family domains hit a “glass ceiling?”: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(3), 481-494.
  • Hoşgör, H., Hoşgör, D. G., & Memiş, K. (2016). Sosyo-Demografik Özellikler ile Cam Tavan Sendromu Arasındaki İlişki ve Farklılıkların İncelenmesi: Sağlık Çalışanları Örneği/The Research of Relationship and Differences Between Socio-Demographic Features and Glass Ceiling Syndrome Healthcare Professio. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(35).
  • Inel, M., Garayev, V., & Bakay, A. (2014). Kurum Yapısının Cam Tavana Etkisi: Türkiye’nin Ege Bölgesi Kurumları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 11-24.
  • Irmak, R. (2010). Cam Tavan Sendromu: Bir Hastane Uygulaması Dokuz Eylül University]. Jackson, J. C. (2001). Women middle managers’ perception of the glass ceiling. Women in management review, 16(1), 30-41.
  • Johns, M. L. (2013). Breaking the glass ceiling: Structural, cultural, and organizational barriers preventing women from achieving senior and executive positions. Perspectives in Health Information Management/AHIMA, American Health Information Management Association, 10(Winter).
  • Jones, E., & Oppenheim, C. (2002). Glass ceiling issues in the UK library profession. Journal of librarianship and information science, 34(2), 103-115.
  • Jordan, A. H., & Zitek, E. M. (2012). Marital status bias in perceptions of employees. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34(5), 474-481.
  • Karaca, A. (2007). Kadın Yöneticilerde Kariyer Engelleri: Cam Tavan Sendromu Üzerine Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma Selçuk University].
  • Karcıoğlu, F., & Leblebici, Y. (2014). Kadın yöneticilerde kariyer engelleri: cam tavan sendromu üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(4).
  • Kee, H. J. (2006). Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Exploring the Australian gender pay gap. Economic Record, 82(259), 408-427.
  • Kılıç, T., & Çakıcı, A. B. (2016). Sağlık ve eğitim sektöründeki kadın çalışanların cam tavan algısının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 19(3).
  • Kiser, A. I. (2015). Workplace and leadership perceptions between men and women. Gender in Management: An international journal, 30(8), 598-612.
  • Köksal, Y. (2016). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Cam Tavan Sendromuna İlişkin Algılarının İncelenmesi Ondokuz Mayıs University].
  • Kräft, C. (2022). Equal pay behind the “Glass Door”? The gender gap in upper management in a male‐dominated industry. Gender, Work & Organization, 29(6), 1910-1926.
  • Lockert, M. (2022). Understanding what the glass ceiling is and how it affects women in the workplace. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/glass-ceiling
  • Maume, D. J. (1999). Glass ceilings and glass escalators: Occupational segregation and race and sex differences in managerial promotions. Work and occupations, 26(4), 483-509.
  • Mizrahi, R., & Aracı, H. (2010). Kadın Yöneticiler ve Cam Tavan Sendromu Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 149-156.
  • Moldovan, O. (2015). Attitudes regarding female business leaders in Romania: Explaining the glass ceiling. Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society. Proceedings, 8(2), 129.
  • Morrison, A. M., & Von Glinow, M. A. (1990). Women and minorities in management (Vol. 45). American Psychological Association.
  • Öztürk, Z., & Bilkay, T. A. (2016). Türkiye kamu hastaneleri kurumunda çalışan kadınların kariyer engelleri ve cam tavan sendromu algıları. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(6), 89-102.
  • Özyer, K., & Orhan, U. (2012). Cam tavan sendromunun çalışanların korku düzeylerine etkisi var mıdır? eğitim sektörü üzerinde bir uygulama. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 5(8), 971-987.
  • Sampson, S. D., & Moore, L. L. (2008). Is there a glass ceiling for women in development? Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 18(3), 321-339.
  • Sever, H. (2016). The comparison of glass ceiling perception of employees working in public and private enterprises American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 6(5).
  • Sezen, B. (2008). Örgütlerde Kadın Yöneticilerin Karşılaştıkları Cam Tavan Engeli: Orta ve Büyük Ölçekli Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University].
  • Sharma, F. (2023). Human resource management. SBPD Publications.
  • Smith, P., Caputi, P., & Crittenden, N. (2012). How are women's glass ceiling beliefs related to career success? Career Development International, 17(5), 458-474.
  • Snavely, B. K. (1993). Managing conflict over the perceived progress of working women. Business Horizons, 36(2), 17-23.
  • Soysal, A., & Baynal, T. (2016). Sağlık kurumlarında cam tavan sendromu: Kayseri özel sağlık kurumlarında bir araştırma. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2).
  • Stainback, K., Kleiner, S., & Skaggs, S. (2016). Women in power: Undoing or redoing the gendered organization? Gender & Society, 30(1), 109-135.
  • Taşkın, E., & Çetin, A. (2012). Kadin yöneticilerin cam tavan algisinin cam tavani aşma stratejilerine etkisi: Bursa örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(33).
  • UNDP. (2023). 2023 Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI). UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).
  • Uysal, H. T., & Ak, M. (2020). Invisible barriers in career processes: Glass ceiling syndrome and career anchors. Agathos, 11(2), 255-285.
  • Ünal, A. (2015). Cam Tavan Etkisinin Aşılmasında Dönüşümcü Liderliğin Rolü Bilişim Sektöründe Çalışan Kadın Liderler Üzerine Bir Araştırma Düzce University].
  • Wirth, L. (2001). Breaking through the glass ceiling. Women in management. International Labour Organization.
Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 71 - 84, 03.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1349010

Abstract

Project Number

2209-A "University Students Research Projects Support Program.

References

  • Ahammad, T. (2017). Personnel management to human resource management (HRM): How HRM functions. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 13(9), 412-420.
  • Ailes, R., & Kraushar, J. (2000). Mesaj sizsiniz: Güçlü bir iletişimci olmanın yolları (A. Önder, Trans.). Sistem Yayıncılık.
  • Akkum, B., & Ulusoy, H. (2019). Hastane Çalışanlarının Kadın Yöneticilere Karşı Tutumlarının İncelenmesi Sivas ve İstanbul Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(68), 996-1006.
  • Akyurt, N. (2018). Kadın Çalışanlarda Kariyer Engelleri: Radyoloji Çalışanları Örneği. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 6(1), 85-107.
  • Albrecht, J., Björklund, A., & Vroman, S. (2003). Is there a glass ceiling in Sweden? Journal of Labor economics, 21(1), 145-177.
  • Alobaid, A. M., Gosling, C., Mckenna, L., & Williams, B. (2020). Gendered organizational theory and glass ceiling: application to female Saudi paramedics in the workplace. Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, 9(3), 177.
  • Aycan, Z. (2006). Human resource management in Turkey. In P. S. Budhwar & K. Mellahi (Eds.), Managing human resources in the middle-east (pp. 160-179). Routledge.
  • Bagues, M. F., & Esteve-Volart, B. (2010). Can gender parity break the glass ceiling? Evidence from a repeated randomized experiment. The Review of Economic Studies, 77(4), 1301-1328.
  • Buddhapriya, S. (2009). Work-family challenges and their impact on career decisions: A study of Indian women professionals. Vikalpa, 34(1), 31-46.
  • Budhwar, P. S., Saini, D. S., & Bhatnagar, J. (2013). Women in management in the new economic environment: The case of India. In Women in Asian management (pp. 41-55). Routledge.
  • Buscatto, M., & Marry, C. (2009). " The glass ceiling in all its glares". The top job feminization in the 20th century. Sociologie du travail, 51(2), 170-182.
  • Cassirer, N., & Reskin, B. (2000). High hopes: Organizational position, employment experiences, and women's and men's promotion aspirations. Work and occupations, 27(4), 438-463.
  • Cech, E. A., & Blair-Loy, M. (2010). Perceiving glass ceilings? Meritocratic versus structural explanations of gender inequality among women in science and technology. Social Problems, 57(3), 371-397.
  • Commission, U. S. F. G. C., & Labor, U. S. D. o. (1995). Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital: the Environmental Scan: a Fact-finding Report of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. US Department of Labor.
  • Desvaux, G., Devillard-Hoellinger, S., & Baumgarten, P. (2007). Women matter: Gender diversity, a corporate performance driver. McKinsey.
  • Doğru, A. (2010). Kadın Çalışanların Cam Tavan Engelleri ve İş Tatminine Etkisi: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Örneği Dumlupınar University].
  • Enid Kiaye, R., & Maniraj Singh, A. (2013). The glass ceiling: a perspective of women working in Durban. Gender in Management: An international journal, 28(1), 28-42.
  • Ferber, M. A., & Lowry, H. M. (1977). Woman's place: National differences in the occupational mosaic. The Journal of Marketing, 23-30.
  • Gülbay, M. (2012). Kadın Yöneticilerin Kariyer Sorunları: Cam Tavan Sendromu Üzerine Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma İstanbul Aydın University].
  • Hoobler, J. M., Hu, J., & Wilson, M. (2010). Do workers who experience conflict between the work and family domains hit a “glass ceiling?”: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(3), 481-494.
  • Hoşgör, H., Hoşgör, D. G., & Memiş, K. (2016). Sosyo-Demografik Özellikler ile Cam Tavan Sendromu Arasındaki İlişki ve Farklılıkların İncelenmesi: Sağlık Çalışanları Örneği/The Research of Relationship and Differences Between Socio-Demographic Features and Glass Ceiling Syndrome Healthcare Professio. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(35).
  • Inel, M., Garayev, V., & Bakay, A. (2014). Kurum Yapısının Cam Tavana Etkisi: Türkiye’nin Ege Bölgesi Kurumları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 11-24.
  • Irmak, R. (2010). Cam Tavan Sendromu: Bir Hastane Uygulaması Dokuz Eylül University]. Jackson, J. C. (2001). Women middle managers’ perception of the glass ceiling. Women in management review, 16(1), 30-41.
  • Johns, M. L. (2013). Breaking the glass ceiling: Structural, cultural, and organizational barriers preventing women from achieving senior and executive positions. Perspectives in Health Information Management/AHIMA, American Health Information Management Association, 10(Winter).
  • Jones, E., & Oppenheim, C. (2002). Glass ceiling issues in the UK library profession. Journal of librarianship and information science, 34(2), 103-115.
  • Jordan, A. H., & Zitek, E. M. (2012). Marital status bias in perceptions of employees. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34(5), 474-481.
  • Karaca, A. (2007). Kadın Yöneticilerde Kariyer Engelleri: Cam Tavan Sendromu Üzerine Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma Selçuk University].
  • Karcıoğlu, F., & Leblebici, Y. (2014). Kadın yöneticilerde kariyer engelleri: cam tavan sendromu üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(4).
  • Kee, H. J. (2006). Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Exploring the Australian gender pay gap. Economic Record, 82(259), 408-427.
  • Kılıç, T., & Çakıcı, A. B. (2016). Sağlık ve eğitim sektöründeki kadın çalışanların cam tavan algısının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 19(3).
  • Kiser, A. I. (2015). Workplace and leadership perceptions between men and women. Gender in Management: An international journal, 30(8), 598-612.
  • Köksal, Y. (2016). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Cam Tavan Sendromuna İlişkin Algılarının İncelenmesi Ondokuz Mayıs University].
  • Kräft, C. (2022). Equal pay behind the “Glass Door”? The gender gap in upper management in a male‐dominated industry. Gender, Work & Organization, 29(6), 1910-1926.
  • Lockert, M. (2022). Understanding what the glass ceiling is and how it affects women in the workplace. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/glass-ceiling
  • Maume, D. J. (1999). Glass ceilings and glass escalators: Occupational segregation and race and sex differences in managerial promotions. Work and occupations, 26(4), 483-509.
  • Mizrahi, R., & Aracı, H. (2010). Kadın Yöneticiler ve Cam Tavan Sendromu Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 149-156.
  • Moldovan, O. (2015). Attitudes regarding female business leaders in Romania: Explaining the glass ceiling. Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society. Proceedings, 8(2), 129.
  • Morrison, A. M., & Von Glinow, M. A. (1990). Women and minorities in management (Vol. 45). American Psychological Association.
  • Öztürk, Z., & Bilkay, T. A. (2016). Türkiye kamu hastaneleri kurumunda çalışan kadınların kariyer engelleri ve cam tavan sendromu algıları. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(6), 89-102.
  • Özyer, K., & Orhan, U. (2012). Cam tavan sendromunun çalışanların korku düzeylerine etkisi var mıdır? eğitim sektörü üzerinde bir uygulama. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 5(8), 971-987.
  • Sampson, S. D., & Moore, L. L. (2008). Is there a glass ceiling for women in development? Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 18(3), 321-339.
  • Sever, H. (2016). The comparison of glass ceiling perception of employees working in public and private enterprises American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 6(5).
  • Sezen, B. (2008). Örgütlerde Kadın Yöneticilerin Karşılaştıkları Cam Tavan Engeli: Orta ve Büyük Ölçekli Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University].
  • Sharma, F. (2023). Human resource management. SBPD Publications.
  • Smith, P., Caputi, P., & Crittenden, N. (2012). How are women's glass ceiling beliefs related to career success? Career Development International, 17(5), 458-474.
  • Snavely, B. K. (1993). Managing conflict over the perceived progress of working women. Business Horizons, 36(2), 17-23.
  • Soysal, A., & Baynal, T. (2016). Sağlık kurumlarında cam tavan sendromu: Kayseri özel sağlık kurumlarında bir araştırma. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2).
  • Stainback, K., Kleiner, S., & Skaggs, S. (2016). Women in power: Undoing or redoing the gendered organization? Gender & Society, 30(1), 109-135.
  • Taşkın, E., & Çetin, A. (2012). Kadin yöneticilerin cam tavan algisinin cam tavani aşma stratejilerine etkisi: Bursa örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(33).
  • UNDP. (2023). 2023 Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI). UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).
  • Uysal, H. T., & Ak, M. (2020). Invisible barriers in career processes: Glass ceiling syndrome and career anchors. Agathos, 11(2), 255-285.
  • Ünal, A. (2015). Cam Tavan Etkisinin Aşılmasında Dönüşümcü Liderliğin Rolü Bilişim Sektöründe Çalışan Kadın Liderler Üzerine Bir Araştırma Düzce University].
  • Wirth, L. (2001). Breaking through the glass ceiling. Women in management. International Labour Organization.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayten Turan Kurtaran 0000-0001-6116-6467

Arzu Aydın 0000-0002-3116-1451

Ahmet Y. Yeşildağ 0000-0003-3116-4051

Project Number 2209-A "University Students Research Projects Support Program.
Early Pub Date January 11, 2024
Publication Date February 3, 2024
Acceptance Date December 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Turan Kurtaran, A., Aydın, A., & Yeşildağ, A. Y. (2024). Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions. Ege Academic Review, 24(1), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1349010
AMA Turan Kurtaran A, Aydın A, Yeşildağ AY. Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions. ear. February 2024;24(1):71-84. doi:10.21121/eab.1349010
Chicago Turan Kurtaran, Ayten, Arzu Aydın, and Ahmet Y. Yeşildağ. “Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions”. Ege Academic Review 24, no. 1 (February 2024): 71-84. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1349010.
EndNote Turan Kurtaran A, Aydın A, Yeşildağ AY (February 1, 2024) Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions. Ege Academic Review 24 1 71–84.
IEEE A. Turan Kurtaran, A. Aydın, and A. Y. Yeşildağ, “Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions”, ear, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 71–84, 2024, doi: 10.21121/eab.1349010.
ISNAD Turan Kurtaran, Ayten et al. “Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions”. Ege Academic Review 24/1 (February 2024), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1349010.
JAMA Turan Kurtaran A, Aydın A, Yeşildağ AY. Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions. ear. 2024;24:71–84.
MLA Turan Kurtaran, Ayten et al. “Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 24, no. 1, 2024, pp. 71-84, doi:10.21121/eab.1349010.
Vancouver Turan Kurtaran A, Aydın A, Yeşildağ AY. Glass Ceiling Syndrome: A Perspective of Women Working in Health Institutions. ear. 2024;24(1):71-84.