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Finansal Gelişme ve Ticari Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Avrupa Dönüşüm Ekonomileri Örneği

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 4, 59 - 72, 20.12.2018

Filiz Erataş Sönmez Yağmur Sağlam

https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552681
Cited By: 7

Abstract




Berlin Duvarı’nın yıkılmasını takip eden süreçte bazı Avrupa ülkeleri sosyalist sistemi terk ederek kapitalist ekonomik düzeni tercih etmiştir. Özelleştirmeler ile bankacılık sektörünün baskın olduğu, ticari serbestleşme ve AB’ye üyelik yolunda önemli ekonomik düzenlemelere giden Avrupa dönüşüm ülkeleri için finansal gelişme ve ticari açıklık değişkenleri ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi test etmek büyük önem taşımaktadır. Az gelişmiş finansal sisteme sahip ülkeler bir kısır döngü içerisinde yer almaktadır, bunun nedeni finansal gelişmedeki yetersizlik ve ona dayalı olan zayıf ekonomik performansın yeniden zayıf finansal gelişmeye yol açmasıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Avrupa dönüşüm ekonomileri için 2001-2014 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde finansal gelişme, ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi panel veri analizi ile test etmektir. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle Temel Bileşenler Analizi ile finansal gelişmişlik endeksi oluşturulmuştur. Değişkenler için homojenlik, yatay kesit bağımlılığı sırasıyla Delta, testleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Değişkenler arasında ki eş-bütünleşme ilişkisi ve uzun dönem nedensellik ilişkisi ikinci nesil olarak adlandırılan Durbin-Hausman Eş-bütünleşme Testi ile Dumetriscu-Hurlin (2012) panel nedensellik testi ile sınanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular seçili ülkeler için ele alınan dönemde finansal gelişme ve ticari açıklığa dayalı bir ekonomik büyümenin gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. 

Keywords

Finansal Gelişme Ticari Açıklık Ekonomik Büyüme

References

  • Aghion, P., Howitt, P. ve D. Mayer-Foulkes (2005). The Effect of Financial Development On Convergence: Theory And Evidence, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120 (1):173–222.
  • Ağayev, S. (2011). İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: 12 Geçiş Ekonomisi Örneğinde Panel Eş Bütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizleri, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 11(2): 241-254.
  • Ağayev, S. (2012). Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 32(1): 155-164.
  • Akimov, A., Wijeweraa, A. ve B. Dollery (2009). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transiton Economies, Applied Financial Economics, 19(12): 999-1008.
  • Altaee, Hatem, H. A., Sajed, Sabah, M., Esmaeel, Ezet, S., Adam, ve H. M. Mustafa (2014). Financial Devolopment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Evidence from
  • Sultanate of Oman (1972-2012), Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(23): 2222-2855.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2003). Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Canada? The Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(4): 126-136, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3131917, (28.12.2016).
  • Aydın, K., M., Ak, Mehmet, Z. ve Altuntaş, N. (2013). Çevre Ülkelerinde Finansal Gelişme ile Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Veri Analizi, H. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2): 1-14.
  • Bhagwati, J. (1988). Protectionism. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
  • Baltagi, B. H., Demetriades, P. O., ve S. K. Law (2008). Financial Development and Openness: Evidence from Panel Data, Journal of Development Economics, 89(2): 285–296.
  • Bastian, J. (2011). Recovery Through Exports? Opportunities in and Obstacles for the Western Balkans. Export-Led Growth, Central European Expreiences-Magic Formula for the Western Balkans? Edited by Micheal Ehrke. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Belgrade.
  • Beck, T. (2002). Financial Development and International Trade: Is there a Link? Journal of International Economics, 57(1): 107–131.
  • Beck, T., Maimbo, S. M., Faye, I., ve T. Triki (2011). Financing Africa through the Crisis and Beyond. Washington DC: The World Bank
  • Bencivenga, V. R. ve D. S. Bruce (1991). Financial Intermediation and Endogenous 24 Growth, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2): 195–209.
  • Blackburn, K., ve V. T. Y. Hung (1998). A Theory of Growth, Financial Development and Trade, Economica, 65(257): 107–124.
  • Caporale, M. C., Rault, C. Ve A. R. Sova (2009). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence From Ten New EU Members, DIW Berlin, Discussion Papers No: 904, 1-39.
  • Cojacaru, L., Hoffman, S. ve J. Miller (2011). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Emprical Evidence From CEE and CIS Countries, Working Paper Series, 22, 1-30.
  • Coricelli, F. (2001). The Financial Sector in Transition: Tales of Success and Failure. In chapter 8, Financial Liberalization How Far, How Fast? Cambridge University Press, 208-232.
  • Çetintaş, H. ve Barışık, S. (2009). Export, Import and Economic Growth: The Case of Transition Economies, Transition Study Review, 15: 636-649.
  • Dudian, M., ve R. A. Popa (2013). Financial Development and Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe, Theoretical and Applied Economics, 20(8/585): 59-68.
  • Dumetriscu, E. ve C. Hurlin (2012). Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels, Economic Modelling, 29(4): 1450-1460.
  • Fink, G., Haiss, P. ve G. Vuksic (2009). Contribution of Financial Market Segments at Different Stages of Development: Transition, Cohesion and Mature Economies Compared, Journal of Financial Stability, 5(4), 431-455.
  • Fruoka, F. (2007). Panel Data Analysis of Export-led Growth Hypothesis in ASEAN. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Working Paper. No: 5830.
  • Greenwood, J. ve B. Jovanovic (1990). Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income, Journal of Political Econonomics, 98(5): 1076–1107.
  • Gries, T., Kraft, M. ve D. Meierrieks (2009). Linkages between Financial Deepening, Trade Openness and Economic Development: Causality Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, World Development, 37(12): 1849–1860.
  • Hagmayr, B., Haiss, P. ve K. Sümegi (2007). Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth-Evidence for Southeastern Europe, Research Gate, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228255390_Financial_Sector_Development_and_Economic_Growth_-_Evidence_for_Southeastern_Europe, (08.02.2017).
  • Henriques, I. ve Sadorsky, P. (1996). Export-Led Growth or Growth-Driven Exports? The Canadian Case, The Canadian Journal of Economics, 29(3): 540-555.
  • Kenourgios, D. ve A. Samitas (2007). Financial Development and Economic Growth in a Transition Economy: Evidence for Poland, Journal of Financial Decision Making, 3(1): 35-48.
  • Kılavuz, E. ve Topçu, A., B. (2012). Export and Economic Growth in the Case of the Manufacturing Industry: Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(2): 201-215.
  • Kim, D. H., Lin, S. C. ve Y. B. Suen (2010a). Dynamic Effects of Trade Openness on Financial Development, Econonomic Modelling, 27(1): 254–261.
  • Kim, D. H., Lin, S. C. ve Y. B. Suen (2010b). Are Financial Development and Trade Openness Complements or Substitutes?, Southern Econonomic Journals, 76(3): 827–845.
  • King, R. G.ve R. Levine (1993). Finance, Entrepreneurship and Growth, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(3): 513–542.
  • Koivu, T. (2002). Do Efficient Banking Sectors Accelerate Economic Growth in Transition Countries?, BOFIT Discussion Paper, http://econwpa. repec.org/eps/mac/papers/0212/0212013.pdf, (07.01.2017).
  • Lucas, R., E. (1988). On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1): 3-42.
  • Mehl, A., Vespro, C. ve A. Winkler (2009). Financial Sector Development in South-Eastern Europe: Quality Matters, Financial Development, Integration and Stability, United Kingdom, http://www.elgaronline.com/view/1845429672.00020.xml,(01.02.2017).
  • Menyah, K., Nazlıoğlu, Ş. ve Y. Wolde-Rufael (2014). Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in African Countries: New Insight from A Panel Causality Approach, Economic Modelling, 37: 386-394.
  • Nath, H. K. (2005). Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies, Sam Houston State University, Working Paper Series, August, SHSU_ECO_WP05-04.
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Niroomand, F., Massomeh H., ve M. N. Omar (2014). Financial Market Development and Trade Openness: Evidence From Emerging Economies, Applied Economics, 46(13): 1490-1498.
  • Obradovic, S., ve M. Grbic (2015). Causality Relationship Between Financial Intermediation By Banks and Economic Growth: Evindence From Serbia, Prague Economic Papers, 24(1): 60-72. https://www.vse.cz/pep/500, (15.01.2017).
  • Pesaran, H., M. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Working Paper 0435, University of Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2006). Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure, Econometrica, 74(4), 967- 1012.
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Economics, 22, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, H, M. ve T. Yamagata. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142: 50-93.
  • Pesaran, H. M. ve T., Yamagata. (2012). Testing CAPM with a Large Number of Assets, Discussion Papers 12/05, Department of Economics, University of York.
  • Pesaran, H., M., Ullah, A. ve T. Yamagata (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM test of Error Crosssection Independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1): 105-127.
  • Petkovski, M.ve J. Kjokevski (2014). Does Banking Sector Development Promote Economic Growth? An Emprical Analysis for Selected Countries in Central and South Eastern Europe, Economic Research, 27(1): 55-66.
  • Rajan, R. G. ve L. Zingales (2003). The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in the Twentieth Century, Journal of Financial Economics, 69(1): 5–50.
  • Robinson, J. (1952). The Rate of Interest and Other Essays. London: Macmillan.
  • Sachs, J. ve A. Warner (1995). Economic Reform and the Process of Global Economic Integration, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (25th Anniversary Issue), 1–118.
  • Sohinger, J. (2005). Growth and Convergence in European Transition Economies: The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Eastern European Economics, 43(2): 73-94.
  • Soultaneva, A. (2011). Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth: Evidence From the Baltic Countries, Umea Economic Studies, 187: 1-11. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A393057&dswid=-4486, (01.01.2017).
  • Stambolieva, M. (2011). The Nexus Between Politics and Socio-Economic Development in South-Eastern European Transition the Macedonian Case. Export-Led Growth, Central
  • European Expreiences-Magic Formula for the Western Balkans? Edited by Micheal Ehrke. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Belgrade.
  • Ün, T. (2016) Stata ile Panel Veri Analizi, Stata ile Panel Veri Modelleri (Editör: Selahattin Güriş), İstanbul: Der.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel Cointegration Tests of The Fisher Effect, Journal ofApplied Econometrics, 23(2): 193-233.
  • Winkler, A. (2009). Southeastern Europe: Financial Deepening, Foreign Banks and Sudden Stops in Capital Flows, Focus on European Economic Integration, 1: 84-97.

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 4, 59 - 72, 20.12.2018

Filiz Erataş Sönmez Yağmur Sağlam

https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552681
Cited By: 7

Abstract

References

  • Aghion, P., Howitt, P. ve D. Mayer-Foulkes (2005). The Effect of Financial Development On Convergence: Theory And Evidence, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120 (1):173–222.
  • Ağayev, S. (2011). İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: 12 Geçiş Ekonomisi Örneğinde Panel Eş Bütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizleri, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 11(2): 241-254.
  • Ağayev, S. (2012). Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 32(1): 155-164.
  • Akimov, A., Wijeweraa, A. ve B. Dollery (2009). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transiton Economies, Applied Financial Economics, 19(12): 999-1008.
  • Altaee, Hatem, H. A., Sajed, Sabah, M., Esmaeel, Ezet, S., Adam, ve H. M. Mustafa (2014). Financial Devolopment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Evidence from
  • Sultanate of Oman (1972-2012), Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(23): 2222-2855.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2003). Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Canada? The Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(4): 126-136, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3131917, (28.12.2016).
  • Aydın, K., M., Ak, Mehmet, Z. ve Altuntaş, N. (2013). Çevre Ülkelerinde Finansal Gelişme ile Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Veri Analizi, H. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2): 1-14.
  • Bhagwati, J. (1988). Protectionism. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
  • Baltagi, B. H., Demetriades, P. O., ve S. K. Law (2008). Financial Development and Openness: Evidence from Panel Data, Journal of Development Economics, 89(2): 285–296.
  • Bastian, J. (2011). Recovery Through Exports? Opportunities in and Obstacles for the Western Balkans. Export-Led Growth, Central European Expreiences-Magic Formula for the Western Balkans? Edited by Micheal Ehrke. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Belgrade.
  • Beck, T. (2002). Financial Development and International Trade: Is there a Link? Journal of International Economics, 57(1): 107–131.
  • Beck, T., Maimbo, S. M., Faye, I., ve T. Triki (2011). Financing Africa through the Crisis and Beyond. Washington DC: The World Bank
  • Bencivenga, V. R. ve D. S. Bruce (1991). Financial Intermediation and Endogenous 24 Growth, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2): 195–209.
  • Blackburn, K., ve V. T. Y. Hung (1998). A Theory of Growth, Financial Development and Trade, Economica, 65(257): 107–124.
  • Caporale, M. C., Rault, C. Ve A. R. Sova (2009). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence From Ten New EU Members, DIW Berlin, Discussion Papers No: 904, 1-39.
  • Cojacaru, L., Hoffman, S. ve J. Miller (2011). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Emprical Evidence From CEE and CIS Countries, Working Paper Series, 22, 1-30.
  • Coricelli, F. (2001). The Financial Sector in Transition: Tales of Success and Failure. In chapter 8, Financial Liberalization How Far, How Fast? Cambridge University Press, 208-232.
  • Çetintaş, H. ve Barışık, S. (2009). Export, Import and Economic Growth: The Case of Transition Economies, Transition Study Review, 15: 636-649.
  • Dudian, M., ve R. A. Popa (2013). Financial Development and Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe, Theoretical and Applied Economics, 20(8/585): 59-68.
  • Dumetriscu, E. ve C. Hurlin (2012). Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels, Economic Modelling, 29(4): 1450-1460.
  • Fink, G., Haiss, P. ve G. Vuksic (2009). Contribution of Financial Market Segments at Different Stages of Development: Transition, Cohesion and Mature Economies Compared, Journal of Financial Stability, 5(4), 431-455.
  • Fruoka, F. (2007). Panel Data Analysis of Export-led Growth Hypothesis in ASEAN. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Working Paper. No: 5830.
  • Greenwood, J. ve B. Jovanovic (1990). Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income, Journal of Political Econonomics, 98(5): 1076–1107.
  • Gries, T., Kraft, M. ve D. Meierrieks (2009). Linkages between Financial Deepening, Trade Openness and Economic Development: Causality Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, World Development, 37(12): 1849–1860.
  • Hagmayr, B., Haiss, P. ve K. Sümegi (2007). Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth-Evidence for Southeastern Europe, Research Gate, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228255390_Financial_Sector_Development_and_Economic_Growth_-_Evidence_for_Southeastern_Europe, (08.02.2017).
  • Henriques, I. ve Sadorsky, P. (1996). Export-Led Growth or Growth-Driven Exports? The Canadian Case, The Canadian Journal of Economics, 29(3): 540-555.
  • Kenourgios, D. ve A. Samitas (2007). Financial Development and Economic Growth in a Transition Economy: Evidence for Poland, Journal of Financial Decision Making, 3(1): 35-48.
  • Kılavuz, E. ve Topçu, A., B. (2012). Export and Economic Growth in the Case of the Manufacturing Industry: Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(2): 201-215.
  • Kim, D. H., Lin, S. C. ve Y. B. Suen (2010a). Dynamic Effects of Trade Openness on Financial Development, Econonomic Modelling, 27(1): 254–261.
  • Kim, D. H., Lin, S. C. ve Y. B. Suen (2010b). Are Financial Development and Trade Openness Complements or Substitutes?, Southern Econonomic Journals, 76(3): 827–845.
  • King, R. G.ve R. Levine (1993). Finance, Entrepreneurship and Growth, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(3): 513–542.
  • Koivu, T. (2002). Do Efficient Banking Sectors Accelerate Economic Growth in Transition Countries?, BOFIT Discussion Paper, http://econwpa. repec.org/eps/mac/papers/0212/0212013.pdf, (07.01.2017).
  • Lucas, R., E. (1988). On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1): 3-42.
  • Mehl, A., Vespro, C. ve A. Winkler (2009). Financial Sector Development in South-Eastern Europe: Quality Matters, Financial Development, Integration and Stability, United Kingdom, http://www.elgaronline.com/view/1845429672.00020.xml,(01.02.2017).
  • Menyah, K., Nazlıoğlu, Ş. ve Y. Wolde-Rufael (2014). Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in African Countries: New Insight from A Panel Causality Approach, Economic Modelling, 37: 386-394.
  • Nath, H. K. (2005). Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies, Sam Houston State University, Working Paper Series, August, SHSU_ECO_WP05-04.
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Niroomand, F., Massomeh H., ve M. N. Omar (2014). Financial Market Development and Trade Openness: Evidence From Emerging Economies, Applied Economics, 46(13): 1490-1498.
  • Obradovic, S., ve M. Grbic (2015). Causality Relationship Between Financial Intermediation By Banks and Economic Growth: Evindence From Serbia, Prague Economic Papers, 24(1): 60-72. https://www.vse.cz/pep/500, (15.01.2017).
  • Pesaran, H., M. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Working Paper 0435, University of Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2006). Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure, Econometrica, 74(4), 967- 1012.
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Economics, 22, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, H, M. ve T. Yamagata. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142: 50-93.
  • Pesaran, H. M. ve T., Yamagata. (2012). Testing CAPM with a Large Number of Assets, Discussion Papers 12/05, Department of Economics, University of York.
  • Pesaran, H., M., Ullah, A. ve T. Yamagata (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM test of Error Crosssection Independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1): 105-127.
  • Petkovski, M.ve J. Kjokevski (2014). Does Banking Sector Development Promote Economic Growth? An Emprical Analysis for Selected Countries in Central and South Eastern Europe, Economic Research, 27(1): 55-66.
  • Rajan, R. G. ve L. Zingales (2003). The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in the Twentieth Century, Journal of Financial Economics, 69(1): 5–50.
  • Robinson, J. (1952). The Rate of Interest and Other Essays. London: Macmillan.
  • Sachs, J. ve A. Warner (1995). Economic Reform and the Process of Global Economic Integration, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (25th Anniversary Issue), 1–118.
  • Sohinger, J. (2005). Growth and Convergence in European Transition Economies: The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Eastern European Economics, 43(2): 73-94.
  • Soultaneva, A. (2011). Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth: Evidence From the Baltic Countries, Umea Economic Studies, 187: 1-11. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A393057&dswid=-4486, (01.01.2017).
  • Stambolieva, M. (2011). The Nexus Between Politics and Socio-Economic Development in South-Eastern European Transition the Macedonian Case. Export-Led Growth, Central
  • European Expreiences-Magic Formula for the Western Balkans? Edited by Micheal Ehrke. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Belgrade.
  • Ün, T. (2016) Stata ile Panel Veri Analizi, Stata ile Panel Veri Modelleri (Editör: Selahattin Güriş), İstanbul: Der.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel Cointegration Tests of The Fisher Effect, Journal ofApplied Econometrics, 23(2): 193-233.
  • Winkler, A. (2009). Southeastern Europe: Financial Deepening, Foreign Banks and Sudden Stops in Capital Flows, Focus on European Economic Integration, 1: 84-97.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Filiz Erataş Sönmez

Yağmur Sağlam

Publication Date December 20, 2018
Submission Date May 28, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 18 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Erataş Sönmez, F., & Sağlam, Y. (2018). Finansal Gelişme ve Ticari Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Avrupa Dönüşüm Ekonomileri Örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552681

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