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COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 149 - 158, 11.08.2023

Özlem Güner Ruşen Öztürk Oya Kavlak

https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1265475

Abstract

Introduction: Pregnancy, a particular time for women, has been marred by fear, anxiety, and uncertainty with the COVID-19 pandemic. In this global pandemic, literature highlighted the importance of psychological effects on people, especially in a vulnerable population. This study was conducted to investigate the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on traumatic anxiety, depression, and stress in pregnant women.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study, and 360 pregnant women were analyzed between September 2020 and February 2021. The collected data were evaluated by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression Anxiety Stress (DASS-21) scale.
Results: This study found that the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress in pregnant during the pandemic was 64.8%, 59.9%, and 43.2%, respectively. The depression and anxiety levels and IES-R score of pregnant women were moderate.
Conclusion: Therefore, steps must be taken to enhance the mental strength of pregnant by developing the necessary and suitable consultation strategies during the pandemic.

Keywords

Pandemic The impact of events Trauma Antenatal Psychological health Psychological intervention

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • World Health Organization (WHO). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected Interim guidance; 2020. Date: 2020 Sept 4. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf
  • Li N, Han L, Peng M, Lv Y, Ouyang Y, Liu K, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a case-control study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(16):2035-2041. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa352
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus (COVID-19). 2022. Date: 2021 Aug 20. Available from: https://covid19.who.int//
  • Almeida M, Shrestha AD, Stojanac D, Miller LJ. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s mental health. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;23(6):741-748. doi: 10.1007/s00737-020-01092-2
  • Kindred R, Bates GW. The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Anxiety: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(3):2362.
  • López-Morales H, Del Valle MV, Canet-Juric L, Andrés ML, Galli JI, Poó F, et al. Mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295:113-567. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113567
  • Campos-Garzón C, Riquelme-Gallego B, de la Torre-Luque A, Caparrós-González RA. Psychological impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on pregnant women: A scoping review. Behavioral Sciences. 2021;11(12):181.
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Farrell T, Reagu S, Mohan S, Elmidany R, Qaddoura F, Ahmed EE, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the perinatal mental health of women. J. Perinat. Med. 2020;48(9):971-976. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0415
  • Saccone G, Florio A, Aiello F, Venturella R, De Angelis MC, Locci M, et al. Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2020;223(2):293-295. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003
  • Bayrampour H, McDonald S, Tough S. Risk factors of transient and persistent anxiety during pregnancy. Midwifery. 2015;31(6):582-9. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.009
  • Gariepy AM, Lundsberg LS, Miller D, Stanwood NL, Yonkers KA. Are pregnancy planning and pregnancy timing associated with maternal psychiatric illness, psychological distress and support during pregnancy? J Affect Disord. 2016;205:87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.058
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Akgün M, Turgut Y, Güdül ÖH, Yangın H, Boz İ. Examining the relationship between perinatal anxiety, COVID‐19 phobia and birth type preferences: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2022;00:1-11.
  • Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Figueiredo B, Deeds O, Ascencio A, et al. Comorbid depression and anxiety effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Infant Behav Dev. 2010;33(1):23-9. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.004
  • Qiao Y, Wang J, Li J, Wang J. Effects of depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy on pregnant, obstetric and neonatal outcomes: a follow-up study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;32(3):237-40. doi: 10.3109/01443615.2011.647736
  • TUIK. Household Information Technologies (IT) Usage Research; 2019. Date: 2020 Aug 15. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2019-30574#:~:text=T%C3%9C%C4%B0K%20Kurumsal&text=%C4%B0nternet%20kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1%202019%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda%2016,kad%C4%B1nlarda%20%68%2C9%20oldu
  • OpenEpi: Sample Size for X-Sectional, Cohort, and Clinical Trials. Date: 2020 May 10. Available from: https://www.openepi.com/SampleSize/SSCohort.htm
  • Weiss D, Marmar C. The impact of Event Scale-Revised. Wilson J, Keane T, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford, 1997.
  • Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom. Medicine, 1979;41(3):209-218. doi: 10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
  • Çorapçioglu A, Yargiç I, Geyran P, Kocabasoglu N. Validity and reliability of Turkish Version of “Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R). Yeni Symp. 2006;44(1):14-22.
  • Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav. Res. Ther. 1995;33(3):335-343. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
  • Sarıçam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research. 2018;7(1):19-30. doi: 10.5455/JCBPR.274847
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Di Mascio D, Khalil A, Saccone G, Rizzo G, Buca D, Liberati M, et al. Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM. 2020;2(2):100107. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100107
  • Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):760-762. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30365-2
  • Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int. J. Surg. 2020;76:71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
  • Jiang H, Jin L, Qian X, Xiong X, La X, Chen W, et al. Maternal Mental Health Status and Approaches for Accessing Antenatal Care Information During the COVID-19 Epidemic in China: Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(1):e18722. doi: 10.2196/18722
  • Lebel C, MacKinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:5-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126
  • Woody CA, Ferrari AJ, Siskind DJ, Whiteford HA, Harris MG. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;219:86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003
  • Jelly P, Chadha L, Kaur N, Sharma S, Sharma R, Stephen S, Rohilla J. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychological Status of Pregnant Women. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12875. doi: 10.7759/cureus.12875
  • Fakari FR, and Simbar M. Coronavirus pandemic and worries during pregnancy; a letter to editor. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2020;8(1):e21-e21.
  • Wu Y, Zhang C, Liu H, Duan C, Li C, Fan J, et al. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;223(2):240-1.
  • Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e15-e16. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X
  • Holmes EA, O'Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):547-560. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
  • Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Mar 6;33(2):e100213. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Tian F, Li H, Tian S, Yang J, Shao J, Tian C. Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112992. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992
  • Ayaz R, Hocaoğlu M, Günay T, Devrim YO, Turgut A, Karateke A. Anxiety and depression symptoms in the same pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2020;48(9):965-970. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0380
  • Lau JT, Yang X, Pang E, Tsui HY, Wong E, Wing YK. SARS-related perceptions in Hong Kong. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005;11(3):417. doi: 10.3201/eid1103.040675
  • Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Psychological responses and lifestyle changes among pregnant women with respect to the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021;67(4):344-350. doi: 10.1177/0020764020952116
  • Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor. 2020;26:e923921–e923921-8. doi: 10.12659/MSM.923921

Gebelerde COVID-19 İlişkili Travma, Stres ve Depresyon

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 149 - 158, 11.08.2023

Özlem Güner Ruşen Öztürk Oya Kavlak

https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1265475

Abstract

Giriş: Kadınlar için özel bir dönem olan gebelik, COVID-19 salgını ile korku, endişe ve belirsizlikle gölgelendi. Bu küresel salgında literatür, özellikle savunmasız bir popülasyonda insanlar üzerindeki psikolojik etkilerin önemini vurguladı. Bu çalışma, COVID-19 pandemisinin gebelerde travmatik anksiyete, depresyon ve strese yönelik psikolojik etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Kesitsel tanımlayıcı olan bir çalışma olarak yürütülen bu çalışmada, araştırma verileri, Eylül 2020-Şubat 2021 tarihleri arasında 360 gebe kadına ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma da verilerinin toplanmasında Olayların Etkisi Ölçeği-Revize Edilmiş (IES-R) ve Depresyon Anksiyete Stres (DASS-21) ölçeği kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmada, pandemi sırasında gebelerin anksiyete, depresyon ve stres prevalansının sırasıyla %64.8; %59.9 ve %43.2 olduğu saptanmıştır. Gebe kadınların, depresyon ve anksiyete ile IES-R seviyelerinin orta düzeyde psikolojik olarak etkilendiklerini göstermektedir.
Sonuç: Pandemi sürecinde, gerekli ve uygun danışmanlık stratejileri geliştirilerek gebelerin ruhsal sağlıklarının iyileştirilmesi yönünde adımlar atılmalıdır.

Keywords

Pandemi Olayların etkisi Travma Doğum öncesi Psikolojik sağlık Psikolojik müdahale

Project Number

-

References

  • World Health Organization (WHO). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected Interim guidance; 2020. Date: 2020 Sept 4. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf
  • Li N, Han L, Peng M, Lv Y, Ouyang Y, Liu K, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a case-control study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(16):2035-2041. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa352
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus (COVID-19). 2022. Date: 2021 Aug 20. Available from: https://covid19.who.int//
  • Almeida M, Shrestha AD, Stojanac D, Miller LJ. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s mental health. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;23(6):741-748. doi: 10.1007/s00737-020-01092-2
  • Kindred R, Bates GW. The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Anxiety: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(3):2362.
  • López-Morales H, Del Valle MV, Canet-Juric L, Andrés ML, Galli JI, Poó F, et al. Mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295:113-567. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113567
  • Campos-Garzón C, Riquelme-Gallego B, de la Torre-Luque A, Caparrós-González RA. Psychological impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on pregnant women: A scoping review. Behavioral Sciences. 2021;11(12):181.
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Farrell T, Reagu S, Mohan S, Elmidany R, Qaddoura F, Ahmed EE, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the perinatal mental health of women. J. Perinat. Med. 2020;48(9):971-976. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0415
  • Saccone G, Florio A, Aiello F, Venturella R, De Angelis MC, Locci M, et al. Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2020;223(2):293-295. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003
  • Bayrampour H, McDonald S, Tough S. Risk factors of transient and persistent anxiety during pregnancy. Midwifery. 2015;31(6):582-9. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.009
  • Gariepy AM, Lundsberg LS, Miller D, Stanwood NL, Yonkers KA. Are pregnancy planning and pregnancy timing associated with maternal psychiatric illness, psychological distress and support during pregnancy? J Affect Disord. 2016;205:87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.058
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Akgün M, Turgut Y, Güdül ÖH, Yangın H, Boz İ. Examining the relationship between perinatal anxiety, COVID‐19 phobia and birth type preferences: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2022;00:1-11.
  • Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Figueiredo B, Deeds O, Ascencio A, et al. Comorbid depression and anxiety effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Infant Behav Dev. 2010;33(1):23-9. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.004
  • Qiao Y, Wang J, Li J, Wang J. Effects of depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy on pregnant, obstetric and neonatal outcomes: a follow-up study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;32(3):237-40. doi: 10.3109/01443615.2011.647736
  • TUIK. Household Information Technologies (IT) Usage Research; 2019. Date: 2020 Aug 15. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2019-30574#:~:text=T%C3%9C%C4%B0K%20Kurumsal&text=%C4%B0nternet%20kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1%202019%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda%2016,kad%C4%B1nlarda%20%68%2C9%20oldu
  • OpenEpi: Sample Size for X-Sectional, Cohort, and Clinical Trials. Date: 2020 May 10. Available from: https://www.openepi.com/SampleSize/SSCohort.htm
  • Weiss D, Marmar C. The impact of Event Scale-Revised. Wilson J, Keane T, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford, 1997.
  • Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom. Medicine, 1979;41(3):209-218. doi: 10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
  • Çorapçioglu A, Yargiç I, Geyran P, Kocabasoglu N. Validity and reliability of Turkish Version of “Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R). Yeni Symp. 2006;44(1):14-22.
  • Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav. Res. Ther. 1995;33(3):335-343. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
  • Sarıçam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research. 2018;7(1):19-30. doi: 10.5455/JCBPR.274847
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Di Mascio D, Khalil A, Saccone G, Rizzo G, Buca D, Liberati M, et al. Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM. 2020;2(2):100107. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100107
  • Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):760-762. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30365-2
  • Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int. J. Surg. 2020;76:71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
  • Jiang H, Jin L, Qian X, Xiong X, La X, Chen W, et al. Maternal Mental Health Status and Approaches for Accessing Antenatal Care Information During the COVID-19 Epidemic in China: Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(1):e18722. doi: 10.2196/18722
  • Lebel C, MacKinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:5-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126
  • Woody CA, Ferrari AJ, Siskind DJ, Whiteford HA, Harris MG. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;219:86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003
  • Jelly P, Chadha L, Kaur N, Sharma S, Sharma R, Stephen S, Rohilla J. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychological Status of Pregnant Women. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12875. doi: 10.7759/cureus.12875
  • Fakari FR, and Simbar M. Coronavirus pandemic and worries during pregnancy; a letter to editor. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2020;8(1):e21-e21.
  • Wu Y, Zhang C, Liu H, Duan C, Li C, Fan J, et al. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;223(2):240-1.
  • Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e15-e16. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X
  • Holmes EA, O'Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):547-560. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
  • Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Mar 6;33(2):e100213. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Tian F, Li H, Tian S, Yang J, Shao J, Tian C. Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112992. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992
  • Ayaz R, Hocaoğlu M, Günay T, Devrim YO, Turgut A, Karateke A. Anxiety and depression symptoms in the same pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2020;48(9):965-970. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0380
  • Lau JT, Yang X, Pang E, Tsui HY, Wong E, Wing YK. SARS-related perceptions in Hong Kong. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005;11(3):417. doi: 10.3201/eid1103.040675
  • Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Psychological responses and lifestyle changes among pregnant women with respect to the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021;67(4):344-350. doi: 10.1177/0020764020952116
  • Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor. 2020;26:e923921–e923921-8. doi: 10.12659/MSM.923921
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özlem Güner 0000-0002-8302-9073

Ruşen Öztürk 0000-0002-7838-2876

Oya Kavlak 0000-0003-3242-5313

Project Number -
Publication Date August 11, 2023
Submission Date March 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Güner, Ö., Öztürk, R., & Kavlak, O. (2023). COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences, 3(2), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1265475
AMA Güner Ö, Öztürk R, Kavlak O. COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences. August 2023;3(2):149-158. doi:10.58252/artukluder.1265475
Chicago Güner, Özlem, Ruşen Öztürk, and Oya Kavlak. “COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women”. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (August 2023): 149-58. https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1265475.
EndNote Güner Ö, Öztürk R, Kavlak O (August 1, 2023) COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences 3 2 149–158.
IEEE Ö. Güner, R. Öztürk, and O. Kavlak, “COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women”, Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 149–158, 2023, doi: 10.58252/artukluder.1265475.
ISNAD Güner, Özlem et al. “COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women”. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences 3/2 (August 2023), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluder.1265475.
JAMA Güner Ö, Öztürk R, Kavlak O. COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences. 2023;3:149–158.
MLA Güner, Özlem et al. “COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women”. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, 2023, pp. 149-58, doi:10.58252/artukluder.1265475.
Vancouver Güner Ö, Öztürk R, Kavlak O. COVID-19 Related Trauma, Stress and Depression in Pregnant Women. Artuklu International Journal of Health Sciences. 2023;3(2):149-58.
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