Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Analysis of the Relationship Between Capital Adequacy and Profitability in Turkish Banking Sector Over the Period of 1980-2017; Fourier Approach

Year 2019, Issue: 59, 61 - 73, 31.01.2019

Abstract

The relationship between capital
adequacy and profitability has great importance and has been studied widely.
The effects of the capital adequacy requirements on bank performance and the
volume of these effects are important issues studied. Financial crises experienced
in U.S.A and E.U since 2008 have led to the detailed examination of the role of
the capital inadequacies in crises. When analysed the Turkish Banking Sector,
high capital adequacy and profitability ratios have been standing out, compared
to the other banks operating in the other developed and developing market
economies. The purpose of this study is to test the relationship between
capital adequacy and profitability in the banking sector during the period of
1980-2017 by using the annual data of Turkish banking sector. Dependent
variables as ROE and NIM and independent variables as equity/total assets ratio
and equity/deposit+non-deposit sources have been used in this study. The
results of the study shows that there are long-term relationships between capital
adequacy ratios and profitability indicators. 

References

  • Abreu, J.F., & Gulamhussen, M. A. (2010). The relationship between capital requirements and bank behavior: a revision in the light of Basel II, Basel Conference Proceedings, 1-34.
  • Allen, F., Carletti, E., & Marquez, R. (2011). Credit market competition and capital regulation. Review of Financial Studies, 24(4), 983–1018.
  • Altunbaş, Y., Carbo, S., Gardener, E., & Molyneux, P. (2007). Examining the relationships between capital, risk and efficiency in European banking. European Financial Management, 13(1), 49-70.
  • Athanasoglou, P., Brissimis, S., & Delis, M. (2008). Bank-spesific, industry-spesific and macroeeconomic determinants of bank profitability. Journal of Internatioanl Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, 18(2), 121-136.
  • Atasoy, H. (2007). Türk bankacılık sektöründe gelir-gider analizi ve karlılık performansının belirleyicileri. Uzman yeterlilik tezi, TCMB Bankacılık ve Finansal Kuruluşlar Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Aysan, A.F., & Ceyhan, Ş. P. (2008). What determines the banking sector performance in globalized financial markets? The case of Turkey. Physica A, 387, 1593-1602.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V., & Lee, H. (2017). Fourier ADL cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from crude oil market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124.
  • BDDK (2002). Bankacılık sektörü yeniden yapılandırma programı gelişme raporu-(v). https://eskisite.bddk.org.tr/WebSitesi/turkce/Raporlar/Diger_Raporlar/1519FC87CBCF.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • BDDK (2007). Finansal piyasalar raporu, Aralık 2007. https://www.bddk.org.tr/.../Raporlar/Finansal_Piyasalar_Raporlari/Finansal_Piyasalar_Raporları.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • BDDK (2017). Raporlar, Türk bankacılık sektörü temel göstergeler, Eylül 2017. https://www.bddk.org.tr/ContentBddk/dokuman/veri_0014_34.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Berger, A.N. (1995). The relationship between capital and earnings in banking. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 27, 432–456.
  • Berger, A., & Bouwman, C. (2013). How does capital affect bank performance during financial crises?. Journal of Financial Economics, 109, 146–176.
  • Besanko, D., & Kanatas, G. (1996). The regulation of bank capital: do capital standards promote bank safety?. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 5, 160–183.
  • BIS (2010). Basel III: international framework for liquidity risk measurement, standards and monitoring. https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs188.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Brock, P. L., & Suarez, L. R. (2000). Understanding the behavior of bank spreads in Latin America. Journal of Development Economics, 63, 113-134.
  • Brogi, M., & Langone, R. (2016). Bank profitability and capital adequacy in the post-crisis context. Contributions to Economics, 214, 95-109.
  • Calomiris, C. W., & Mason, J. R. (2003). Consequences of bank distress during the Great Depression. American Economic Review, 93(3), 937–947.
  • Calomiris, C. W., & Powell, A. (2000). Can emerging market bank regulators establish credible discipline? The case of Argentina, 1992–99 (NBER Working Papers, No. 7715). https://www.nber.org/papers/w7715 adresinden erişildi.
  • Calomiris, C. W., & Wilson, B. (2004). Bank capital and portfolio management: the 1930s “capital crunch” and the scramble to shed risk. Journal of Business, 77, 421-455.
  • Cline, W. R. (2015). Testing the Modigliani-Miller theorem of capital structure irrelevance for banks (Working Paper Series No. 15-8). Pearson Institute for International Economics, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2594025 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2594025 adresinden erişildi.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Huizinga, H. (1999). Determinants of commercial bank interest margins and profitability: some international evidence. The World Bank Economic Review, 13(2), 379-408.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and the Dickey-Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117, 196–199.
  • Färe, R., Grosskopf, S. & Weber, W. (2004). The effect of risk-based capital requirements on profit efficiency in banking. Applied Economics, 36(15), 1731-1743.
  • FED (2003). Capital standards for banks: the evolving Basel Accord. FED Bulletins. https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/2003/0903lead.pdf adresinden erişildi. Goddard, J., Liu, H., Molyneux, P. & Wilson, J. O. C. (2013). Do bank profits converge?. European Financial Management, 19(2), 345-365.
  • Goodhart, C. (2008). The regulatory response to the financial crisis (CESifo Working Paper Series No. 2257). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1113002 adresinden erişildi.
  • Grigorian, D. A., & Manole, V. (2002). Determinants of commercial bank performance in transition: an application of data envelopment analysis (World Bank Policy Research Working Papers No. 2850). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/14792 adresinden erişildi.
  • Hassan, M. K., & Bashir, M. A. (2003). Determinants of Islamic banking profitability. ERF Paper Presented at Economic Research Forum 10th Annual Conference, 1-31. Howarth, D., & Quaglia, L. (2013). Banking on stability: the political economy of new capital requirements in the European Union. Journal of European Integration, 35(3), 333-346. Iannotta, G., Nocera, G., & Sironi, A. (2007). Ownership structure, risk and performance in the European banking industry. Journal of Banking&Finance, 31, 2127-49.
  • Kashyap, A.K., & Stein, J. C. (2004). Cyclical implications of the Basel II capital standards. Economic Perspectives, 28(1), 18-33.
  • Kaya, Y. T. (2002). Türk bankacılık sektöründe karlılığın belirleyicileri 1997-2000 (MSPD Çalışma Raporları: 2002/1). https://www.bddk.org.tr/websitesi/turkce/Raporlar/Calisma_Raporlari/12762002-1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Kim, M., Kristiansen, E. G., & Vale, B. (2005). Endogenous product differentiation in credit markets: what do borrowers pay for?. Journal of Banking and Finance, 29, 681–699.
  • Koehn, M., & Santomero, A. M. (1980). Regulation of bank capital and portfolio risk. Journal of Finance, 35, 1235–1250.
  • Kosmidou, K. (2008). The determinants of banks’ profits in Greece during the period of EU financial integration. Managerial Finance, 34(3), 146–159.
  • Mehran, H., & Thakor, A. V. (2011). Bank capital and value in the crosssection. Review of Financial Studies, 24, 1019–1067.
  • Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261-297.
  • Naceur, S. B., & Omran, M. (2011). The effects of bank regulations, competition and financial reforms on bank’s performance. Emerging Markets Review, 12, 1-20.
  • Osborne, M., Fuertes, A., & Milne, A. (2009). Capital and profitability in banking: evidence from U.S banks. Paper Presented at 3rd Emerging Scholars in Banking and Finance Conference, Cass Business School, 1-54.
  • Ozili, P. K. (2017). Bank profitability and capital regulation: evidence from listed and non-listed banks in Africa. Journal of African Business, 18, 143-168.
  • Rao, K. R. M., & Lakew, T. B. (2012). Determinants of profitability of commercial banks in a developing country: evidence from Ethiopia. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Management Research, 2, 1-20.
  • Rime, B. (2001). Capital requirements and bank behaviour: empirical evidence for Switzerland. Journal of Banking & Finance, 25(4), 789-805.
  • Saunders, A., & Schumacher, I. (2000). The determinants of bank interest rate margins: an international study. Journal of International Money and Finance, 19(6), 813-832.
  • Sayilgan, G., & Yıldırım, O. (2009). Determinants of profitability in Turkish banking sector: 2002-2007. International Research Journal of Finance and Economists, 28, 208-214.
  • Shim, J. (2013). Bank capital buffer and portfolio risk: the influence of business cycle and revenue diversification. Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(3), 761-772.
  • Staikouras, C.K., & Wood, G. E. (2004). The determinants of European bank profitability. International Business and Economics Research Journal, 3(6), 57-68.
  • Sufian, F., & Chong, R. R. (2008). Determinants of bank profitability in a developing economy: empirical evidence from the Philippines. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 4(2), 91-112.
  • Sufian, F., & Kamarudin, F. (2012). Bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of profitability of Bangladesh’s commercial banks. Bangladesh Development Studies, XXXV(4), 1-29.
  • TBB (2005). İstanbul yaklaşımı deneyimi. https://www.tbb.org.tr/Dosyalar/Dosyalar/2istanbulyaklasimideneyimi5.doc adresinden erişildi.
  • TBB (2008). İstatistiki raporlar, bankaların banka, şube ve personel sayıları. https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59 adresinden erişildi.
  • TBB (2017). İstatistiki raporlar, 2017 seçili rasyolar. https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59 adresinden erişildi.
  • Tunay, K.B, & Silpar, A. M. (2006). Türk ticari bankacılık sektöründe karlılığa dayalı performans analizi-I. TBB Araştırma Tebliğleri Serisi, 2006/I.

TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI

Year 2019, Issue: 59, 61 - 73, 31.01.2019

Abstract

Bankacılık sektöründe sermaye-karlılık
ilişkisi büyük önem arzetmekte ve sermaye yeterliliği düzenlemelerinin
bankacılık sektörünün karlılığı ve etkinliği üzerindeki etkileri ile bu
etkilerin büyüklüğü birçok çalışmaya konu olmaktadır. Özellikle, 2008 yılından
itibaren A.B.D ve A.B’de yaşanan krizler, sermaye düzenlemelerindeki
yetersizliklerin, krizlerin ortaya çıkması ve büyümesindeki rolünün daha
ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmesine yol açmıştır. Türk Bankacılık Sektörü
incelendiğinde, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde faaliyet gösteren birçok
bankaya göre, yüksek sermaye yeterlilik ve karlılık rasyoları dikkati çekmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1980-2017 dönemi için, Türk Bankacılık Sektörü sermaye
yeterliliği ile sektör karlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Türk
Bankacılık Sektörü yıllık verileri kullanılarak ekonometrik bir çalışma
yapılmıştır. Karlılığa ilişkin indikatörler olarak ROE ve NIM bağımlı
değişkenler, sermaye yeterliliğine ilişkin olarak ise, özsermaye/toplam
varlıklar ve özsermaye/mevduat+mevduat-dışı kaynaklar oranları bağımsız
değişkenler olarak çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar, sermaye
yeterliliğini gösteren sözkonusu oranlar ile karlılık indikatörleri arasında uzun
dönemli ilişkiler olduğunu göstermektedir. 

References

  • Abreu, J.F., & Gulamhussen, M. A. (2010). The relationship between capital requirements and bank behavior: a revision in the light of Basel II, Basel Conference Proceedings, 1-34.
  • Allen, F., Carletti, E., & Marquez, R. (2011). Credit market competition and capital regulation. Review of Financial Studies, 24(4), 983–1018.
  • Altunbaş, Y., Carbo, S., Gardener, E., & Molyneux, P. (2007). Examining the relationships between capital, risk and efficiency in European banking. European Financial Management, 13(1), 49-70.
  • Athanasoglou, P., Brissimis, S., & Delis, M. (2008). Bank-spesific, industry-spesific and macroeeconomic determinants of bank profitability. Journal of Internatioanl Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, 18(2), 121-136.
  • Atasoy, H. (2007). Türk bankacılık sektöründe gelir-gider analizi ve karlılık performansının belirleyicileri. Uzman yeterlilik tezi, TCMB Bankacılık ve Finansal Kuruluşlar Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Aysan, A.F., & Ceyhan, Ş. P. (2008). What determines the banking sector performance in globalized financial markets? The case of Turkey. Physica A, 387, 1593-1602.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V., & Lee, H. (2017). Fourier ADL cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from crude oil market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124.
  • BDDK (2002). Bankacılık sektörü yeniden yapılandırma programı gelişme raporu-(v). https://eskisite.bddk.org.tr/WebSitesi/turkce/Raporlar/Diger_Raporlar/1519FC87CBCF.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • BDDK (2007). Finansal piyasalar raporu, Aralık 2007. https://www.bddk.org.tr/.../Raporlar/Finansal_Piyasalar_Raporlari/Finansal_Piyasalar_Raporları.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • BDDK (2017). Raporlar, Türk bankacılık sektörü temel göstergeler, Eylül 2017. https://www.bddk.org.tr/ContentBddk/dokuman/veri_0014_34.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Berger, A.N. (1995). The relationship between capital and earnings in banking. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 27, 432–456.
  • Berger, A., & Bouwman, C. (2013). How does capital affect bank performance during financial crises?. Journal of Financial Economics, 109, 146–176.
  • Besanko, D., & Kanatas, G. (1996). The regulation of bank capital: do capital standards promote bank safety?. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 5, 160–183.
  • BIS (2010). Basel III: international framework for liquidity risk measurement, standards and monitoring. https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs188.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Brock, P. L., & Suarez, L. R. (2000). Understanding the behavior of bank spreads in Latin America. Journal of Development Economics, 63, 113-134.
  • Brogi, M., & Langone, R. (2016). Bank profitability and capital adequacy in the post-crisis context. Contributions to Economics, 214, 95-109.
  • Calomiris, C. W., & Mason, J. R. (2003). Consequences of bank distress during the Great Depression. American Economic Review, 93(3), 937–947.
  • Calomiris, C. W., & Powell, A. (2000). Can emerging market bank regulators establish credible discipline? The case of Argentina, 1992–99 (NBER Working Papers, No. 7715). https://www.nber.org/papers/w7715 adresinden erişildi.
  • Calomiris, C. W., & Wilson, B. (2004). Bank capital and portfolio management: the 1930s “capital crunch” and the scramble to shed risk. Journal of Business, 77, 421-455.
  • Cline, W. R. (2015). Testing the Modigliani-Miller theorem of capital structure irrelevance for banks (Working Paper Series No. 15-8). Pearson Institute for International Economics, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2594025 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2594025 adresinden erişildi.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Huizinga, H. (1999). Determinants of commercial bank interest margins and profitability: some international evidence. The World Bank Economic Review, 13(2), 379-408.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and the Dickey-Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117, 196–199.
  • Färe, R., Grosskopf, S. & Weber, W. (2004). The effect of risk-based capital requirements on profit efficiency in banking. Applied Economics, 36(15), 1731-1743.
  • FED (2003). Capital standards for banks: the evolving Basel Accord. FED Bulletins. https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/2003/0903lead.pdf adresinden erişildi. Goddard, J., Liu, H., Molyneux, P. & Wilson, J. O. C. (2013). Do bank profits converge?. European Financial Management, 19(2), 345-365.
  • Goodhart, C. (2008). The regulatory response to the financial crisis (CESifo Working Paper Series No. 2257). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1113002 adresinden erişildi.
  • Grigorian, D. A., & Manole, V. (2002). Determinants of commercial bank performance in transition: an application of data envelopment analysis (World Bank Policy Research Working Papers No. 2850). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/14792 adresinden erişildi.
  • Hassan, M. K., & Bashir, M. A. (2003). Determinants of Islamic banking profitability. ERF Paper Presented at Economic Research Forum 10th Annual Conference, 1-31. Howarth, D., & Quaglia, L. (2013). Banking on stability: the political economy of new capital requirements in the European Union. Journal of European Integration, 35(3), 333-346. Iannotta, G., Nocera, G., & Sironi, A. (2007). Ownership structure, risk and performance in the European banking industry. Journal of Banking&Finance, 31, 2127-49.
  • Kashyap, A.K., & Stein, J. C. (2004). Cyclical implications of the Basel II capital standards. Economic Perspectives, 28(1), 18-33.
  • Kaya, Y. T. (2002). Türk bankacılık sektöründe karlılığın belirleyicileri 1997-2000 (MSPD Çalışma Raporları: 2002/1). https://www.bddk.org.tr/websitesi/turkce/Raporlar/Calisma_Raporlari/12762002-1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Kim, M., Kristiansen, E. G., & Vale, B. (2005). Endogenous product differentiation in credit markets: what do borrowers pay for?. Journal of Banking and Finance, 29, 681–699.
  • Koehn, M., & Santomero, A. M. (1980). Regulation of bank capital and portfolio risk. Journal of Finance, 35, 1235–1250.
  • Kosmidou, K. (2008). The determinants of banks’ profits in Greece during the period of EU financial integration. Managerial Finance, 34(3), 146–159.
  • Mehran, H., & Thakor, A. V. (2011). Bank capital and value in the crosssection. Review of Financial Studies, 24, 1019–1067.
  • Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261-297.
  • Naceur, S. B., & Omran, M. (2011). The effects of bank regulations, competition and financial reforms on bank’s performance. Emerging Markets Review, 12, 1-20.
  • Osborne, M., Fuertes, A., & Milne, A. (2009). Capital and profitability in banking: evidence from U.S banks. Paper Presented at 3rd Emerging Scholars in Banking and Finance Conference, Cass Business School, 1-54.
  • Ozili, P. K. (2017). Bank profitability and capital regulation: evidence from listed and non-listed banks in Africa. Journal of African Business, 18, 143-168.
  • Rao, K. R. M., & Lakew, T. B. (2012). Determinants of profitability of commercial banks in a developing country: evidence from Ethiopia. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Management Research, 2, 1-20.
  • Rime, B. (2001). Capital requirements and bank behaviour: empirical evidence for Switzerland. Journal of Banking & Finance, 25(4), 789-805.
  • Saunders, A., & Schumacher, I. (2000). The determinants of bank interest rate margins: an international study. Journal of International Money and Finance, 19(6), 813-832.
  • Sayilgan, G., & Yıldırım, O. (2009). Determinants of profitability in Turkish banking sector: 2002-2007. International Research Journal of Finance and Economists, 28, 208-214.
  • Shim, J. (2013). Bank capital buffer and portfolio risk: the influence of business cycle and revenue diversification. Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(3), 761-772.
  • Staikouras, C.K., & Wood, G. E. (2004). The determinants of European bank profitability. International Business and Economics Research Journal, 3(6), 57-68.
  • Sufian, F., & Chong, R. R. (2008). Determinants of bank profitability in a developing economy: empirical evidence from the Philippines. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 4(2), 91-112.
  • Sufian, F., & Kamarudin, F. (2012). Bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of profitability of Bangladesh’s commercial banks. Bangladesh Development Studies, XXXV(4), 1-29.
  • TBB (2005). İstanbul yaklaşımı deneyimi. https://www.tbb.org.tr/Dosyalar/Dosyalar/2istanbulyaklasimideneyimi5.doc adresinden erişildi.
  • TBB (2008). İstatistiki raporlar, bankaların banka, şube ve personel sayıları. https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59 adresinden erişildi.
  • TBB (2017). İstatistiki raporlar, 2017 seçili rasyolar. https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59 adresinden erişildi.
  • Tunay, K.B, & Silpar, A. M. (2006). Türk ticari bankacılık sektöründe karlılığa dayalı performans analizi-I. TBB Araştırma Tebliğleri Serisi, 2006/I.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esra N. Kılcı

Publication Date January 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 59

Cite

APA Kılcı, E. N. (2019). TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(59), 61-73.
AMA Kılcı EN. TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. January 2019;(59):61-73.
Chicago Kılcı, Esra N. “TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 59 (January 2019): 61-73.
EndNote Kılcı EN (January 1, 2019) TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 59 61–73.
IEEE E. N. Kılcı, “TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 59, pp. 61–73, January 2019.
ISNAD Kılcı, Esra N. “TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 59 (January 2019), 61-73.
JAMA Kılcı EN. TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2019;:61–73.
MLA Kılcı, Esra N. “TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 59, 2019, pp. 61-73.
Vancouver Kılcı EN. TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE 1980-2017 DÖNEMİNDE SERMAYE YETERLİLİĞİ VE KARLILIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ; FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2019(59):61-73.

Dergimiz EBSCOhost, ULAKBİM/Sosyal Bilimler Veri Tabanında, SOBİAD ve Türk Eğitim İndeksi'nde yer alan uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir.