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The effect of oxytocin on the gastric emptying rate of liquids: the role of oxytocin and CCK-2 receptors

Year 2013, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 26 - 33, 29.01.2014

Zarife Nigar Özdemir Kumral Emil Novruzov Nefize Turan Berrak Ç. Yeğen

Abstract

Objectives: Studies have indicated that oxytocin (OT), a regulatory nonapeptide synthesized in the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, is endogenously released into blood following a fatty meal or by the stimulation of exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK). Despite OT’s acceleratory effect on gastric emptying, there are also experimental studies documenting its delaying action. 

Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were used to evaluate the effect of centrally or peripherally administered OT on the gastric emptying rate of a liquid meal in awake rats and to explain the interaction of OT and CCK-2 receptors in these effects. Under anesthesia, a group of rats was inserted intracerebroventricularly (icv) for drug applications, while some were inserted with stainless steel gastric cannulas for gastric emptying. Before gastric emptying tests were performed, rats were given intraperitoneally or icv saline, OT, OT antagonist atosiban (ATO) and/or CCK-2 antagonist L365,260. Following the drug injections, in another group that had no gastric cannula placement, rats were given orogastrically methylcellulose containing phenol red, and the gastric emptying rate was calculated.

Results: Both central and peripheral injections of OT slowed the gastric emptying of physiological saline in rats with gastric cannula, while gastric emptying of methyl cellulose was accelerated at the 30th minute. It has been shown by using the receptor antagonist ATO that endogenous OT has an accelerating effect. The acceleratory effect of the exogenous OT on methyl cellulose in the late period was suppressed by ATO, but CCK-2 antagonist had no effect.

Conclusion: In the experiments performed by using a viscous methyl cellulose meal and solutions through the gastric cannulas, exogenous OT inhibits gastric motility for a short term and then accelerates. Endogenous OT increases gastric emptying, while OT and CCK-2 receptors mediate these effects.


Key words: Atosiban, CCK-2 receptors, gastric cannula, gastric emptying

Keywords

Atosiban CCK-2 receptors gastric cannula gastric emptying

References

  • Chiloiro M, Darconza G, Piccioli E, De Carne M, Clemente C, Riezzo G. Gastic emptying and orocecal transit time in pregnancy. J Gastroenterol. 2001; 36: 538-543.
  • Chang FY, Lee SD, Yeh GH, Lu CC, Wang PS, Wang SW. Disturbed small intestinal motility in the late rat pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1998; 45: 221-224.
  • Mizutani S, Hayakawa H, Akiyama H, Sakura H, Yoshino M, Oya M, Kawashima Y. Simultaneous determinations of plasma oxytocin and serum placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP) during late pregnancy. Clin Biochem. 1982; 15: 141-145.
  • Kumaresan P, Subramanian M, Anandarangam PB, Kumaresan M. Radioimmunoassay of plasma and pituitary oxytocin in pregnant rats during various stages. J Endocrinol Invest. 1979;2(1):65-70.
  • Gimpl Gerald, Fahrenholz Falk. The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation, Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 629-683.
  • Monstein HJ, Grahn N, Truedsson M, Ohlsson B. Oxytocin and oxytocinreceptor mRNA expression in the human gastrointestinal tract: a polymerase chain reaction study. Regul Pept. 2004; 119: 39-44.
  • Ohlsson B, Truedsson M, Djerf P, Sundler F: Oxytocin is present throughout the human gastrointestinal tract. Reg Pept. 2006; 135:7-11.
  • Milenov K, Barth T, Jost K, Kasakov L. Effect of deamino-dicarbaoxytocin and oxytocin on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of uterus, stomach and small intestine in dog. Endocrinol Exp. 1979; 13: 177-83.
  • Flanagan LM, Olson BR, Sved AF, Verbalis JG, Stricker EM. Gastric motility in conscious rats given oxytocin and an oxytocin antagonist centrally. Brain Res. 1992; 578: 256-60.
  • Flanagan LM, Dohanics J, Verbalis JG, Stricker EM. Gastric motility and food intake in rats after lesions of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263: 39-42.
  • Wu CL, Hung CR, Chang FY, Pau KY, Wang JL, Wang PS. Involvement of cholecystokinin receptor in the inhibition of gastric emptying by oxytocin in male rats. Pflugers Arch. 2002; 445(2):187-93.
  • Wu C-L, Hung C-R, Chang F-Y, Pau K-Y, Wang PS: Pharmacological effects of oxytocin on gastric emptying and intestinal transit of a non-nutritive liquid meal in female rats. Naunyn-Schiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol. 2003; 367:406-413.
  • Duridanova DB, Nedelcheva MD, Gagov HS. Oxytocin induced changes in single cell K+ currents and smooth muscle contraction of guinea-pig gastric antrum. Eur J Endocrinol/Eur Fed Endocr Soc. 1997; 136: 531-8. 14- Qin J, Feng M, Wang C, Ye Y, Wang PS, Liu C. Oxytocin receptor expressed on the smooth muscle mediates the excitatory effect of oxytocin on gastric motility in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009; 21(4): 430-8.
  • Xie DP, Chen LB, Liu CY, Liu JZ, Liu KJ. Effect of oxytocin on contraction of rabbit proximal colon in vitro. World J Gastroenterol. 2003; 9: 165-168.
  • Liu CY, Liu JZ, Xie DP, Liu PY, Wang PS. Endogenous oxytocin excites phasic contraction of gallbladder in rabbits through oxytocin receptor. Chin J Physiol. 2003; 46: 95-101.
  • Hashmonai M, Torem S, Argov S, Barzilai A, Schramek A. Prolonged post-vagotomy gastric atony treated by oxytocin. Br J Surg. 1979; 66: 550Petring OU. The effect of oxytocin on basal and pethidine-induced delayed gastric emptying. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989; 28: 329-32.
  • Ohlsson B, Björgell O, Ekberg O, Darwiche G: The oxytocin/vasopressin receptor antagonist atosiban delays the gastric emptying of a semisolid meal compared to saline in human. BMC Gastroenterology. 2006, 6: 11.
  • Borg J, Melander O, Johansson L, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Rehfeld JF, Ohlsson B. Gastroparesis is associated with oxytocin deficiency, esophageal dysmotility with hyperCCKemia, and autonomic neuropathy with hypergastrinemia. BMC Gastroenterology. 2009, 9:17.
  • Ohlsson B, Ringström G, Abrahamsson H, Simrén M, Björnsson ES: Oxytocin stimulates colonic motor activity in healthy women. Neurogastroenterol Mot. 2004; 16: 233-240.
  • Ohlsson B, Sjo¨lund K. Oxytocin increased stool frequency in patients with chronic constipation. A preliminary report. Int J Surg Investig. 2001; 3: 287-92.
  • Chey WY, Hitanant S, Hendricks J, Lorber SH Effect of secretin and cholecystokinin on gastric emptying and gastric output in man. Gastroenterology. 1970; 58: 820-827.
  • Jin HO, Lee KY, Chang TM, Chey WY, Dubois A Physiological role of cholecystokinin on gastric emptying and acid output in dogs. Dig Dis Sci. 1994; 39: 2306-2314.
  • Moran TH, McHugh PR Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying. Am J Physiol. 1982; 242: 491-R497.
  • Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 1996, Academic, New York.
  • Green T, Dimaline R, Peikin S, Dockray GJ. The action of the cholecystokinin antagonist L-364,718 on gastric emptying in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 255 Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1988; 18: 685-689.
  • Debas HT, Farooq O, Grossman MI: Inhibition of gastric emptying is a physiological action of cholecystokinin. Gastroenterology. 1975; 68: 1211-1217.
  • Grider JR: Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. J Nutr. 1994; 124: 1334-1339.
  • Ohlsson B, Forsling ML, Rehfeld JF, Sjölund K: Cholecystokinin leads to increased oxytocin secretion in healthy women. Eur J Surg. 2002; 168: 114-118.
  • Liu CY, Chen LB, Liu PY, Xie DP, Wang PS. Effects of progesterone on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in male rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2002; 8: 338-341.
  • Rogers RC, Hermann GE. Oxytocin, oxytocin antagonist, TRH, and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation effects on gastric motility. Peptides. 1987; 8: 505-513.
  • Milenov K, Kasakov L. Effect of synthetic oxytocin on the motor and bioelectrical activity of the stomach and small intestines (in vivo). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1975; 3-4: 31-40.
  • Li L, Kong X, Liu H, Liu C. Systemic oxytocin and vasopressin excite gastrointestinal motility through oxytocin receptor in rabbits. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007; 19: 839-844.
  • Babygirija R, Zheng J, Ludwig K, Takahashi T. Central oxytocin is involved in restoring impaired gastric motility following chronic repeated stress in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010; 298(1): 157-65.
  • Ochi M, Tominaga K, Tanaka F, Tanigawa T, Shiba M, Watanabe T, Fujiwara Y, Oshitani N, Higuchi K, Arakawa T. Effect of chronic stress on gastric emptying and plasma ghrelin levels in rats. Life Sci. 2008; 82: 862-868.
  • Amico JA, Miedlar JA, Cai HM, Vollmer RR. Oxytocin knockout mice: a model for studying stress-related and ingestive behaviours. Prog Brain Res. 2008; 170: 53-64.
  • Moran TH, Robinson PH, Goldrich MS, McHugh PR. Two brain cholecystokinin receptors: implications for behavioral actions. Brain Res. 1986; 362, 175-179.
  • Wank SA, Pisegna JR, De Weerth A. Brain and gastrointestinal cholecystokinin receptor family: structure and functional expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 1992; 89: 8691-8695.
  • Verbalis JG, McCann MJ, McHale CM, Stricker EM. Oxytocin secretion in response to cholecystokinin and food: differentiation of nausea from satiety. Science. 1986; 13: 232(4756): 1417-9.
  • Moran TH, Katz LF, Plata-Salaman CR, Schwartz GJ. Disordered food intake and obesity in rats lacking cholecystokinin A receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 1998; 274: 618-625.
  • Kopin AS, Mathes WF, McBride EW, Nguyen M, Al-Haider W, Schmitz F, Bonner-Weir S, Kanarek R, Beinborn M. The cholecystokinin-A receptor mediates inhibition of food intake yet is not essential for the maintenance of body weight. J. Clin. Invest. 1999; 103: 383-391.

Sıvıların mideden boşalma hızına oksitosinin etkisi: Oksitosin ve kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin rolü

Year 2013, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 26 - 33, 29.01.2014

Zarife Nigar Özdemir Kumral Emil Novruzov Nefize Turan Berrak Ç. Yeğen

Abstract

Amaç: Hipotalamusta supraoptik ve paraventriküler çekirdeklerde sentezlenen düzenleyici bir nonapeptit olan oksitosinin (OT) yağlı bir öğün sonrası endojen olarak ya da kolesistokininin (CCK) eksojen olarak uyarılmasıyla kana verildiği gösterilmiştir. OT’nin sağlıklı bireylerde mide boşalma hızını artırdığını gösteren çalışmalara karşın, yavaşlattığını belgeleyen deneysel çalışmalar da bulunmaktadır.

Yöntem: Santral veya periferik yolla verilen OT’nin ya da endojen OT’nin sıvı gıdanın mideden boşalma hızı üzerine etkisini uyanık sıçanlarda ölçmek ve bu etkilerde OT ve CCK-2 reseptörlerinin aracılığını açıklamak amacıyla Sprague Dawley sıçanlar kullanıldı. Anestezi uygulanan sıçanların bir grubuna ilaç uygulamaları için intraserebroventriküler (isv) kanül, bir gruba ise paslanmaz çelik mide kanülü yerleştirildi. Mide boşalma testleri öncesinde sıçanlara intraperitoneal veya isv olarak serum fizyolojik, OT, OT antagonisti atosiban (ATO) ve/veya CCK-2 antagonisti L365,260 enjeksiyonları yapıldıktan sonra mide boşalma testi uygulandı. Mide kanülü yerleştirilmeyen bir grup sıçanda ise ilaç enjeksiyonları sonrası fenol kırmızısı eklenmiş metil selüloz, orogastrik gavajla verilip mide boşalma hızları hesaplandı.

Bulgular: Mide kanüllü sıçanlarda OT’nin hem santral hem de periferik enjeksiyonu fizyolojik tuzlu suyun mideden boşalmasını yavaşlatıp, metil selülozun mide boşalmasını 30. dakikada hızlandırdı. Reseptör antagonisti ATO verilerek endojen OT’nin hızlandırıcı etkili olduğu ortaya kondu. Eksojen verilen OT’nin geç dönemde metil selülozun boşalmasını hızlandırıcı etkisini ATO baskılarken, CCK-2 antagonistinin etkisi gözlenmedi.

Sonuçlar: Sonuç olarak, ekzojen OT visköz bir sıvı olan metil selüloz ve mide kanülü aracığıyla yapılan deneylerde mide motilitesini kısa süreli olarak inhibe etmekte ve ardından hızlandırmakta, endojen OT ise mide boşalmasını artırıcı etki göstermekte ve OT ve CCK-2 reseptörleri OT’nin bu etkilerinde aracılık etmektedirler.


Anahtar Kelimeler : Atosiban, CCK-2 reseptörleri, mide kanülü, mide boşalması

Keywords

Atosiban CCK-2 reseptörleri mide kanülü mide boşalması

References

  • Chiloiro M, Darconza G, Piccioli E, De Carne M, Clemente C, Riezzo G. Gastic emptying and orocecal transit time in pregnancy. J Gastroenterol. 2001; 36: 538-543.
  • Chang FY, Lee SD, Yeh GH, Lu CC, Wang PS, Wang SW. Disturbed small intestinal motility in the late rat pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1998; 45: 221-224.
  • Mizutani S, Hayakawa H, Akiyama H, Sakura H, Yoshino M, Oya M, Kawashima Y. Simultaneous determinations of plasma oxytocin and serum placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP) during late pregnancy. Clin Biochem. 1982; 15: 141-145.
  • Kumaresan P, Subramanian M, Anandarangam PB, Kumaresan M. Radioimmunoassay of plasma and pituitary oxytocin in pregnant rats during various stages. J Endocrinol Invest. 1979;2(1):65-70.
  • Gimpl Gerald, Fahrenholz Falk. The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation, Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 629-683.
  • Monstein HJ, Grahn N, Truedsson M, Ohlsson B. Oxytocin and oxytocinreceptor mRNA expression in the human gastrointestinal tract: a polymerase chain reaction study. Regul Pept. 2004; 119: 39-44.
  • Ohlsson B, Truedsson M, Djerf P, Sundler F: Oxytocin is present throughout the human gastrointestinal tract. Reg Pept. 2006; 135:7-11.
  • Milenov K, Barth T, Jost K, Kasakov L. Effect of deamino-dicarbaoxytocin and oxytocin on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of uterus, stomach and small intestine in dog. Endocrinol Exp. 1979; 13: 177-83.
  • Flanagan LM, Olson BR, Sved AF, Verbalis JG, Stricker EM. Gastric motility in conscious rats given oxytocin and an oxytocin antagonist centrally. Brain Res. 1992; 578: 256-60.
  • Flanagan LM, Dohanics J, Verbalis JG, Stricker EM. Gastric motility and food intake in rats after lesions of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263: 39-42.
  • Wu CL, Hung CR, Chang FY, Pau KY, Wang JL, Wang PS. Involvement of cholecystokinin receptor in the inhibition of gastric emptying by oxytocin in male rats. Pflugers Arch. 2002; 445(2):187-93.
  • Wu C-L, Hung C-R, Chang F-Y, Pau K-Y, Wang PS: Pharmacological effects of oxytocin on gastric emptying and intestinal transit of a non-nutritive liquid meal in female rats. Naunyn-Schiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol. 2003; 367:406-413.
  • Duridanova DB, Nedelcheva MD, Gagov HS. Oxytocin induced changes in single cell K+ currents and smooth muscle contraction of guinea-pig gastric antrum. Eur J Endocrinol/Eur Fed Endocr Soc. 1997; 136: 531-8. 14- Qin J, Feng M, Wang C, Ye Y, Wang PS, Liu C. Oxytocin receptor expressed on the smooth muscle mediates the excitatory effect of oxytocin on gastric motility in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009; 21(4): 430-8.
  • Xie DP, Chen LB, Liu CY, Liu JZ, Liu KJ. Effect of oxytocin on contraction of rabbit proximal colon in vitro. World J Gastroenterol. 2003; 9: 165-168.
  • Liu CY, Liu JZ, Xie DP, Liu PY, Wang PS. Endogenous oxytocin excites phasic contraction of gallbladder in rabbits through oxytocin receptor. Chin J Physiol. 2003; 46: 95-101.
  • Hashmonai M, Torem S, Argov S, Barzilai A, Schramek A. Prolonged post-vagotomy gastric atony treated by oxytocin. Br J Surg. 1979; 66: 550Petring OU. The effect of oxytocin on basal and pethidine-induced delayed gastric emptying. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989; 28: 329-32.
  • Ohlsson B, Björgell O, Ekberg O, Darwiche G: The oxytocin/vasopressin receptor antagonist atosiban delays the gastric emptying of a semisolid meal compared to saline in human. BMC Gastroenterology. 2006, 6: 11.
  • Borg J, Melander O, Johansson L, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Rehfeld JF, Ohlsson B. Gastroparesis is associated with oxytocin deficiency, esophageal dysmotility with hyperCCKemia, and autonomic neuropathy with hypergastrinemia. BMC Gastroenterology. 2009, 9:17.
  • Ohlsson B, Ringström G, Abrahamsson H, Simrén M, Björnsson ES: Oxytocin stimulates colonic motor activity in healthy women. Neurogastroenterol Mot. 2004; 16: 233-240.
  • Ohlsson B, Sjo¨lund K. Oxytocin increased stool frequency in patients with chronic constipation. A preliminary report. Int J Surg Investig. 2001; 3: 287-92.
  • Chey WY, Hitanant S, Hendricks J, Lorber SH Effect of secretin and cholecystokinin on gastric emptying and gastric output in man. Gastroenterology. 1970; 58: 820-827.
  • Jin HO, Lee KY, Chang TM, Chey WY, Dubois A Physiological role of cholecystokinin on gastric emptying and acid output in dogs. Dig Dis Sci. 1994; 39: 2306-2314.
  • Moran TH, McHugh PR Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying. Am J Physiol. 1982; 242: 491-R497.
  • Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 1996, Academic, New York.
  • Green T, Dimaline R, Peikin S, Dockray GJ. The action of the cholecystokinin antagonist L-364,718 on gastric emptying in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 255 Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1988; 18: 685-689.
  • Debas HT, Farooq O, Grossman MI: Inhibition of gastric emptying is a physiological action of cholecystokinin. Gastroenterology. 1975; 68: 1211-1217.
  • Grider JR: Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. J Nutr. 1994; 124: 1334-1339.
  • Ohlsson B, Forsling ML, Rehfeld JF, Sjölund K: Cholecystokinin leads to increased oxytocin secretion in healthy women. Eur J Surg. 2002; 168: 114-118.
  • Liu CY, Chen LB, Liu PY, Xie DP, Wang PS. Effects of progesterone on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in male rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2002; 8: 338-341.
  • Rogers RC, Hermann GE. Oxytocin, oxytocin antagonist, TRH, and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation effects on gastric motility. Peptides. 1987; 8: 505-513.
  • Milenov K, Kasakov L. Effect of synthetic oxytocin on the motor and bioelectrical activity of the stomach and small intestines (in vivo). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1975; 3-4: 31-40.
  • Li L, Kong X, Liu H, Liu C. Systemic oxytocin and vasopressin excite gastrointestinal motility through oxytocin receptor in rabbits. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007; 19: 839-844.
  • Babygirija R, Zheng J, Ludwig K, Takahashi T. Central oxytocin is involved in restoring impaired gastric motility following chronic repeated stress in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010; 298(1): 157-65.
  • Ochi M, Tominaga K, Tanaka F, Tanigawa T, Shiba M, Watanabe T, Fujiwara Y, Oshitani N, Higuchi K, Arakawa T. Effect of chronic stress on gastric emptying and plasma ghrelin levels in rats. Life Sci. 2008; 82: 862-868.
  • Amico JA, Miedlar JA, Cai HM, Vollmer RR. Oxytocin knockout mice: a model for studying stress-related and ingestive behaviours. Prog Brain Res. 2008; 170: 53-64.
  • Moran TH, Robinson PH, Goldrich MS, McHugh PR. Two brain cholecystokinin receptors: implications for behavioral actions. Brain Res. 1986; 362, 175-179.
  • Wank SA, Pisegna JR, De Weerth A. Brain and gastrointestinal cholecystokinin receptor family: structure and functional expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 1992; 89: 8691-8695.
  • Verbalis JG, McCann MJ, McHale CM, Stricker EM. Oxytocin secretion in response to cholecystokinin and food: differentiation of nausea from satiety. Science. 1986; 13: 232(4756): 1417-9.
  • Moran TH, Katz LF, Plata-Salaman CR, Schwartz GJ. Disordered food intake and obesity in rats lacking cholecystokinin A receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 1998; 274: 618-625.
  • Kopin AS, Mathes WF, McBride EW, Nguyen M, Al-Haider W, Schmitz F, Bonner-Weir S, Kanarek R, Beinborn M. The cholecystokinin-A receptor mediates inhibition of food intake yet is not essential for the maintenance of body weight. J. Clin. Invest. 1999; 103: 383-391.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zarife Nigar Özdemir Kumral This is me

Emil Novruzov This is me

Nefize Turan This is me

Berrak Ç. Yeğen

Publication Date January 29, 2014
Submission Date January 29, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özdemir Kumral, Z. N., Novruzov, E., Turan, N., Ç. Yeğen, B. (2014). Sıvıların mideden boşalma hızına oksitosinin etkisi: Oksitosin ve kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 3(1), 26-33.
AMA Özdemir Kumral ZN, Novruzov E, Turan N, Ç. Yeğen B. Sıvıların mideden boşalma hızına oksitosinin etkisi: Oksitosin ve kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. February 2014;3(1):26-33.
Chicago Özdemir Kumral, Zarife Nigar, Emil Novruzov, Nefize Turan, and Berrak Ç. Yeğen. “Sıvıların Mideden boşalma hızına Oksitosinin Etkisi: Oksitosin Ve Kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin Rolü”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (February 2014): 26-33.
EndNote Özdemir Kumral ZN, Novruzov E, Turan N, Ç. Yeğen B (February 1, 2014) Sıvıların mideden boşalma hızına oksitosinin etkisi: Oksitosin ve kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 3 1 26–33.
IEEE Z. N. Özdemir Kumral, E. Novruzov, N. Turan, and B. Ç. Yeğen, “Sıvıların mideden boşalma hızına oksitosinin etkisi: Oksitosin ve kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin rolü”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 26–33, 2014.
ISNAD Özdemir Kumral, Zarife Nigar et al. “Sıvıların Mideden boşalma hızına Oksitosinin Etkisi: Oksitosin Ve Kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin Rolü”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 3/1 (February 2014), 26-33.
JAMA Özdemir Kumral ZN, Novruzov E, Turan N, Ç. Yeğen B. Sıvıların mideden boşalma hızına oksitosinin etkisi: Oksitosin ve kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2014;3:26–33.
MLA Özdemir Kumral, Zarife Nigar et al. “Sıvıların Mideden boşalma hızına Oksitosinin Etkisi: Oksitosin Ve Kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin Rolü”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, 2014, pp. 26-33.
Vancouver Özdemir Kumral ZN, Novruzov E, Turan N, Ç. Yeğen B. Sıvıların mideden boşalma hızına oksitosinin etkisi: Oksitosin ve kolesistokinin-2 reseptörlerinin rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2014;3(1):26-33.

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