Abstract
Objective: The electromagnetic waves (EMW) emitted by commonly used mobile phones are reported to have effects on many tissues. In this study, we aimed to show the effect of EMW emitted by mobile phone with DSC 1800 carrier frequency and pulse repetition frequency of 217 Hz which has the highest SAR value 1.79 W/kg on the morphological changes of rat testis.
Method: Wistar-albino rats were used in this study (n= 6 for each group) and were divided to 5 experimental groups as Control, Standby Fetal, Standby, EMW Fetal and EMW. Application of EMW was performed for 2 hours per day until the birth in fetal experimental groups and until postnatal 60th day in other experimental groups. Testes of the rats in all experimental groups were taken at postnatal 60th day under ether anesthesia. The body and testis of the rats were weighed. Testis tissues were fixed with Bouin solution and routine paraffin processing was done. Paraffin sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, then, diameter and area of seminiferous tubules were measured and histopathological scoring was done.
Results: While body weight of the rats was decreased in only EMW group, testis weight, seminiferous tubule area and seminiferous tubule diameter were decreased in the EMW Fetal and EMW groups. Seminiferous tubules with normal morphology were not significantly decreased in the Standby group, but, significantly decreased in the EMW Fetal and EMW groups. Degenerative and atrophic tubules were found to be significantly increased in the EMW group.
Conclusion: EMW emitted by mobile phones showed adverse effects on testis morphology in speaks mode. As a result, detailed studies on the blood-testis barrier that regulates spermatogenesis and Leydig cells are needed in order to show the effects of EMW on male fertility.
Keywords
References
- International Telecommunication Union; http://www.itu.int/en/ ITU-D/Statistics/ Documents/ facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf
- Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu; http://www.btk.gov.tr/ kutuphane_ve_veribankasi/pazar_verileri/ucaylik13_1.pdf Elektromanyetik Dalgalar Ve İnsan Sağlığı, Tübitak-Bülten;2001 http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/sandik/gsm.pdf
- Harper AC, Buress RV. Mobile Telephones: Networks, Applications and Performance. Nova Publishers; 2008. p. 138-140.
- Czyz J, Guan K, Zeng Q, Nikolova T, Meister A, Schönborn F, Schuderer J, Kuster N and Wobus AM. High frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM Signals) affect gene expression levels in tumor suppressor p53deficient embryonic stem cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;25:29630
- Zamanian A, Hardiman C. Electromagnetic radiation and human health: A review of sources and effects electromagnetic radiation and human health: A review of sources and effects. High Frequency Electronics. 2005.
- Fritze K, Sommer C, Schmitz B, Mies G, Hossmann KA, Kiessling M, Wiessner C. Effect of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on blood–brain barrier permeability in rat. Acta Neuropathologica. 1997;94:465–470.
- Moulder JE, Erdreich LS, Malyapa RS, Merritt J, Pickard WF, Vijayalaxmi. Cell phones and cancer: what is the evidence for a connection? Radiat Res. 1999;151(5):513-31.
- Colonna A. Cellular phones and cancer: current status. Bulletin du Cancer. 2005;92:637–643.
- Davoudi M, Brossner C, Kuber W. The influence of electromagnetic waves on sperm motility. Journal für Urologie und Urogynäkologie. 2002;19:18–22.
- Fejes I, Závaczki Z, Szöllosi J, Koloszár S, Daru J, Kovács L, Pál A. Is there a relationship between cell phone use and semen quality? Archives of Andrology. 2005;51:385–393.
- Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(1):124-8.
- Ozguner M, Koyu A, Cesur G, Ural M, Ozguner F, Gokcimen A, Delibas N. Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Medical Journal. 2005;26:405–410.
- Dasdag S, Ketani MA, Akdag Z, Ersay AR, Sari I, Demirtas OC, Celik MS. Whole-body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats. Urology Research. 1999;27:219–223.
- Meo SA, Arif M, Rashied S, Khan MM, Vohra MS, Usmani AM, Imran MB, Al-Drees AM. Hypospermatogenesis and spermatozoa maturation arrestin rats induced by mobile phone radiation. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2011; 21:262-265.
- Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO. Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit. Int J Androl. 2010; 33:88-94.
- Imai N, Kawabe M, Hikage T, Nojima T, Takahashi S, Shirai T. Effects on rat testis of 1.95-GHz W-CDMA for IMT-2000 cellular phones. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2011;57(4):204-209.
- Lee HJ, Pack JK, Kim TH, Kim N, Choi SY, Lee JS, Kim SH, Lee YS. The lack of histological changes of CDMA cellular phone-based radio frequency on rat testis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;31:528-34.
- Forgács Z, Somosy Z, Kubinyi G, Bakos J, Hudák A, Surján A, Thuróczy G. Effects of whole body 1800 MHz GSM-like microwave exposure on testicular stereidogenesis and histology in mice, Reprod. Toxicol. 2006;22:111–117.
- Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ayyildiz O, Demirtas OC, Yayla M, Sert C. Do cellular phones alter blood parameters and birth weight of rats? Electromagn. Biol Med. 2000;19:107–113.
- Grigoryev Y. Biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo (Risk assessment using the mortality rate), Radiats. Biol Radioecol. 2003;43:541–543.
- Linder R, Hess RA, Perreault SD, Strader LF, Barbee RR. Acute effects and long-term sequelae of 1,3-Dinitrobenzene on male reproduction in the rat I. sperm quality, quantity, and fertilizing ability. J Androl. 1988;9(5):317-326.
- Ribeiro EP, Rhoden EL, Horn MM, Rhoden C, Lima LP, Toniolo L. Effects of sub chronic exposure to radio frequency from a conventional cellular telephone on testicular function in adult rats, J. Urol. 2007;177:395–399.
- Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Yilmaz F, Bashan M, Dasdag MM, Celik MS. Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes, Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24:182– 1
Abstract
Amaç: Kullanım alanı yaygın olan cep telefonlarının yaydığı elektromanyetik dalgaların (EMD) birçok doku üzerine etkileri olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada GSM 1800 iletişim frekansına ve 217 Hz aşırı alçak dalga (ELF) atış tekrar frekansına (PRF) sahip ve en yüksek özgül soğurma değeri (SAR) 1,79 W/kg olan cep telefonunun yaydığı EMD’nin sıçan testis morfolojisinde meydana getirdiği değişiklikleri göstermek amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmamızda Wistar-albino türü sıçanlar kullanılmış (her grup için n=6) ve 1) Kontrol, 2) EMD, 3) EMD Fötal, 4) Stand by (Bekleme) ve 5) Bekleme Fötal olmak üzere 5 deney grubu oluşturulmuştur. Kontrol grubu hariç, fötal deney grupları doğuma kadar, diğer deney grupları ise doğumdan sonraki 60. güne kadar günde 2 saat olmak üzere her gün EMD’ye tabi tutulmuşlardır. Tüm deney gruplarındaki sıçanların testisleri doğum sonrası 60. günde eter anestezisi altında alınmıştır. Sıçanların vücut ve testis ağırlıkları tartılmıştır. Testis dokuları Bouin solüsyonu ile fikse edildikten sonra rutin parafin takibi uygulanmıştır. Parafin kesitlere Hematoksilin & Eosin boyası uygulanmıştır ve boyalı kesitlerde seminifer tübül çapı ve alanı ölçümleri ve histopatolojik skorlama yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Sadece EMD grubunda sıçan ağırlığı düşüş gösterirken, EMD Fötal ve EMD gruplarında testis ağırlığının, seminifer tübül alanının ve seminifer tübül çapının düştüğü gözlenmiştir. Normal tübül yapısı Bekleme grubunda azalmakla birlikte anlamlı değildir, EMD Fötal ve EMD gruplarında anlamlı şekilde azalmıştır ve EMD grubunda ise dejeneratif ve atrofik tübül sayısındaki artış anlamlıdır.
Sonuç: Bu çalışmada konuşur konumdaki cep telefonlarının yaydığı EMD’lerin testis morfolojisi üzerine olumsuz etkileri gösterilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, EMD’nin erkek fertilitesi üzerine etkilerini gösterebilmek için spermatogenezi düzenleyen kan testis bariyeri ve Leydig hücreleri ile ilgili yapılacak olan detaylı çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Keywords
References
- International Telecommunication Union; http://www.itu.int/en/ ITU-D/Statistics/ Documents/ facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf
- Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu; http://www.btk.gov.tr/ kutuphane_ve_veribankasi/pazar_verileri/ucaylik13_1.pdf Elektromanyetik Dalgalar Ve İnsan Sağlığı, Tübitak-Bülten;2001 http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/sandik/gsm.pdf
- Harper AC, Buress RV. Mobile Telephones: Networks, Applications and Performance. Nova Publishers; 2008. p. 138-140.
- Czyz J, Guan K, Zeng Q, Nikolova T, Meister A, Schönborn F, Schuderer J, Kuster N and Wobus AM. High frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM Signals) affect gene expression levels in tumor suppressor p53deficient embryonic stem cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;25:29630
- Zamanian A, Hardiman C. Electromagnetic radiation and human health: A review of sources and effects electromagnetic radiation and human health: A review of sources and effects. High Frequency Electronics. 2005.
- Fritze K, Sommer C, Schmitz B, Mies G, Hossmann KA, Kiessling M, Wiessner C. Effect of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on blood–brain barrier permeability in rat. Acta Neuropathologica. 1997;94:465–470.
- Moulder JE, Erdreich LS, Malyapa RS, Merritt J, Pickard WF, Vijayalaxmi. Cell phones and cancer: what is the evidence for a connection? Radiat Res. 1999;151(5):513-31.
- Colonna A. Cellular phones and cancer: current status. Bulletin du Cancer. 2005;92:637–643.
- Davoudi M, Brossner C, Kuber W. The influence of electromagnetic waves on sperm motility. Journal für Urologie und Urogynäkologie. 2002;19:18–22.
- Fejes I, Závaczki Z, Szöllosi J, Koloszár S, Daru J, Kovács L, Pál A. Is there a relationship between cell phone use and semen quality? Archives of Andrology. 2005;51:385–393.
- Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(1):124-8.
- Ozguner M, Koyu A, Cesur G, Ural M, Ozguner F, Gokcimen A, Delibas N. Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Medical Journal. 2005;26:405–410.
- Dasdag S, Ketani MA, Akdag Z, Ersay AR, Sari I, Demirtas OC, Celik MS. Whole-body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats. Urology Research. 1999;27:219–223.
- Meo SA, Arif M, Rashied S, Khan MM, Vohra MS, Usmani AM, Imran MB, Al-Drees AM. Hypospermatogenesis and spermatozoa maturation arrestin rats induced by mobile phone radiation. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2011; 21:262-265.
- Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO. Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit. Int J Androl. 2010; 33:88-94.
- Imai N, Kawabe M, Hikage T, Nojima T, Takahashi S, Shirai T. Effects on rat testis of 1.95-GHz W-CDMA for IMT-2000 cellular phones. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2011;57(4):204-209.
- Lee HJ, Pack JK, Kim TH, Kim N, Choi SY, Lee JS, Kim SH, Lee YS. The lack of histological changes of CDMA cellular phone-based radio frequency on rat testis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;31:528-34.
- Forgács Z, Somosy Z, Kubinyi G, Bakos J, Hudák A, Surján A, Thuróczy G. Effects of whole body 1800 MHz GSM-like microwave exposure on testicular stereidogenesis and histology in mice, Reprod. Toxicol. 2006;22:111–117.
- Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ayyildiz O, Demirtas OC, Yayla M, Sert C. Do cellular phones alter blood parameters and birth weight of rats? Electromagn. Biol Med. 2000;19:107–113.
- Grigoryev Y. Biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo (Risk assessment using the mortality rate), Radiats. Biol Radioecol. 2003;43:541–543.
- Linder R, Hess RA, Perreault SD, Strader LF, Barbee RR. Acute effects and long-term sequelae of 1,3-Dinitrobenzene on male reproduction in the rat I. sperm quality, quantity, and fertilizing ability. J Androl. 1988;9(5):317-326.
- Ribeiro EP, Rhoden EL, Horn MM, Rhoden C, Lima LP, Toniolo L. Effects of sub chronic exposure to radio frequency from a conventional cellular telephone on testicular function in adult rats, J. Urol. 2007;177:395–399.
- Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Yilmaz F, Bashan M, Dasdag MM, Celik MS. Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes, Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24:182– 1
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 30, 2014 |
| Submission Date | January 30, 2014 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2013 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 |
Cite