Abstract
Foot and associated formations have important functions in the musculoskeletal system. Recognition of normal parameter values related to the fetus in fetal development is important for the derivation of fetal growth curves, as each society determines its own normal values for its own population. There are limited number of studies on foot morphology in particular. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the measurements of morphological characteristics in human fetuses depending on gestational age, gender and side. Our study was carried out on 30 fetuses. Bilateral acropodian-pternion measurement (AP), the pternion measurement of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th fingers (2P, 3P, 4P, 5P), metatarsaltibia-metatarsalfibula measurement (MT-MF), lengths of the 1., 2., 3rd, 4th, 5th toes (1TL, 2TL, 3TL, 4TL, 5TL), malleolus width (MW), proximal metatarsal width (PMW), distal metatarsal width (DMW), lateral forefoot length ( LFL), the length of the sole of the foot with the medial malleol (MMFL), the length of the sole of the foot (LMFL) with the lateral malleol, and the length of the lower leg (LLL) were measured on all fetuses. Furthermore, the foot index (FI), lower limb length (LL), and leg index (LI) values were also calculated. The difference between trimesters was found statistically significant for all parameters measured except bilateral AI, and right BI measurements. All parameters except left LMFL at 2nd trimester and PMW at 3rd trimester were higher in female fetuses. However, the difference between genders was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The difference between trimesters was significant for all measurements. Furthermore, a correlation was detected between many parameters. In our study, it was found that foot measurements in fetal cadavers did not change with gender, but increased as the week of gestation increased. It was concluded that the data obtained from our study would be useful for further studies as well as recognition of fetal foot anatomy in obstetrics, perinatology, fetopathology, and pediatric surgery.
Keywords
References
- Akman B, Güven M, Kocadal AO. 2017. Çocuklarda ayağın radyografik değerlendirmesi. TOTBID, 16: 389–398.
- Bek P. 2018. Ayak bileği ve ayak problemleri. Hipokrat Yayınevi, Ankara, Türkiye, 1. baskı, ss. 47-55.
- Canbaloğlu AE. 2019. Fetal kadavralarda ayak morfometrisi ve parametrelerin altın oranla ilişkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta, Türkiye, ss. 3-14.
- Dere F. 2018. Anatomi atlası ve ders kitabı. Nobel Tıp Kitapevi, Adana, Türkiye, 8. baskı, ss. 1111.
- Dudek R.W. 2015. Embryology. İrez TEM, editor. İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 6. baskı, ss. 18-60.
- Gameraddin M, Salih S, Yousef M. 2014. Evaluation of gestational age with fetal foot length using ultrasonography. J Am Sci, 10(1): 5-7.
- Geldenhuys E, Coldrey J, Wright C, Nel D, Roberts D, Boyd TK, Odendaal H, Network, P. 2017. Fetal foot lenght at delivery as a tool for determining gestation lenght in non-macerated stillbirths. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 138: 107-112.
- Hensinger R. 1992. Standarts and measurements: Fetus and neonate. In: Polin RA, Fox WW, editors. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 1687-1696.
- Joshi K, Marahatta SB, Karki S, Tamrakatr S. Shrestha NC. 2011. Fetal foot lenght and femur / foot lenght ratio: significant in nepalese context. NJR, 1: 15-22.
- Malas M, Desdicioğlu K, Cankara N, Evcil EH., Özgüner G. 2007. Fetal dönemde fetal yaşın belirlenmesi. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg, 14: 20-24.
- Malas M, Doğan Ş, Evcil EH, Desdicioğlu K, Tağıl SM, Sulak O, Çetin E. 2005. Fetal dönemde üst ve alt ekstremite arasında büyüme oranı. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg, 12: 1-8.
- Meirowitz N, Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Mclean DA, Guzman ER, Vintzileos AM. 2000. Foot length in fetuses with abnormal growth. J Ultrasound Med, 19: 201-205.
- Rhoades RA BD. 2017. Tıbbi fizyoloji: klinik tıbbın temelleri. Ağar EAM, Yıldırım M, editor. İstanbul Medikal Sağlık ve Yayıncılık Hiz. Tic. Ltd. Şti., 4. basım, ss. 840.
- Snell R. 2004. Clinical Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 551.
- Tuncer I. 2017. The development of the extremities of Turkish fetuses during the fetal period. IJRS, 70-73.
- Whitworth M, Bricker L, Mullan C. 2015. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. CDSR, 7: CD007058.
- Wong H. 2017. A revisit of the fetal foot lenght and fetal measurements in early pregnancy sonography. IJWHC, 13: 199-204.
- Wyk L, Smith J. 2016. Postnatal foot lenght to determine gestational age: a pilot study. J Trop Pediatr, 62: 144-151.
- Xiao M, Luximon Y, Luximon A. 2012. Foot structure and anatomy. Gooneltilleke R, editor. CRC Press, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 21-35.
- Yüksel K, Günyeli I, Doğanay M, Uğur M, Mollamahmutoğlu L. 2006. Ultrasonographic assessment of the fetal foot length for gestational age estimation. GORM, 12: 27-29.
Abstract
Foot and associated formations have important functions in the musculoskeletal system. Recognition of normal parameter values related to the fetus in fetal development is important for the derivation of fetal growth curves, as each society determines its own normal values for its own population. There are limited number of studies on foot morphology in particular. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the measurements of morphological characteristics in human fetuses depending on gestational age, gender and side. Our study was carried out on 30 fetuses. Bilateral acropodian-pternion measurement (AP), the pternion measurement of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th fingers (2P, 3P, 4P, 5P), metatarsaltibia-metatarsalfibula measurement (MT-MF), lengths of the 1., 2., 3rd, 4th, 5th toes (1TL, 2TL, 3TL, 4TL, 5TL), malleolus width (MW), proximal metatarsal width (PMW), distal metatarsal width (DMW), lateral forefoot length ( LFL), the length of the sole of the foot with the medial malleol (MMFL), the length of the sole of the foot (LMFL) with the lateral malleol, and the length of the lower leg (LLL) were measured on all fetuses. Furthermore, the foot index (FI), lower limb length (LL), and leg index (LI) values were also calculated. The difference between trimesters was found statistically significant for all parameters measured except bilateral AI, and right BI measurements. All parameters except left LMFL at 2nd trimester and PMW at 3rd trimester were higher in female fetuses. However, the difference between genders was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The difference between trimesters was significant for all measurements. Furthermore, a correlation was detected between many parameters. In our study, it was found that foot measurements in fetal cadavers did not change with gender, but increased as the week of gestation increased. It was concluded that the data obtained from our study would be useful for further studies as well as recognition of fetal foot anatomy in obstetrics, perinatology, fetopathology, and pediatric surgery.
Keywords
References
- Akman B, Güven M, Kocadal AO. 2017. Çocuklarda ayağın radyografik değerlendirmesi. TOTBID, 16: 389–398.
- Bek P. 2018. Ayak bileği ve ayak problemleri. Hipokrat Yayınevi, Ankara, Türkiye, 1. baskı, ss. 47-55.
- Canbaloğlu AE. 2019. Fetal kadavralarda ayak morfometrisi ve parametrelerin altın oranla ilişkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta, Türkiye, ss. 3-14.
- Dere F. 2018. Anatomi atlası ve ders kitabı. Nobel Tıp Kitapevi, Adana, Türkiye, 8. baskı, ss. 1111.
- Dudek R.W. 2015. Embryology. İrez TEM, editor. İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 6. baskı, ss. 18-60.
- Gameraddin M, Salih S, Yousef M. 2014. Evaluation of gestational age with fetal foot length using ultrasonography. J Am Sci, 10(1): 5-7.
- Geldenhuys E, Coldrey J, Wright C, Nel D, Roberts D, Boyd TK, Odendaal H, Network, P. 2017. Fetal foot lenght at delivery as a tool for determining gestation lenght in non-macerated stillbirths. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 138: 107-112.
- Hensinger R. 1992. Standarts and measurements: Fetus and neonate. In: Polin RA, Fox WW, editors. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 1687-1696.
- Joshi K, Marahatta SB, Karki S, Tamrakatr S. Shrestha NC. 2011. Fetal foot lenght and femur / foot lenght ratio: significant in nepalese context. NJR, 1: 15-22.
- Malas M, Desdicioğlu K, Cankara N, Evcil EH., Özgüner G. 2007. Fetal dönemde fetal yaşın belirlenmesi. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg, 14: 20-24.
- Malas M, Doğan Ş, Evcil EH, Desdicioğlu K, Tağıl SM, Sulak O, Çetin E. 2005. Fetal dönemde üst ve alt ekstremite arasında büyüme oranı. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg, 12: 1-8.
- Meirowitz N, Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Mclean DA, Guzman ER, Vintzileos AM. 2000. Foot length in fetuses with abnormal growth. J Ultrasound Med, 19: 201-205.
- Rhoades RA BD. 2017. Tıbbi fizyoloji: klinik tıbbın temelleri. Ağar EAM, Yıldırım M, editor. İstanbul Medikal Sağlık ve Yayıncılık Hiz. Tic. Ltd. Şti., 4. basım, ss. 840.
- Snell R. 2004. Clinical Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 551.
- Tuncer I. 2017. The development of the extremities of Turkish fetuses during the fetal period. IJRS, 70-73.
- Whitworth M, Bricker L, Mullan C. 2015. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. CDSR, 7: CD007058.
- Wong H. 2017. A revisit of the fetal foot lenght and fetal measurements in early pregnancy sonography. IJWHC, 13: 199-204.
- Wyk L, Smith J. 2016. Postnatal foot lenght to determine gestational age: a pilot study. J Trop Pediatr, 62: 144-151.
- Xiao M, Luximon Y, Luximon A. 2012. Foot structure and anatomy. Gooneltilleke R, editor. CRC Press, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 21-35.
- Yüksel K, Günyeli I, Doğanay M, Uğur M, Mollamahmutoğlu L. 2006. Ultrasonographic assessment of the fetal foot length for gestational age estimation. GORM, 12: 27-29.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Sciences |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 8, 2023 |
| Publication Date | July 1, 2023 |
| Submission Date | March 7, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | April 20, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 |
