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Processed meat products and food additives

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 44 - 53, 30.06.2019

Abstract

With the rise in demand for ready-to-eat food, the
side effects of the additives used in food production have been a source of
concern for sensitive consumers.
Although they are considered to be safe when used in the
permitted limits, some of the additives might be risk for health. In this
review, commonly used additives, which are cochineal, ascorbic acid, di-, tri-
and polyphosphates, nitrates and nitrites, in processed meat products were
evaluated.
Processed
meat products have been classified as Group 1 (carcinogenic for humans) by
World Health Organisation because they increase risk of colorectal cancer. In
fact, nitrites and nitrates used as preservatives; could be linked to stomach,
colon and bladder cancers as well as DNA and chromosome damages.
In
addition, nitrates and nitrites may trigger headaches. Cochineal may have
adverse effects on learning and behavior, additionally may trigger allergic
reactions. Consuming high amounts of phosphate salts can lead to problems in
patients with chronic renal failure.
Considering
unfavourable effects of food additives on health, it is concluded that to
decrease consumpting of processed meat, they should be consumed freshly; food
additives having no health risks should be chosen instead of risky ones
.

References

  • Acero, S., Tabar, A. I., Alvarez, M. J., Garcia, B. E., Olaguibel, J. M., & Moneo, I. (1998). Occupational asthma and food allergy due to carmine. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 53(9), 897–901. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03998.x
  • Aschebrook-Kilfoy, B., Shu, X.-O., Gao, Y.-T., Ji, B.-T., Yang, G., Li, H. L., … Ward, M. H. (2013). Thyroid cancer risk and dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in the Shanghai women’s health study. International Journal of Cancer, 132(4), 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27659
  • Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., Ghasemi, A., Kabir, A., Azizi, F., & Hadaegh, F. (2015). Is dietary nitrate/nitrite exposure a risk factor for development of thyroid abnormality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide, 47, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2015.04.002
  • DellaValle, C. T., Daniel, C. R., Aschebrook-Kilfoy, B., Hollenbeck, A. R., Cross, A. J., Sinha, R., & Ward, M. H. (2013). Dietary intake of nitrate and nitrite and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. British Journal of Cancer, 108(1), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.522
  • Etemadi, A., Sinha, R., Ward, M. H., Graubard, B. I., Inoue-Choi, M., Dawsey, S. M., & Abnet, C. C. (2017). Mortality from different causes associated with meat, heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: population based cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 357, j1957. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.J1957
  • FAO. (1993). Carmines. Food and Nutrition Paper, Compendium of Food Additive Specifications, p. 21.
  • Ferrucci, L. M., Sinha, R., Ward, M. H., Graubard, B. I., Hollenbeck, A. R., Kilfoy, B. A., … Cross, A. J. (2010). Meat and components of meat and the risk of bladder cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Cancer, 116(18), 4345–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25463
  • Furst, A. (2002). Can nutrition affect chemical toxicity? Int J Toxicol, 21(5), 419–424.
  • Gonzalez, A., Hyde, E., Sangwan, N., Gilbert, J. A., Viirre, E., & Knight, R. (2016). Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort. MSystems, 1(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00105-16
  • Greenhawt. MJ., B. J. (2009). Carmine dye and cochineal extract: hidden allergens no more. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 103(1), 73–75.
  • Gülseren, D., Hapa, A., Ersoy-Evans, S., Elçin, G., & Karaduman, A. (2017). Is there a role of food additives in recurrent aphthous stomatitis? A prospective study with patch testing. International Journal of Dermatology, 56(3), 302–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13515
  • IARC. (2015). IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat. Retrieved from https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdfInoue-Choi, M., Jones, R. R., Anderson, K. E., Cantor, K. P., Cerhan, J. R., Krasner, S., … Ward, M. H. (2015).
  • Nitrate and nitrite ingestion and risk of ovarian cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa. International Journal of Cancer, 137(1), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29365
  • JECFA. (n.d.). Phosphoric acid, phosphates and polyphosphates. Retrieved from http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje11.htm
  • Karimzadeh, L., Koohdani, F., Siassi, F., Mahmoudi, M., Moslemi, D., & Safari, F. (2012). Relation between nitrate and nitrite food habits with lung cancer. Journal of Experimental Therapeutics & Oncology, 10(2), 107–12. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350350
  • Kemmochi, S., Shimamoto, K., Shiraki, A., Onda, N., Hasumi, K., Suzuki, K., … Shibutani, M. (2012). Promoting effects of carminic acid-enriched cochineal extracts on capsular invasive thyroid carcinomas through targeting activation of angiogenesis in rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 37(3), 475–82. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22687987
  • Miller, P. E., Lazarus, P., Lesko, S. M., Cross, A. J., Sinha, R., Laio, J., … Hartman, T. J. (2013). Meat-Related Compounds and Colorectal Cancer Risk by Anatomical Subsite. Nutrition and Cancer, 65(2), 202–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.756534
  • Millichap JG, Y. M. (2003). The diet factor in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Pediatr Neurol, 28(1), 9–15.
  • Miyauchi M, Nakamura H, Furukawa F, Son HY, Nishikawa A, H. M. (2002). Promoting effects of combined antioxidant and sodium nitrite treatment on forestomach carcinogenesis in rats after initiation with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Cancer Lett, 178(1), 19–24.
  • Nitrate, I. (2010). Ingested nitrate and nitrite. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 94, 45–110.
  • Okazaki K, Ishii Y, Kitamura Y, Maruyama S, Umemura T, Miyauchi M, Yamagishi M, Imazawa T, Nishikawa A, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H, H. M. (2006). Dose-dependent promotion of rat forestomach carcinogenesis by combined treatment with sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid after initiation with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: possible contribution of nitric oxide-associated oxidative DNA damage. Cancer Sci, 97(3), 175–182.
  • Pecquet, C. (2013). Allergic reactions to insect secretions. European Journal of Dermatology, 23(6), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2013.2186
  • Preston-Martin S, Yu MC, Benton B, H. B. (1982). N-Nitroso compounds and childhood brain tumors: a case-control study. Cancer Res, 42(12), 5240–5245.
  • Sebraneka JG, B. J. (2007). Cured meat products without direct addition of nitrate or nitrite: what are the issues? Meat Sci, 77(1), 136–147.
  • Sodium nitrite. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/7632000.pdf
  • Song, P., Wu, L., & Guan, W. (2015). Dietary Nitrates, Nitrites, and Nitrosamines Intake and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 7(12), 9872–9895. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125505
  • Tanaka, T. (1995). Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of cochineal administered to mice in the diet. Toxicol Ind Health, 11(1), 1–12.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeliği. (2013). Retrieved May 31, 2018, from http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.18532&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=katkı
  • Yoshida Y, Hirose M, Takaba K, Kimura J, I. N. (1994). Induction and promotion of forestomach tumors by sodium nitrite in combination with ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate in rats with or without N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine pre-treatment. Int J Cancer, 56(1), 124–128.

İşlenmiş Et Ürünleri ve Gıda Katkı Maddeleri

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 44 - 53, 30.06.2019

Abstract

Hazır
gıdalara rağbetin artmasıyla birlikte gıda üretiminde kullanılan katkı
maddelerinin sağlığa olumsuz etkileri duyarlı tüketicilerce endişe kaynağı
olmuştur. Her ne kadar izin verilen sınırlarda kullanıldığı zaman güvenli
olduğu kabul edilse de katkı maddelerinin bir kısmı az da olsa sağlık riski
taşıyabilmektedirler. Bu derlemede işlenmiş et ürünlerinde yaygın olarak
kullanılan katkı maddeleri incelenmiş olup koşineal, askorbik asit, di-, tri-
ve polifosfatlar ile nitrat ve nitritler değerlendirilmiştir. Dünya Sağlık
Örgütü kolorektal kansere yakalanma riskini arttırdığından dolayı işlenmiş et
ürünlerini Grup 1 (insanlar için karsinojenik) sınıfına almıştır. Nitekim
koruyucu olarak kullanılan nitrat ve nitritler; mide, kolon ve mesane gibi
çeşitli organ kanserleri ile DNA ve kromozom hasarları ile
ilişkilendirilmektedir. Ayrıca nitrat ve nitritler baş ağrısını tetikleyebilir.
Koşinealin öğrenme ve davranışlar üzerine olumsuz etkileri olabileceği gibi
alerjik reaksiyonları tetikleyebilmektedir. Fosfat tuzlarının yüksek miktarda
alınması özellikle kronik böbrek yetmezliği gibi hastalığı olanlarda sorunlara
yol açabilmektedir. Sonuç olarak; sağlığa olan olumsuz etkiler göz önüne
alındığında etin işlenmiş etten ziyade işlenmemiş taze olarak tüketilmesinin,
işlenmiş et üretiminde ise sağlık riski taşımayan veya olabildiğince düşük olan
katkı maddelerinin tercih edilmesinin uygun olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.
 

References

  • Acero, S., Tabar, A. I., Alvarez, M. J., Garcia, B. E., Olaguibel, J. M., & Moneo, I. (1998). Occupational asthma and food allergy due to carmine. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 53(9), 897–901. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03998.x
  • Aschebrook-Kilfoy, B., Shu, X.-O., Gao, Y.-T., Ji, B.-T., Yang, G., Li, H. L., … Ward, M. H. (2013). Thyroid cancer risk and dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in the Shanghai women’s health study. International Journal of Cancer, 132(4), 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27659
  • Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., Ghasemi, A., Kabir, A., Azizi, F., & Hadaegh, F. (2015). Is dietary nitrate/nitrite exposure a risk factor for development of thyroid abnormality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide, 47, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2015.04.002
  • DellaValle, C. T., Daniel, C. R., Aschebrook-Kilfoy, B., Hollenbeck, A. R., Cross, A. J., Sinha, R., & Ward, M. H. (2013). Dietary intake of nitrate and nitrite and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. British Journal of Cancer, 108(1), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.522
  • Etemadi, A., Sinha, R., Ward, M. H., Graubard, B. I., Inoue-Choi, M., Dawsey, S. M., & Abnet, C. C. (2017). Mortality from different causes associated with meat, heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: population based cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 357, j1957. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.J1957
  • FAO. (1993). Carmines. Food and Nutrition Paper, Compendium of Food Additive Specifications, p. 21.
  • Ferrucci, L. M., Sinha, R., Ward, M. H., Graubard, B. I., Hollenbeck, A. R., Kilfoy, B. A., … Cross, A. J. (2010). Meat and components of meat and the risk of bladder cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Cancer, 116(18), 4345–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25463
  • Furst, A. (2002). Can nutrition affect chemical toxicity? Int J Toxicol, 21(5), 419–424.
  • Gonzalez, A., Hyde, E., Sangwan, N., Gilbert, J. A., Viirre, E., & Knight, R. (2016). Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort. MSystems, 1(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00105-16
  • Greenhawt. MJ., B. J. (2009). Carmine dye and cochineal extract: hidden allergens no more. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 103(1), 73–75.
  • Gülseren, D., Hapa, A., Ersoy-Evans, S., Elçin, G., & Karaduman, A. (2017). Is there a role of food additives in recurrent aphthous stomatitis? A prospective study with patch testing. International Journal of Dermatology, 56(3), 302–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13515
  • IARC. (2015). IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat. Retrieved from https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdfInoue-Choi, M., Jones, R. R., Anderson, K. E., Cantor, K. P., Cerhan, J. R., Krasner, S., … Ward, M. H. (2015).
  • Nitrate and nitrite ingestion and risk of ovarian cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa. International Journal of Cancer, 137(1), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29365
  • JECFA. (n.d.). Phosphoric acid, phosphates and polyphosphates. Retrieved from http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje11.htm
  • Karimzadeh, L., Koohdani, F., Siassi, F., Mahmoudi, M., Moslemi, D., & Safari, F. (2012). Relation between nitrate and nitrite food habits with lung cancer. Journal of Experimental Therapeutics & Oncology, 10(2), 107–12. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350350
  • Kemmochi, S., Shimamoto, K., Shiraki, A., Onda, N., Hasumi, K., Suzuki, K., … Shibutani, M. (2012). Promoting effects of carminic acid-enriched cochineal extracts on capsular invasive thyroid carcinomas through targeting activation of angiogenesis in rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 37(3), 475–82. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22687987
  • Miller, P. E., Lazarus, P., Lesko, S. M., Cross, A. J., Sinha, R., Laio, J., … Hartman, T. J. (2013). Meat-Related Compounds and Colorectal Cancer Risk by Anatomical Subsite. Nutrition and Cancer, 65(2), 202–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.756534
  • Millichap JG, Y. M. (2003). The diet factor in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Pediatr Neurol, 28(1), 9–15.
  • Miyauchi M, Nakamura H, Furukawa F, Son HY, Nishikawa A, H. M. (2002). Promoting effects of combined antioxidant and sodium nitrite treatment on forestomach carcinogenesis in rats after initiation with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Cancer Lett, 178(1), 19–24.
  • Nitrate, I. (2010). Ingested nitrate and nitrite. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 94, 45–110.
  • Okazaki K, Ishii Y, Kitamura Y, Maruyama S, Umemura T, Miyauchi M, Yamagishi M, Imazawa T, Nishikawa A, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H, H. M. (2006). Dose-dependent promotion of rat forestomach carcinogenesis by combined treatment with sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid after initiation with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: possible contribution of nitric oxide-associated oxidative DNA damage. Cancer Sci, 97(3), 175–182.
  • Pecquet, C. (2013). Allergic reactions to insect secretions. European Journal of Dermatology, 23(6), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2013.2186
  • Preston-Martin S, Yu MC, Benton B, H. B. (1982). N-Nitroso compounds and childhood brain tumors: a case-control study. Cancer Res, 42(12), 5240–5245.
  • Sebraneka JG, B. J. (2007). Cured meat products without direct addition of nitrate or nitrite: what are the issues? Meat Sci, 77(1), 136–147.
  • Sodium nitrite. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/7632000.pdf
  • Song, P., Wu, L., & Guan, W. (2015). Dietary Nitrates, Nitrites, and Nitrosamines Intake and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 7(12), 9872–9895. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125505
  • Tanaka, T. (1995). Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of cochineal administered to mice in the diet. Toxicol Ind Health, 11(1), 1–12.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeliği. (2013). Retrieved May 31, 2018, from http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.18532&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=katkı
  • Yoshida Y, Hirose M, Takaba K, Kimura J, I. N. (1994). Induction and promotion of forestomach tumors by sodium nitrite in combination with ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate in rats with or without N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine pre-treatment. Int J Cancer, 56(1), 124–128.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatih Gültekin 0000-0003-2888-3215

Sümeyye Akın 0000-0002-4773-0161

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Acceptance Date June 21, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gültekin, F., & Akın, S. (2019). İşlenmiş Et Ürünleri ve Gıda Katkı Maddeleri. Akademik Platform Helal Yaşam Dergisi, 1(1), 44-53.

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