Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and food safety

Mehmet Emin Aydemir; Ali Arslan

Review

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and food safety

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 74 - 82, 31.12.2021

Mehmet Emin Aydemir Ali Arslan

Abstract

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) disease, Which observed in domestic ruminants an infectious disease characterized by chronic gastroenteritis, diarrhea and slimming. MAP is also reported to play a role in the etiology of Crohn’s disease (CD) in humans. For this reason, MAP is also important for public health. Since it is more resistant to pasteurization than other bacteria, it can be transmitted to people from contaminated milk and dairy products. In addition, contaminated by the feces of infected animals can be source of contamination meat, meat products, milk, dairy products and water. MAP is important in terms of food safety, as the probability of contamination with food from infected animals is very high. For this reason, detailed researches are needed to be done about the presence in foods and prevention of food contamination.

Keywords

food safety, public health, crohn’s disease

References

1.Liu X, Li J, Yang X, Wang D, Wang J, Wu J. The seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Ir Vet J. 2017;70:1.
2. Over K, Crandall PG, O’Bryan CA, Ricke SC. Current perspectives on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Johne’s disease, and Crohn’s disease: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2011;37(2):141-156.
3.Aslan T. Sığırlarda paratüberküloz hastalığının serolojik teşhisinde laboratuvar yapımı Elısa kitinin değerlendirilmesi (Doktora Tezi). Fırat Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2019.
4. M’Koma AE. Inflammatory bowel disease: an expanding global health problem. Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol. 2013;6:33-47.
5. De Souza HS, Fiocchi C. Immunopathogenesis of IBD: current state of the art. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(1):13-27.
6. Cosnes J, Cattan S, Blain A, Beaugerie L, Carbonnel F, Parc R, et al. Long-term evolution of disease behavior of Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2002;8(4):244-250.
7.Yiğit B. Crohn hastalığı klinik yönetiminde abdominal Ultrasonografinin Bt enterografi İle karşılaştırılması (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi). Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Bağcılar Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, İç Hastalıkları Kliniği, 2019.
8. Chacon O, Bermudez LE, Barletta RG. Johne’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2004;58:329-363.
9. Manning EJ. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: a review of current knowledge. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2001;32(3):293-304.
10. El-Zaatari FA, Osato MS, Graham DY. Etiology of Crohn’s disease: the role of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Trends Mol Med. 2001;7(6):247-252.
11. Gao A, Mutharia L, Chen S, Rahn K, Odumeru J. Effect of pasteurization on survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85(12):3198-3205.
12.Hermon-Taylor J, El-Zaatari FAK. The Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis problem and its relation to the causation of Crohn disease. In: Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water. Bartram, J, Cotruvo, J, Dufour, A, Rees, G, Pedley, S. (Eds.). A Guide to Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management IWA Publishing, London, UK. 2004:74-94.
13. Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Merkal RS, Thayer WR Jr, Coutu JA. Characteristics of an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;20(5):966-971.
14. Gitnick G, Collins J, Beaman B, Brooks D, Arthur M, Imaeda T, et al. Preliminary report on isolation of mycobacteria from patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1989;34(6):925-932.
15.Hermon-Taylor J. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a cause of Crohn’s disease. Gut 2001;49(6):755-757.
16. Lisby G, Andersen J, Engbaek K, Binder V. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in intestinal tissue from patients with Crohn’s disease demonstrated by a nested primer polymerase chain reaction. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994;29(10):923-929.
17. Mishina D, Katsel P, Brown ST, Gilberts EC, Greenstein RJ. On the etiology of Crohn disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(18):9816-9820.
18. Bentley RW, Keenan JI, Gearry RB, Kennedy MA, Barclay ML, Roberts RL. Incidence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a populationbased cohort of patients with Crohn’s disease and control subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(5):1168-1172.
19. Zarei-Kordshouli F, Geramizadeh B, KhodakaramTafti A. Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis IS 900 DNA in biopsy tissues from patients with Crohn’s disease: histopathological and molecular comparison with Johne’s disease in Fars province of Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):23.
20. Suenaga K, Yokoyama Y, Nishimori I, Sano S, Morita M, Okazaki K, et al. Serum antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44(6):1202-1207.
21.Hermon-Taylor J, Barnes N, Clarke C. Grand Round: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cervical lymphadenitis, followed five years later by terminal ileitis similar to Crohn’s disease. The BMJ. 1998;316(7129):449-453.
22.Linnabary RD, Meerdink GL, Collins MT, Stabel JR, Sweeney RW, Washington MK, et al. Johne’s disease in cattle. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology 2001;17:1-10.
23.Öztürk KM., Gümüşsoy KS, Hızlısoy H. Kayseri ilinde satışa sunulan sokak sütlerinde Mycobacterium paratuberculosis varlığının konvansiyonel ve serolojik yöntemlerle araştırılması. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2019;16(3):190-197.
24.Çetinkaya B, Muz A, Ertaş HB. Süt ineklerinde paratüberküloz prevalansının polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR) ile saptanması. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2000;24(4):371-379.
25. Millar D, Ford J, Sanderson J, Withey S, Tizard M, Doran T, et al. IS900 PCR to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows’ milk in England and Wales. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(9):3446-3452.
26. O’Doherty A, O’grady D, Smith TJ Egan J. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in pasteurised and unpasteurised milk in the Republic of Ireland. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 41, 117-121.
27.Bradbury J. Need we add milk to list of worrying foods?. The Lancet 1998);352(9127):551.
28. Hermon-Taylor J, Bull T. Crohn’s disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: a public health tragedy whose resolution is long overdue. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51(1):3-6.
29. Paolicchi F, Cirone K, Morsella C, Gioffré A. First isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp Paratuberculosis from commercial pasteurized milk in Argentina. Braz J Microbiol. 2012;43(3):1034-1037.
30. Gerrard ZE, Swift BMC, Botsaris G, Davidson RS, Hutchings MR, Huxley JN, et al. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in retail pasteurised milk. Food Microbiol. 2018;74:57-63.
31.Sadeghi N, Jamshidi A, Seyyedin M. Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis in Pasteurized Milk Samples by Culture, Direct Nested PCR and PCR methods in Northeast of Iran. Iran J Chem Chem Eng. 2020;39(6):251-258.
32. Grant IR, Ball HJ, Neill SD, Rowe MT. Inactivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cows’ milk at pasteurization temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(2):631-636.
33. Rademaker JL, Vissers MM, Te Giffel MC. Effective heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk contaminated with naturally infected feces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(13):4185-4190.
34. Stabel JR. On-farm batch pasteurization destroys Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in waste milk. J Dairy Sci. 2001;84(2):524-527.
35. Stabel JR, Hurd S, Calvente L, Rosenbusch RF. Destruction of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Salmonella spp., and Mycoplasma spp. in raw milk by a commercial on-farm high-temperature, short-time pasteurizer. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87(7):2177-2183.
36. Ali ZI, Saudi AM, Albrecht R, Talaat AM. The inhibitory effect of nisin on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and its effect on mycobacterial cell wall. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102(6):4935-4944.
37. Rani S, Beaver A, Schukken YH, Pradhan AK. Modeling the effects of infection status and hygiene practices on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis contamination in bulk tank milk. Food Control. 2019;104:367-376.
38. Klanicova B, Slana I, Roubal P, Pavlik I, Kralik P. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during fermentation of soured milk products detected by culture and quantitative real time PCR methods. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;157(2):150-155.
39. Van Brandt L, Coudijzer K, Herman L, Michiels C, Hendrickx M, Vlaemynck G. Survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in yoghurt and in commercial fermented milk products containing probiotic cultures. J Appl Microbiol. 2011;110(5):1252-1261.
40. Galiero A, Fratini F, Mataragka A, Turchi B, Nuvoloni R, Ikonomopoulos J, et al. Detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cheeses from small ruminants in Tuscany. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;217:195-199.
41. Albuquerque PPF, Cezar RDS, Pinheiro Junior JW, Grazielle Nascimento G, Santos AS, Mota RA. Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in coalho cheese in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2019;71(6):1917- 1921.
42. Ikonomopoulos J, Pavlik I, Bartos M, Svastova P, Ayele WY, Roubal P, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail cheeses from Greece and the Czech Republic. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(12):8934-8936.
43. Donaghy JA, Totton NL, Rowe MT. Persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis during manufacture and ripening of cheddar cheese. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70(8):4899-4905.
44. Faria AC, Schwarz DG, Carvalho IA, Rocha BB, De Carvalho Castro KN, Silva MR, et al. Short communication: Viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in retail artisanal Coalho cheese from Northeastern Brazil. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97(7):4111-4114.
45. Botsaris G, Slana I, Liapi M, Dodd C, Economides C, Rees C, et al. Rapid detection methods for viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk and cheese. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;141 Suppl 1:S87-S90.
46. Cammi G, Ricchi M, Galiero A, Daminelli P, Cosciani-Cunico E, Dalzini E, et al. Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during the manufacturing process of Italian raw milk hard cheeses (Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano). Int J Food Microbiol. 2019;305:108247.
47. Hruska K, Bartos M, Kralik P, Pavlik I. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in powdered infant milk: Paratuberculosis in cattle - The public health problem to be solved. Vet Med (Praha). 2005;50(8):327.
48. Botsaris G, Swift BM, Slana I, Liapi M, Christodoulou M, Hatzitofi M, et al. Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula by phage-PCR and confirmed by culture. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;216:91-94.
49. Lorencova A, Babak V, Kralova A, Borilova G. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw fermented sausages during production and storage. Meat Sci. 2019;155:20-26.
50. Klanicova B, Slana I, Vondruskova H, Kaevska M, Pavlik I. Real-time quantitative PCR detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies in meat products. J Food Prot. 2011;74(4):636-640.
51. Lorencova A, Vasickova P, Makovcova J, Slana I. Presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies and hepatitis E virus in raw meat products. J Food Prot. 2014;77(2):335-338.
52. Savi R, Ricchi M, Cammi G, Garbarino C, Leo S, Pongolini S, et al. Survey on the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ground beef from an industrial meat plant. Vet Microbiol. 2015;177(3-4):403-408.
53. Jaravata CV, Smith WL, Rensen GJ, Ruzante J, Cullor JS. Survey of ground beef for the detection of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2007;4(1):103-106.
54. Hammer P, Walte HG, Matzen S, Hensel J, Kiesner C. Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during cooking of hamburger patties. J Food Prot. 2013;76(7):1194-1201.
55. Whittington RJ, Waldron A, Warne D. Thermal inactivation profiles of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in lamb skeletal muscle homogenate fluid. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;137(1):32-39.
56. Mutharia LM, Klassen MD, Fairles J, Barbut S, Gill CO. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in muscle, lymphatic and organ tissues from cows with advanced Johne’s disease. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;136(3):340-344.
57.Nassal J, Muser R, Blechacz W. Experimental investigations on heat resistance of Avian Mycobacteria in tuberculous chickens after cooking, roasting and grilling. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene 1968;206(4):500-511.
58. Pickup RW, Rhodes G, Bull TJ, Arnott S, Sidi-Boumedine K, Hurley M, et al. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in lake catchments, in river water abstracted for domestic use, and in effluent from domestic sewage treatment works: diverse opportunities for environmental cycling and human exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(6):4067-4077.
59.Richardson H, Rhodes G, Henrys P, Presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis monitored over varying temporal and spatial scales in river catchments: persistent routes for human exposure. Microorganisms 2019;7(5):136.
60. Whan L, Ball HJ, Grant IR, Rowe MT. Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in untreated water in Northern Ireland. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(11):7107-7112.
61. Beumer A, King D, Donohue M, Mistry J, Covert T, Pfaller S. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in drinking water and biofilms by quantitative PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(21):7367-7370.
62. Falkinham JO 3rd. Factors influencing the chlorine susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69(9):5685-5689.
63. Tatchou-Nyamsi-König JA, Dailloux M, Block JC. Survival of Mycobacterium avium attached to polyethylene terephtalate (PET) water bottles. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;106(3):825-832.
64. Blaiotta G, Di Cerbo A, Murru N, Coppola R, Aponte M. Persistence of bacterial indicators and zoonotic pathogens in contaminated cattle wastes. BMC Microbiol. 2016;16:87.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ve gıda güvenliği

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 74 - 82, 31.12.2021

Mehmet Emin Aydemir Ali Arslan

Abstract

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) evcil ruminantlarda görülen kronik gastroenteritis, ishal ve zayıflama ile karakterize enfeksiyöz bir hastalık olan Paratüberküloz (Johne’s hastalığı) hastalığının etkenidir. MAP ayrıca insanlarda görülen Crohn hastalığı (CH) etiyolojisinde de rol oynadığı bildirilmektedir. Bu nedenle MAP halk sağlığı açısından da önem arz etmektedir. Pastörizasyon işlemine diğer bakterilerden daha dayanıklı olduğundan kontamine süt ve süt ürünlerinden insanlara bulaşabilmektedir. Ayrıca hastalığı taşıyan hayvanların dışkısının bulaştığı et, et ürünleri, süt, süt ürünleri ve su bulaşma kaynağı olabilmektedir. MAP’ın enfekte hayvanlardan elde edilen besinlerle bulaşma olasılığının oldukça yüksek olması nedeniyle, gıda güvenliği açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bundan dolayı besinlerdeki varlığı ve besinlere bulaşmasının engellenmesi konusunda detaylı araştırmaların yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Keywords

gıda güvenliği, halk sağlığı, crohn hastalığı

References

1.Liu X, Li J, Yang X, Wang D, Wang J, Wu J. The seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Ir Vet J. 2017;70:1.
2. Over K, Crandall PG, O’Bryan CA, Ricke SC. Current perspectives on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Johne’s disease, and Crohn’s disease: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2011;37(2):141-156.
3.Aslan T. Sığırlarda paratüberküloz hastalığının serolojik teşhisinde laboratuvar yapımı Elısa kitinin değerlendirilmesi (Doktora Tezi). Fırat Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2019.
4. M’Koma AE. Inflammatory bowel disease: an expanding global health problem. Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol. 2013;6:33-47.
5. De Souza HS, Fiocchi C. Immunopathogenesis of IBD: current state of the art. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(1):13-27.
6. Cosnes J, Cattan S, Blain A, Beaugerie L, Carbonnel F, Parc R, et al. Long-term evolution of disease behavior of Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2002;8(4):244-250.
7.Yiğit B. Crohn hastalığı klinik yönetiminde abdominal Ultrasonografinin Bt enterografi İle karşılaştırılması (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi). Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Bağcılar Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, İç Hastalıkları Kliniği, 2019.
8. Chacon O, Bermudez LE, Barletta RG. Johne’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2004;58:329-363.
9. Manning EJ. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: a review of current knowledge. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2001;32(3):293-304.
10. El-Zaatari FA, Osato MS, Graham DY. Etiology of Crohn’s disease: the role of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Trends Mol Med. 2001;7(6):247-252.
11. Gao A, Mutharia L, Chen S, Rahn K, Odumeru J. Effect of pasteurization on survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85(12):3198-3205.
12.Hermon-Taylor J, El-Zaatari FAK. The Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis problem and its relation to the causation of Crohn disease. In: Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water. Bartram, J, Cotruvo, J, Dufour, A, Rees, G, Pedley, S. (Eds.). A Guide to Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management IWA Publishing, London, UK. 2004:74-94.
13. Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Merkal RS, Thayer WR Jr, Coutu JA. Characteristics of an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;20(5):966-971.
14. Gitnick G, Collins J, Beaman B, Brooks D, Arthur M, Imaeda T, et al. Preliminary report on isolation of mycobacteria from patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1989;34(6):925-932.
15.Hermon-Taylor J. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a cause of Crohn’s disease. Gut 2001;49(6):755-757.
16. Lisby G, Andersen J, Engbaek K, Binder V. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in intestinal tissue from patients with Crohn’s disease demonstrated by a nested primer polymerase chain reaction. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994;29(10):923-929.
17. Mishina D, Katsel P, Brown ST, Gilberts EC, Greenstein RJ. On the etiology of Crohn disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(18):9816-9820.
18. Bentley RW, Keenan JI, Gearry RB, Kennedy MA, Barclay ML, Roberts RL. Incidence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a populationbased cohort of patients with Crohn’s disease and control subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(5):1168-1172.
19. Zarei-Kordshouli F, Geramizadeh B, KhodakaramTafti A. Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis IS 900 DNA in biopsy tissues from patients with Crohn’s disease: histopathological and molecular comparison with Johne’s disease in Fars province of Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):23.
20. Suenaga K, Yokoyama Y, Nishimori I, Sano S, Morita M, Okazaki K, et al. Serum antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44(6):1202-1207.
21.Hermon-Taylor J, Barnes N, Clarke C. Grand Round: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cervical lymphadenitis, followed five years later by terminal ileitis similar to Crohn’s disease. The BMJ. 1998;316(7129):449-453.
22.Linnabary RD, Meerdink GL, Collins MT, Stabel JR, Sweeney RW, Washington MK, et al. Johne’s disease in cattle. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology 2001;17:1-10.
23.Öztürk KM., Gümüşsoy KS, Hızlısoy H. Kayseri ilinde satışa sunulan sokak sütlerinde Mycobacterium paratuberculosis varlığının konvansiyonel ve serolojik yöntemlerle araştırılması. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2019;16(3):190-197.
24.Çetinkaya B, Muz A, Ertaş HB. Süt ineklerinde paratüberküloz prevalansının polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR) ile saptanması. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2000;24(4):371-379.
25. Millar D, Ford J, Sanderson J, Withey S, Tizard M, Doran T, et al. IS900 PCR to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows’ milk in England and Wales. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(9):3446-3452.
26. O’Doherty A, O’grady D, Smith TJ Egan J. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in pasteurised and unpasteurised milk in the Republic of Ireland. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 41, 117-121.
27.Bradbury J. Need we add milk to list of worrying foods?. The Lancet 1998);352(9127):551.
28. Hermon-Taylor J, Bull T. Crohn’s disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: a public health tragedy whose resolution is long overdue. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51(1):3-6.
29. Paolicchi F, Cirone K, Morsella C, Gioffré A. First isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp Paratuberculosis from commercial pasteurized milk in Argentina. Braz J Microbiol. 2012;43(3):1034-1037.
30. Gerrard ZE, Swift BMC, Botsaris G, Davidson RS, Hutchings MR, Huxley JN, et al. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in retail pasteurised milk. Food Microbiol. 2018;74:57-63.
31.Sadeghi N, Jamshidi A, Seyyedin M. Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis in Pasteurized Milk Samples by Culture, Direct Nested PCR and PCR methods in Northeast of Iran. Iran J Chem Chem Eng. 2020;39(6):251-258.
32. Grant IR, Ball HJ, Neill SD, Rowe MT. Inactivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cows’ milk at pasteurization temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(2):631-636.
33. Rademaker JL, Vissers MM, Te Giffel MC. Effective heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk contaminated with naturally infected feces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(13):4185-4190.
34. Stabel JR. On-farm batch pasteurization destroys Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in waste milk. J Dairy Sci. 2001;84(2):524-527.
35. Stabel JR, Hurd S, Calvente L, Rosenbusch RF. Destruction of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Salmonella spp., and Mycoplasma spp. in raw milk by a commercial on-farm high-temperature, short-time pasteurizer. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87(7):2177-2183.
36. Ali ZI, Saudi AM, Albrecht R, Talaat AM. The inhibitory effect of nisin on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and its effect on mycobacterial cell wall. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102(6):4935-4944.
37. Rani S, Beaver A, Schukken YH, Pradhan AK. Modeling the effects of infection status and hygiene practices on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis contamination in bulk tank milk. Food Control. 2019;104:367-376.
38. Klanicova B, Slana I, Roubal P, Pavlik I, Kralik P. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during fermentation of soured milk products detected by culture and quantitative real time PCR methods. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;157(2):150-155.
39. Van Brandt L, Coudijzer K, Herman L, Michiels C, Hendrickx M, Vlaemynck G. Survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in yoghurt and in commercial fermented milk products containing probiotic cultures. J Appl Microbiol. 2011;110(5):1252-1261.
40. Galiero A, Fratini F, Mataragka A, Turchi B, Nuvoloni R, Ikonomopoulos J, et al. Detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cheeses from small ruminants in Tuscany. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;217:195-199.
41. Albuquerque PPF, Cezar RDS, Pinheiro Junior JW, Grazielle Nascimento G, Santos AS, Mota RA. Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in coalho cheese in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2019;71(6):1917- 1921.
42. Ikonomopoulos J, Pavlik I, Bartos M, Svastova P, Ayele WY, Roubal P, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail cheeses from Greece and the Czech Republic. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(12):8934-8936.
43. Donaghy JA, Totton NL, Rowe MT. Persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis during manufacture and ripening of cheddar cheese. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70(8):4899-4905.
44. Faria AC, Schwarz DG, Carvalho IA, Rocha BB, De Carvalho Castro KN, Silva MR, et al. Short communication: Viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in retail artisanal Coalho cheese from Northeastern Brazil. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97(7):4111-4114.
45. Botsaris G, Slana I, Liapi M, Dodd C, Economides C, Rees C, et al. Rapid detection methods for viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk and cheese. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;141 Suppl 1:S87-S90.
46. Cammi G, Ricchi M, Galiero A, Daminelli P, Cosciani-Cunico E, Dalzini E, et al. Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during the manufacturing process of Italian raw milk hard cheeses (Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano). Int J Food Microbiol. 2019;305:108247.
47. Hruska K, Bartos M, Kralik P, Pavlik I. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in powdered infant milk: Paratuberculosis in cattle - The public health problem to be solved. Vet Med (Praha). 2005;50(8):327.
48. Botsaris G, Swift BM, Slana I, Liapi M, Christodoulou M, Hatzitofi M, et al. Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula by phage-PCR and confirmed by culture. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;216:91-94.
49. Lorencova A, Babak V, Kralova A, Borilova G. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw fermented sausages during production and storage. Meat Sci. 2019;155:20-26.
50. Klanicova B, Slana I, Vondruskova H, Kaevska M, Pavlik I. Real-time quantitative PCR detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies in meat products. J Food Prot. 2011;74(4):636-640.
51. Lorencova A, Vasickova P, Makovcova J, Slana I. Presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies and hepatitis E virus in raw meat products. J Food Prot. 2014;77(2):335-338.
52. Savi R, Ricchi M, Cammi G, Garbarino C, Leo S, Pongolini S, et al. Survey on the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ground beef from an industrial meat plant. Vet Microbiol. 2015;177(3-4):403-408.
53. Jaravata CV, Smith WL, Rensen GJ, Ruzante J, Cullor JS. Survey of ground beef for the detection of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2007;4(1):103-106.
54. Hammer P, Walte HG, Matzen S, Hensel J, Kiesner C. Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during cooking of hamburger patties. J Food Prot. 2013;76(7):1194-1201.
55. Whittington RJ, Waldron A, Warne D. Thermal inactivation profiles of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in lamb skeletal muscle homogenate fluid. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;137(1):32-39.
56. Mutharia LM, Klassen MD, Fairles J, Barbut S, Gill CO. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in muscle, lymphatic and organ tissues from cows with advanced Johne’s disease. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;136(3):340-344.
57.Nassal J, Muser R, Blechacz W. Experimental investigations on heat resistance of Avian Mycobacteria in tuberculous chickens after cooking, roasting and grilling. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene 1968;206(4):500-511.
58. Pickup RW, Rhodes G, Bull TJ, Arnott S, Sidi-Boumedine K, Hurley M, et al. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in lake catchments, in river water abstracted for domestic use, and in effluent from domestic sewage treatment works: diverse opportunities for environmental cycling and human exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(6):4067-4077.
59.Richardson H, Rhodes G, Henrys P, Presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis monitored over varying temporal and spatial scales in river catchments: persistent routes for human exposure. Microorganisms 2019;7(5):136.
60. Whan L, Ball HJ, Grant IR, Rowe MT. Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in untreated water in Northern Ireland. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(11):7107-7112.
61. Beumer A, King D, Donohue M, Mistry J, Covert T, Pfaller S. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in drinking water and biofilms by quantitative PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(21):7367-7370.
62. Falkinham JO 3rd. Factors influencing the chlorine susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69(9):5685-5689.
63. Tatchou-Nyamsi-König JA, Dailloux M, Block JC. Survival of Mycobacterium avium attached to polyethylene terephtalate (PET) water bottles. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;106(3):825-832.
64. Blaiotta G, Di Cerbo A, Murru N, Coppola R, Aponte M. Persistence of bacterial indicators and zoonotic pathogens in contaminated cattle wastes. BMC Microbiol. 2016;16:87.

There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Reviews
Authors	Mehmet Emin Aydemir 0000-0002-5849-1741 Ali Arslan This is me 0000-0002-3011-5592
Publication Date	December 31, 2021
Published in Issue	Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver	Aydemir ME, Arslan A. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and food safety. CPHS. 2021;2(2):74-82.

Download Cover Image

Article Files

Full Text