Research Article
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Knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 235 - 240, 29.09.2020

Abstract

Objective: Although seen rarely, testicular cancer remains to be
a public health problem as it is the most common cancer type in males aged
between 15 and 35 years. The aim of this study is to evaluate knowledge,
beliefs and practices of male university students regarding testicular cancer
and testicular self-examination.



Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with 681 first-year university
students between November and December 2016. The data were collected using a
Descriptive Form, Testicular Cancer Questionnaire and the Champion’s Health
Belief Model Scale (HBMS).



Results: It was found that 91% of the students had no previous knowledge on
testicular cancer, 88.3% had never heard of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE).
Most of the students stated that they obtained information on testicular cancer
and TSE from the internet. Students were found to have moderate level of
perceived benefit, susceptibility, barrier, motivation/seriousness and
self-efficacy with respect to testicular cancer and TSE.



Conclusion: As a result of this research, it was found that university
students lacked sufficient knowledge on testicular cancer and TSE. In order to
improve the level of knowledge on testicular cancer and TSE, health
professionals may provide trainings at universities, awareness may be raised
among university students through elective courses and information may be
disseminated via mass media.

Supporting Institution

Maltepe University

Project Number

M.Ü.BAP/001/2016

Thanks

We would like to thank all students for their participation in the study.

References

  • Manecksha RP, Fitzpatrick JM. Epidemiology of testicular cancer. BJU International Journal 2009; 104:1329-33.
  • Znaor A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A, Bray F. International variations and trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality. European Urology 2014; 65(6):1095-106.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer; The Global Cancer Observatory, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019 from: http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/28-Testis-fact-sheet.pdf
  • American Cancer Society, Cancer Statistics Center. Retrieved 30 July, 2019 from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
  • Turkish Cancer Statistics, 2016. Retrieved 25 June, 2019 from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanserdb/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2015.pdf
  • Saab M, Landers M, Hegarty J. Testicular Cancer Awareness and Screening Practices: A Systematic Review. ONF 2016; 43(1), E8-E23 DOI: 10.1188/16.ONF.E8-E23
  • Casey RG, Grainger R, Butler MR, McDermott TE, Thornhill JA. Public Awareness of Testis Cancer and the Prevalence of Testicular Self-examination, Changing Patterns Over 20 Years. Urology 2010; 76(4): 916-918.
  • Rudberg L, Nilsson S, Wikblad K, Carlsson M. Barriers identified by Swedish school nurses in giving information about testicular cancer and testicular self-examination to adolescent males. J Sch Nurs. 2005; 21:17-22, doi: 10.1177/10598405050210010501.
  • Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, Bokemeyer C, Cohn-Cedermark G, Fizazi K, Horwich A, Laguna MP, Nicolai N, Oldenburg J. Guidelines on testicular cancer. European Association of Urology. 2016; 1:1-54.
  • Casey RG, Grainger R, Butler MR. Scrotal signs and symptoms in the general population, the value of testis self-examination and the pitfalls of a scrotal screening programme: is the two-week rule relevant? World J Urol 2011; 29:387–391.
  • Kuzgunbay B, Yaycioglu O, Soyupak B, Kayıs AA, Ayan S, Yavascaoğlu I, Cal C, Beduk Y. Public awareness of testicular cancer and self-examination in Turkey: A multicenter study of Turkish Urooncology Society. Urologic Oncology 2013; 3(31): 389-391.
  • Ozturk C, Fleer J, Hoekstra HJ, Hoekstra-Weebers J M. Delay in diagnosis of testicular cancer; A need for awareness programs. Plos ONE 2015; 10(11), 1–10. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141244
  • Moul J.W. Timely diagnosis of testicular cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2007; 34(2), 109–17.
  • Kasaeian AA. Varicocele diagnostic accuracy with testicular self-examination in 15-25 years old man. Journal of Men’s Health 2009; 6254. Doi:20.2026/j.jomh.2009.08.103.
  • Rovito MJ, Leone JE, Cavayero CT. “Off-Label” Usage of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE): Benefits Beyond Cancer Detection. American Journal of Men’s Health 2018; 12(3):505-513.
  • Evans RE, Simon AE, Wardle J. Public perceptions of the harms and benefits of testicular cancer education: A qualitative study. Cancer Epidemiology 2010; 34(2): 212–219.
  • Barnes RJ. Beliefs and practices of active duty air force males related to testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences. Master of Science Thesis, 2000. Washington, USA.
  • Pinar G, Oksuz E, Beder A, Elbas N. Reliability and validity of the Turkish adaptation of the Champion’s health belief model scale at testicular cancer screening. Tıp Araştırmaları Dergisi 2011; 9(2): 89-96.
  • Ugurlu Z, Akkuzu G, Karahan A, Beder A, Dogan N, Okdem S, Kav S. Testicular cancer awareness and testicular self-examination among university students. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2011; 12(3): 695-698.
  • Yilmaz E, Kutlu KA, Çeçen D. The knowledge, attitude and behaviors school of health students related testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi 2009; 4(10), 1-15.
  • Altinel B, Avci IA. The knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students on testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2013; 12(4):365-370.
  • Pour HA, Cam R. Evaluation of men’s knowledge, attitude and behavior about testicular self-examination and testicular cancer. F.N. Hem. Dergisi 2014; 22(1): 33-38.
  • Carbone S, Walker GA, Burney S, Newton F. The symptom recognition and help seeking experiences of men in Australia with testicular cancer. Qualitative Research Journal 2009; 9(1), 43-59. DOI: 10.3316/QRJ0901043
  • Ugwumba FO, Ekwueme OE, Okoh AD. Testicular cancer and testicular self-examination; knowledge, attitudes and practice in final year medical students in Nigeria. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17 (11): 4999-5003.
  • Gocgeldi E, Kocak N. Evaluation of the education given to the young adult males about testicular self examination. Gülhane Tıp Derg 2010; 52: 270-275.
  • Lechner L, Oenema A, de Nooijer J. Testicular self-examination (TSE) among Dutch young men aged 15–19: determinants of the intention to practice TSE. Health Educ Research 2002; 17(1): 73–84. doi:10.1093/her/17.1.73)
Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 235 - 240, 29.09.2020

Abstract

Project Number

M.Ü.BAP/001/2016

References

  • Manecksha RP, Fitzpatrick JM. Epidemiology of testicular cancer. BJU International Journal 2009; 104:1329-33.
  • Znaor A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A, Bray F. International variations and trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality. European Urology 2014; 65(6):1095-106.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer; The Global Cancer Observatory, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019 from: http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/28-Testis-fact-sheet.pdf
  • American Cancer Society, Cancer Statistics Center. Retrieved 30 July, 2019 from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
  • Turkish Cancer Statistics, 2016. Retrieved 25 June, 2019 from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanserdb/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2015.pdf
  • Saab M, Landers M, Hegarty J. Testicular Cancer Awareness and Screening Practices: A Systematic Review. ONF 2016; 43(1), E8-E23 DOI: 10.1188/16.ONF.E8-E23
  • Casey RG, Grainger R, Butler MR, McDermott TE, Thornhill JA. Public Awareness of Testis Cancer and the Prevalence of Testicular Self-examination, Changing Patterns Over 20 Years. Urology 2010; 76(4): 916-918.
  • Rudberg L, Nilsson S, Wikblad K, Carlsson M. Barriers identified by Swedish school nurses in giving information about testicular cancer and testicular self-examination to adolescent males. J Sch Nurs. 2005; 21:17-22, doi: 10.1177/10598405050210010501.
  • Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, Bokemeyer C, Cohn-Cedermark G, Fizazi K, Horwich A, Laguna MP, Nicolai N, Oldenburg J. Guidelines on testicular cancer. European Association of Urology. 2016; 1:1-54.
  • Casey RG, Grainger R, Butler MR. Scrotal signs and symptoms in the general population, the value of testis self-examination and the pitfalls of a scrotal screening programme: is the two-week rule relevant? World J Urol 2011; 29:387–391.
  • Kuzgunbay B, Yaycioglu O, Soyupak B, Kayıs AA, Ayan S, Yavascaoğlu I, Cal C, Beduk Y. Public awareness of testicular cancer and self-examination in Turkey: A multicenter study of Turkish Urooncology Society. Urologic Oncology 2013; 3(31): 389-391.
  • Ozturk C, Fleer J, Hoekstra HJ, Hoekstra-Weebers J M. Delay in diagnosis of testicular cancer; A need for awareness programs. Plos ONE 2015; 10(11), 1–10. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141244
  • Moul J.W. Timely diagnosis of testicular cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2007; 34(2), 109–17.
  • Kasaeian AA. Varicocele diagnostic accuracy with testicular self-examination in 15-25 years old man. Journal of Men’s Health 2009; 6254. Doi:20.2026/j.jomh.2009.08.103.
  • Rovito MJ, Leone JE, Cavayero CT. “Off-Label” Usage of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE): Benefits Beyond Cancer Detection. American Journal of Men’s Health 2018; 12(3):505-513.
  • Evans RE, Simon AE, Wardle J. Public perceptions of the harms and benefits of testicular cancer education: A qualitative study. Cancer Epidemiology 2010; 34(2): 212–219.
  • Barnes RJ. Beliefs and practices of active duty air force males related to testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences. Master of Science Thesis, 2000. Washington, USA.
  • Pinar G, Oksuz E, Beder A, Elbas N. Reliability and validity of the Turkish adaptation of the Champion’s health belief model scale at testicular cancer screening. Tıp Araştırmaları Dergisi 2011; 9(2): 89-96.
  • Ugurlu Z, Akkuzu G, Karahan A, Beder A, Dogan N, Okdem S, Kav S. Testicular cancer awareness and testicular self-examination among university students. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2011; 12(3): 695-698.
  • Yilmaz E, Kutlu KA, Çeçen D. The knowledge, attitude and behaviors school of health students related testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi 2009; 4(10), 1-15.
  • Altinel B, Avci IA. The knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students on testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2013; 12(4):365-370.
  • Pour HA, Cam R. Evaluation of men’s knowledge, attitude and behavior about testicular self-examination and testicular cancer. F.N. Hem. Dergisi 2014; 22(1): 33-38.
  • Carbone S, Walker GA, Burney S, Newton F. The symptom recognition and help seeking experiences of men in Australia with testicular cancer. Qualitative Research Journal 2009; 9(1), 43-59. DOI: 10.3316/QRJ0901043
  • Ugwumba FO, Ekwueme OE, Okoh AD. Testicular cancer and testicular self-examination; knowledge, attitudes and practice in final year medical students in Nigeria. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17 (11): 4999-5003.
  • Gocgeldi E, Kocak N. Evaluation of the education given to the young adult males about testicular self examination. Gülhane Tıp Derg 2010; 52: 270-275.
  • Lechner L, Oenema A, de Nooijer J. Testicular self-examination (TSE) among Dutch young men aged 15–19: determinants of the intention to practice TSE. Health Educ Research 2002; 17(1): 73–84. doi:10.1093/her/17.1.73)
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Seher Yurt 0000-0001-9972-3273

Rabia Sağlam 0000-0002-8208-6113

Hasibe Kadıoğlu 0000-0003-4965-0277

Project Number M.Ü.BAP/001/2016
Publication Date September 29, 2020
Submission Date November 11, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yurt, S., Sağlam, R., & Kadıoğlu, H. (2020). Knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 10(3), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.645328
AMA Yurt S, Sağlam R, Kadıoğlu H. Knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. September 2020;10(3):235-240. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.645328
Chicago Yurt, Seher, Rabia Sağlam, and Hasibe Kadıoğlu. “Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices of University Students Regarding Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 10, no. 3 (September 2020): 235-40. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.645328.
EndNote Yurt S, Sağlam R, Kadıoğlu H (September 1, 2020) Knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 10 3 235–240.
IEEE S. Yurt, R. Sağlam, and H. Kadıoğlu, “Knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 235–240, 2020, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.645328.
ISNAD Yurt, Seher et al. “Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices of University Students Regarding Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 10/3 (September 2020), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.645328.
JAMA Yurt S, Sağlam R, Kadıoğlu H. Knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2020;10:235–240.
MLA Yurt, Seher et al. “Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices of University Students Regarding Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 10, no. 3, 2020, pp. 235-40, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.645328.
Vancouver Yurt S, Sağlam R, Kadıoğlu H. Knowledge, beliefs and practices of university students regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2020;10(3):235-40.

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